工廠供電系統(tǒng)外文翻譯

附錄四英文文獻(xiàn)及譯文Analysisofthereasonsforthelowpowerfactorofthefactorypowersupplysystem,andtoimprovepowerfactorandtotakeeffectiveidleworkcompensationmeasureisdiscussed.Tosavedtheelectricalenergy,raisedenterprisepseconomicefficiencyhasimportanteffect。Largeandmedium-sizedenterprisesPeiDianJianwithresponsibilityforthewholeenterprisemanagementanddistributionofelectricity.Atpresent,mostoftheenterprisemanagementmodePeiDianJianobsolete,lowautomatization,difficulttoadapttotherequirementsofthedevelopmentofenterprises.Inviewofthissituation,wehavedevelopedPeiDianJianmonitoringandmanagementsystem.Thissysteminthecomputerasthecore,real-timemonitoringofelectricparameters,PeiDianJianallthedataprocessing,dynamicdisplayofstatementsandoutput.ThissystemcanbeusedinthePeiDianJianenterprisetechnicalrenewalandthetransformationofenterprisetodowellplanned,saveelectricity,improveeconomicbenefithasimportantsignificance.Weusethemainsbyhugepowersupplysystemisprovided,allthenetworksupplycircuitisonlyforeachofthepowersupplysystem,network,atinybranchesoutput.Metalwiresconnectedbygoodconductorsofpowersupplycircuit,eachofitssourcepowersubstation,andthenfromthatpowertoclienttosubstationanditslevelinscale,thousandsofkilometersandhundredsofkilometersofkilometers.Barewireintheairintheverticaldistributionofatmosphericmountainwhilehighandlow,inaccordancewiththeQing,fromdozensofricetothousandsofmetersandhundredsofmetersaboveallcommon.2kmInsuchalargescope,theverticaldistributionandwideforsubstationonline,duetoweather,nomatterwhereorbydirectdischarge,cloudscloudindischarging,intheairandgoodconductorsofbarewireeasilyinductiveordirectlightningintroductionto.Thisisthepowersystemandpowerequipmenttobestruckbylightningexternalenvironment.PowersupplysystemandelectricdefensemethodsoflightningAnalysisofthepowersupplysystemandelectriceasilybestruckbylightning,candrawonelectricalequipment,defenselightningdamage,shouldbeperfectedinthepowersupplysystem,andavoidthunderlightningprotectionmeasures,thecoreproblemishowtomaximizeeffectivelyortruncatethehighvoltageandthethunderandlightning,strongflowunderthefrequencyofmorethan10KHzseitchinginvasion.transformersegregationlawsToeffectivelycutfromthehighvoltagepowerandstrongcurrents,currentlyusetransformerisolationmethod.So-calledisolationmethod,isbasedontransformertransformerequation:EM=4144fNBMSTypeofEMfortransformeroriginal(vice),unitV;potentialedgeFforpowersource)frequency,unit(speed,Ntheoriginal(vice)sideofcoil,TheintensityofmagneticcorematerialsBM,unitWb/M2,Sforthecorearea,unitM2.Thisequation,powerfullightninginvadethetransformer,duetotransformervoltageelectricraythanthenormalsupplyofhighpressuremanytimes,makeincentivemagneticinductionthanthemaximumallowedbymagneticcoretransformercorestrengthBM,thusthemagneticsaturation,transformer--electricityfailure,GaoLeivoltagetransformtemporarilycannottransfertothetransformer,adeputysideoftransformerprotectionlightningchannel,thedeputyofelectricalequipmentload.Whilethereareusuallyinstalledtransformerpowervalvecanbepowerfullightningandthelightningflowintotheearth,andinthesafe,highvoltage,current,powerFlow,fuseswillfuseoff.StopSo,alwayspackedtransformerelectricalequipmentconfigurationoftransformer,thanbylightningbadprobabilityisgreatlyreduced.Whyinthefallafterthepowersupply,sluicestoptherewillstillbestruckbylightningdisasters.Thishappenedbecauselightning,invadingtransformerconnectedbyviceandloadofelectricalequipmentbasedonlow,stillcanexist,theseinductionlightninginductionlightningelectronicsproductswillcauseoflightning.Thisproblemisoftenneglected,manylightningdisasters,theeventisnotsolvedtheproblem.Thesuccessfuldevelopmentoflightningpower,forwesolvethisproblem.LightningarresterpowerFortruncatedorstophigh-pressureseitchinginmetalwirestoloadcausedbylightning,electric1890inventedtheclearanceofthewayafterthelightningseriesfuse,1922madeusWestinghousecarbonizedsiliconarresters.Tousethe1972Japandielectricpropertiesresearchintofellsecondswithnogaps(ZnO)service.Currentpowersupplysystemiswidelyusedinsuchpowerlightning.Znoarresterbyzincoxidethermistors,eachthermistorsaccordingtoneedtohaveitmadeincertainswitchingvoltage(psa).Wheninthelowervoltagearrestersendsswitchingvoltage(psa),highresistancethermistorspresentstate,arresterdoesn'twork.Whenlightningarresterendswhen,inthevoltagesaboveswitchingvoltage(psa),thermistors,lowresistancebybreakdown,evenclosecircuitstate,inaveryshorttime(50ns′s,10-9)arresterishigh,theworkofalightningthroughintroducingtheearthgroundingsafety.When,afterthelightningarresterstabilised,voltageonbothendsofthelowervoltageswitchingvoltage(psa),thermistorsandpresentstateofhighvalue,lightningarresterstopworking,electricconductionnormalpower.FenLiuXingavoidthunderFenLiuXingavoidthunder,isthecoreofwirecableintransmissionseriesontwocapacitor,inputshuntcapacitorinaninductancecoil.So,whenthecapacitanceandinductancecoilcapactanceCLreasonablechoiceofinductance,makethroughtwomorethan10frequencycapacitor,muchlikeKHzTVsignalfrequencyspeedtosignfordozensofhundredsofmegabytesspeedsignalsthroughthecapacitance,andlightningfrequencycircuitreactancesmallmajorityin100KHz,whenlightningthroughthecapacitance,willproducelargerpressuredrop.Andthroughthesituation,highcapacitancesignalsthroughtheinductancegreaterpressuredropwhenL,muchlowerfrequencyoflightning,throughthelowimpedance,largedischargebylightning,XieRugrounding.Televisionantennalightningcurrentsharethislineshuntprincipleandmethod.Productionofequipment,suchasmechanicalprocessingmachine,withvariouskindsofcrane,withinductionmotor,etc,theselargeandelectricpowerloadisperceptualload,makethepowerfactorofpowersupplysystem,theinfluenceofdistributiontransformerlinesandeconomicoperationofpowersector,reachthepowerfactor,thusmustadoptthereactivepowercompensationmeasurestoimprovethepowerfactor,andcansaveenergyandreduceconsumption.Thepowerfactorofsystemofpowersupplyisanimportanttechnicalandeconomicindexes,thepowerfactorofelectricequipmentisreflectedtheactivepowerandtheratioofpowernai.Relevantprocedure:highvoltagepowersupplypowerplant,themaximumloadofpowerfactormaynotbelessthan0.9,Otherfactories,powerfactormaynotbelessthan0.85.ThemainfactorsthataffectthepowerfactorThepowerfactorofacelectricequipment,mainlybecauseinitsworkingprocess,inadditiontogeneratepowerloss,alsoproducereactivepowerloss.Thereforeimprovingpowerfactortheessenceoftheproblemistoreducetheelectricequipmentofreactivepowerconsumption.Asynchronousmotorandpowertransformerisreactivepowerlossofthemainequipmentandpowerlinesofreactivepowerloss,itiscurrentthroughthelines.Circuitreactance.Parallelcompensationinpowercapacitorssupplysystemoffactoryinstalledposition,havehighconcentratedcompensation,low-pressureconcentratedcompensationandseparatecompensationon-spotthreemodes,etc.Theoreticallyspeaking,thereactivepowercompensationisthebestwayofreactivepower,whereisproduced,thewholesystemwherecompensationwillnotreactivecurrentflow,butinactualpowersupplysysteminthisisimpossible.Wecurrentlyhavea10kvpowersupplysystem,andhasthreeswitchpowertransformersubstation,threeworkshops800kVArespectively,560kVAcapacity,630kVA.Dynamicloadhundredsofmachinetoolsandmachining,electricweldingmachine,etc.Combinedwithpractical,electricityloadduringloadfluctuationchangeisbig,thecharacteristicsofsmallloadaftermidnight,inordertoavoidovercompensation,andmeetaftermidnightonallloadcasesareadoptedtoimprovethelowvoltageoffset,automaticreactivecompensationdevices.分析了工廠供電系統(tǒng)功率因數(shù)偏低的原因,探討了提高功率因數(shù)的方法及采取的有效無功補(bǔ)償措施,對節(jié)約電能,提高企業(yè)的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益有重要意義。大、中型企業(yè)配電間擔(dān)負(fù)著整個企業(yè)的電力管理與分配任務(wù)。目前,多數(shù)企業(yè)的配電間管理方式陳舊,自動化程度低,難以適應(yīng)企業(yè)發(fā)展的要求。針對這種情況,我們研制了配電間監(jiān)測與管理系統(tǒng)。該系統(tǒng)以計算機(jī)為核心,實時監(jiān)測配電間的全部電力參數(shù),經(jīng)數(shù)據(jù)處理后,動態(tài)顯示并輸出各類報表。該系統(tǒng)可用于企業(yè)配電間的技術(shù)更新和改造,對企業(yè)搞好計劃用電、節(jié)約用電、提高經(jīng)濟(jì)效益具有重要意義。我們使用的市電是由龐大的供電系統(tǒng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)提供的,每一路供電線路僅是供電系統(tǒng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的一細(xì)小分枝輸出端。由良導(dǎo)體金屬輸電導(dǎo)線連接的每條供電線路,其源頭從發(fā)電廠到變電站,再到輸變電網(wǎng)再到用戶端,其水平尺度都在數(shù)百公里、上千公里乃至上萬公里。裸露在空氣中的導(dǎo)線在大氣中的垂直分布依山而高,依箐而低,從幾十米到幾百米上千米以至兩千米以上都常見。在這樣大范圍、垂直分布又廣的整個供變電網(wǎng)上,由于天氣原因,無論在哪里遭到直擊雷還是有云間放電、云內(nèi)放電,裸露在空氣中的的良導(dǎo)體導(dǎo)線很容易感應(yīng)或直接將雷電引入。這就是供電系統(tǒng)和用電設(shè)備易遭雷擊的外部氣象環(huán)境原因。供電系統(tǒng)和電器防御雷電的主要方法分析了供電系統(tǒng)和電器易遭雷擊的原因,可以得出,防御雷電對用電設(shè)備的危害,應(yīng)該從完善供電系統(tǒng)的防雷避雷措施做起,而且,核心的問題就是如何最大限度地有效遏制或截斷過高的雷電壓和過強(qiáng)的雷電流,阻止10多KHz以下頻率的雷電波侵入。變壓器隔離法為有效地切斷來自電網(wǎng)的高電壓和強(qiáng)電流,目前普遍采用變壓器隔離法。所謂變壓器隔離法,就是根據(jù)變壓器方程:EM=4144fNBMS式中EM為變壓器原(副)邊電勢,單位V;f為電源(信號源)頻率,單位Hz;N原(副)邊線圈匝數(shù);BM鐵芯材料的磁感應(yīng)強(qiáng)度,單位Wb/M2;S為鐵芯的截面積,單位M2。由此方程可知,當(dāng)強(qiáng)大的雷電侵入到變壓器時,由于雷電壓比電網(wǎng)給變壓器正常的供電壓高許多倍,使得激勵的磁感應(yīng)強(qiáng)度遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于鐵芯允許通過的最大磁感應(yīng)強(qiáng)度BM,因而變壓器鐵芯飽和,變壓器的磁———電變換暫時失效,高雷電壓不能傳輸?shù)阶儔浩鞲边?從而截斷了雷電通道,保護(hù)了變壓器副邊所負(fù)載的用電設(shè)備。同時變壓器一般還安裝有閥型電源避雷器,可有效將強(qiáng)大的雷電流安全引入大地,在電流過大、電壓過高時,電流熔斷器會熔斷掉閘,停止供電。所以,凡是裝了變壓器的用電設(shè)備比未裝變壓器的,被雷擊壞的機(jī)率就大大降低。為什么在掉閘停止供電后,仍會有雷擊災(zāi)害發(fā)生。這是因為發(fā)生雷擊時,侵入變壓器副邊及連接所負(fù)載的用電設(shè)備的低壓輸電線上,仍然還會存在有感應(yīng)雷電,這些感應(yīng)雷電仍會對電器電子產(chǎn)品造成雷電災(zāi)害。這個問題常被忽視,不少雷電災(zāi)害事件,究其根源,就是沒有解決好這個問題。電源避雷器的研制成功,為我們解決好這個問題提供了幫助。電源避雷器防雷法為截斷或阻止高壓雷電波在金屬導(dǎo)線上的傳播給負(fù)載電器造成雷電災(zāi)害,自1890年發(fā)明了間隙串聯(lián)熔斷方式的避雷器以后,1922年美國西屋公司制成了炭化硅避雷器。到了1972年日本利用電介質(zhì)的伏秒特性研制成了配電用無間隙氧化鋅(ZnO)避雷器。目前供電系統(tǒng)應(yīng)用較廣的就是這類電源避雷器。氧化鋅避雷器由氧化鋅壓敏電阻構(gòu)成,每塊壓敏電阻根據(jù)需要在制成時有它一定的開關(guān)電壓(壓敏電壓)。當(dāng)加在避雷器兩端的電壓低于開關(guān)電壓(壓敏電壓)時,壓敏電阻呈現(xiàn)高阻值狀態(tài),避雷器不工作。當(dāng)發(fā)