骨科英語(yǔ)詞匯

骨科英語(yǔ)詞匯骨骼與關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)medialintra-外 lateral extra-前anterior后posterior上 superior下 inferior掌 palmar背 dorsal大 greater maximus小 lesser長(zhǎng) longus短 brevis面 surface緣border孔aperture foramen髁condyle頭head體body干shaf底base基radical尖apex伸 extension屈 flection展 abduction收 adduction尺側(cè) ulnaris橈側(cè) radialis皮質(zhì)骨 corticalbone松質(zhì)骨 spongybone干骺部metaphysis骨骺端 epiphysis纖維軟骨 fibrouscartilage透明軟骨 hyalinecartilage脊柱spine椎骨 vertebra頸椎cervicalvertebra胸椎thoracicvertebra腰椎lumbarvertebra骶骨sacrum尾骨coccyx寰椎 atlas前弓 anteriorarch后弓 posteriorarch樞椎 axis齒突 condyle隆椎 vertebraprominent椎體 bodyofvertebral椎孔 vertebralforamen椎管 vertebralcanal椎間孔 intervertebralforamen椎弓 vertebralarch椎弓根 pedicleofvertebra椎板 laminaofvertebra上肋凹 superiorcostalfovea下肋凹 inferiorcostalfovea上關(guān)節(jié)突 superiorarticularprocess下關(guān)節(jié)突 inferiorarticularprocess關(guān)節(jié)凹 articularfovea橫突 transverseprocess橫突孔 transverseforamen棘突 spinousprocess椎間盤(pán) intervertebraldisc髓核nucleuspulposus纖維環(huán)fibrousrings前縱韌帶anteriorlongitudinallig.后縱韌帶posteriorlongitudinallig.黃韌帶yellowligament棘間韌帶interspinallig.棘上韌帶supraspinallig.項(xiàng)韌帶nuchallig.肋骨rib肋軟骨costalcartilage胸骨柄manubriumofsternum胸骨體bodyofsternum劍突xiphoidprocess胸骨下角infrasternalangle肋間隙intercostalspace胸鎖關(guān)節(jié) sternoclavicularjoint胸肋關(guān)節(jié) sternocostaljoint關(guān)節(jié)盤(pán) articulardisc上肢帶骨 shouldergirdle自由上肢骨 bonesoffreeupperlimb鎖骨 clavicle肩胛骨scapula關(guān)節(jié)盂glenoidcavity肩峰acromion喙突 coracoidprocess肩胛下窩subscapularfossa岡上窩supraspinousfossa肩胛岡spineofscapula岡下窩infraspinousfossa胸鎖關(guān)節(jié) sternoclavicularjoint肩關(guān)節(jié) shoulderjoint肩鎖關(guān)節(jié)acromioclavicularjoint喙鎖韌帶coracoclavicularlig.喙肩韌帶coracoacromiallig.喙肱韌帶coracohumerallig.肱骨 humerus肱骨頭 headofhumerus大結(jié)節(jié) greatertubercle小結(jié)節(jié) lessertubercle解剖頸anatomicalneck外科頸surgicalneck結(jié)節(jié)間溝intertubercularsulcus橈神經(jīng)溝sulcusforradialnerve鷹嘴窩olecranonfossa肱骨滑車trochleaofhumerus尺神經(jīng)溝sulcusforulnarnerve橈骨小頭radialcapitulum外上髁lateralepicondyle內(nèi)上髁medialepicondyle尺骨 ulna鷹嘴olecranon滑車切跡 trochlearnotch冠突coronoidprocess莖突styloidprocess尺骨頭headofulna橈骨radius橈骨頭headofradius環(huán)狀關(guān)節(jié)面articularcircumference橈骨頸neckofradius橈骨粗隆radialtuberosity尺切跡ulnarnotch肘關(guān)節(jié)elbowjoint肱尺關(guān)節(jié)humeroulnarjoint肱橈關(guān)節(jié)humeroradialjoint橈尺近側(cè)關(guān)節(jié)proximalradioulnarjoint橈側(cè)副韌帶radialcollaterallig.尺側(cè)副韌帶collateralulnarlig.橈骨環(huán)狀韌帶annularligamentofradius肘后三角提攜角carryingangle前臂骨間膜interosseousmembraneofforearm橈尺遠(yuǎn)側(cè)關(guān)節(jié)distalradioulnarjoint橈腕關(guān)節(jié)radiocarpaljoint腕骨carpalbones手舟骨scaphoidbone月骨lunatebone三角骨triquetrumbone豌豆骨 pisiformbone大多角骨trapeziumbone小多角骨trapezoidbone頭狀骨capitatebone鉤骨hamatebone籽骨 sesamoidbone掌骨metacarpalbone近節(jié)指骨 proximalphalanx中節(jié)指骨 middlephalanx遠(yuǎn)節(jié)指骨distalphalanx拇指 pollicis食指 indexfinger中指 middlefinger環(huán)指 ringfinger小指 liltlefinger掌骨間關(guān)節(jié) intermetacarpaljoints掌指關(guān)節(jié)metacarpophalangealjoint指間關(guān)節(jié)interphalangealjoint腱纖維鞘 fibroussheathoftendon下肢帶骨 lowerlimbgirdle自由下肢骨 bonesoffreelowerlimb骨盆 pelvis髖骨hipbone髂骨ilium坐骨ischium恥骨 pubis髂嵴iliaccrest髂前上棘anteriorsuperioriliacspine髂前下棘anteriorinferioriliacspine髖臼acetabulum髖臼窩acetabularfossa月?tīng)蠲鎙unarsurface;lunatesurface恥骨上支superiorramusofpubis恥骨結(jié)節(jié)pubictubercle恥骨下支inferiorramusofpubis閉孔o(hù)bturatorforamen坐骨支ramusofischium坐骨結(jié)節(jié)ischialtuberosity坐骨小切跡lessersciaticnotch坐骨棘ischialspine坐骨大切跡greatersciaticnotch髂后下棘posteriorinferioriliacspine耳狀面auricularsurface髂后上棘posteriorsuperioriliacspine髂粗隆iliactuberosity弓狀線arcuateline恥骨聯(lián)合pubicsymphysis骶髂關(guān)節(jié)cacroiliacjoint髂腰韌帶iliolumbarlig.骶結(jié)節(jié)韌帶sacrotuberouslig.坐骨大孔 greatersciaticformaen骶棘韌帶sacrospinallig.坐骨小孔 lessersciaticforamen閉孔膜 obturatormembrane閉膜管obturatorcanal骨盆上口 superiorpelvicaperture骨盆下口 inferiorpelvicaperture骨盆腔 pelviccavity恥骨下角 subpubicangle股骨femur股骨頭femoralhead股骨頭韌帶 ligamentofheadoffemur股骨頭凹foveaoffemoralhead輪匝帶 zonaorbicularis股骨頸neckoffemur大轉(zhuǎn)子greatertrochanter小轉(zhuǎn)子lessertrochanter轉(zhuǎn)子間線intertrochantericline臀肌粗隆glutealtuberosity股骨體shaftoffemur髕面patellarsurface髁間窩intercondylarfossa收肌結(jié)節(jié)adductortubercle內(nèi)側(cè)髁medialcondyle外側(cè)髁lateralcondyle內(nèi)上髁medialepicondyle外上髁lateralepicondyle髖關(guān)節(jié) hip coxa髖臼唇 acetabularlabrum髂股韌帶 iliofemorallig.恥股韌帶 pubofemorallig.坐股韌帶 ischiofemorallig.髕骨patella膝關(guān)節(jié) kneejoint髕韌帶 patellarlig.腓側(cè)副韌帶 collateralfibularlig.脛側(cè)副韌帶 collateraltibiallig.腘斜韌帶 obliquepopliteallig.前交叉韌帶 anteriorcruciatelig.后交叉韌帶 posteriorcruciatelig.髕內(nèi)側(cè)支持帶medialpatellarretinaculum髕外側(cè)支持帶lateralpatellarretinaculum髕上囊 suprapatellarbursa內(nèi)側(cè)半月板 medialmeniscus外側(cè)半月板 lateralmeniscus脛骨tibia腓骨fibula髁間隆起intercondylareminence脛骨粗隆tibialtuberosity髁間前區(qū)anteriorintercondylararea髁間后區(qū)posteriorintercondylararea滋養(yǎng)孔nutrientforamen內(nèi)踝medialmalleolus外踝lateralmalleolus距骨talus距骨頭 headoftalus距骨頸 neckoftalus距骨滑車 trochleaoftalus距骨后突 posteriorprocessoftalus跟骨calcaneumbone載距突 sustentaculumtali跟骨結(jié)節(jié) calcanealtuberosity骰骨cuboidbone足舟骨navicularbone內(nèi)側(cè)楔骨medialcuneiformbone中間楔骨intermediatecuneiformbone外側(cè)楔骨lateralcuneiformbone跖骨metatarsalbone趾骨phalangesoftoes趾脛腓連結(jié) tibiofibularsyndesmosis踝關(guān)節(jié) anklejoint三角韌帶 triangularlig.距腓前韌帶 anteriortalofibularligament距腓后韌帶 posteriortalofibularligament跗骨間關(guān)節(jié)intertarsaljoints距跟關(guān)節(jié)talocalcanealjoint距下關(guān)節(jié)subtalarjoint跗橫關(guān)節(jié)transversetarsaljoint距跟舟關(guān)節(jié)talocalcaneonavicularjoint跟骰關(guān)節(jié)calcaneocuboidjoint跟舟足底韌帶plantarcalcaneonavicularlig.跳躍韌帶 plantarcalcaneonavicularlig.分歧韌帶 bifurcatelig.跗跖關(guān)節(jié)tarsometatarsaljoint跖骨間關(guān)節(jié)intermetatarsaljoints跖趾關(guān)節(jié) metatarsophalangealjoint趾骨間關(guān)節(jié) interphalangealjointsoffoot足弓 plantararch肌肉肌腹 musclebelly肌腱 muscletendon腱膜 aponeurosis短肌 shortmuscle長(zhǎng)肌 longmuscle闊肌widemuscle輪匝肌orbicularmuscle拮抗肌 antagonist筋膜 fascia淺筋膜superfacialfascia深筋膜deepfascia滑膜囊synovialbursa腱鞘tendonsheath腱纖維鞘 fibroussheathoftendon纖維層 fibrouslayer腱滑膜鞘 synovialsheathoftendon滑膜層 synoviallayer腱系膜 mesotendon背肌musclesofback斜方肌trapeziusm.背闊肌latissimusdorsi肩胛提肌levatorscapulaem.菱形肌rhomboidm.豎脊肌 erectorspinae夾肌 splenius胸肌 pectoralmuscle胸大肌pectoralismajorm.胸小肌pectoralisminorm.鎖骨下肌 subclaviusm.前鋸肌serratusanteriorm.翼狀肩 aliformshoulder肋間外肌externalintercostalm.肋間內(nèi)肌intercostalesinterni肋間最內(nèi)肌intercostalesintimi胸橫肌transversusthoracis膈 diaphragm腹肌abdominalmuscle腹外斜肌obliquusexternusabdominismuscle腹內(nèi)斜肌obliquusinternusabdominismuscle腹橫肌transversusabdominis腹直肌rectusabdominis腹直肌鞘sheathofrectusabdominis白線Hilton'swhiteline腰方肌quadratuslumborum腹股溝groin腹股溝管inguinalcanal上肢肌musclesofupperlimb上肢帶肌三角肌deltoidmuscle岡上肌supraspinatusm.岡下肌infraspinatusm.小圓肌teresminorm.大圓肌 teresmajorm.肩胛下肌subscapularism.臂肌肱二頭肌bicepsbrachiim.喙肱肌coracobrachialism.肱肌brachialism.肱三頭肌 tricepsbrachiim.肘肌 anconeusm.前臂肌肱橈肌brachioradialism.屈肌總腱旋前圓肌pronatorteresm.橈側(cè)腕屈肌flexorcarpiradialism.掌長(zhǎng)肌palmarislongusm.尺側(cè)腕屈肌flexorcarpiulnarism.指淺屈肌flexordigitorumsuperficialism.拇長(zhǎng)屈肌flexorpollicislongusm.指深屈肌flexordigitorumprofundusm.旋前方肌pronatorquadratusm.伸肌總腱橈側(cè)腕長(zhǎng)伸肌extensorcarpiradialislongusm.橈側(cè)腕短伸肌extensorcarpiradialisbrevism.指伸肌extensordigitorumm.小指伸肌extensordigitiminimim.尺側(cè)腕伸肌extensorcarpiulnarism.旋后肌supinatorm.拇長(zhǎng)展肌abductorpollicislongusm.拇短伸肌extensorhallucisbrevism.拇長(zhǎng)伸肌extensorpollicislongusm.示指伸肌extensorindicism.手肌魚(yú)際thenar拇短展肌abductorpollicisbrevism.拇短屈肌flexorpollicisbrevism.拇對(duì)掌肌opponenspollicism.拇收肌adductorpollicism.小魚(yú)際hypothenar小指展肌abductordigitiminimim.小指短屈肌flexordigitiminimibrevism.小指對(duì)掌肌opponensdigitiminimim.蚓狀肌 lumbricalm.骨間掌側(cè)肌 palmarinterosseim.骨間背側(cè)肌 dorsalinterosseim.腋窩 axillaryfossa三邊孔 trilateralforamen四邊孔quadrilateralforamen肘窩cubitalfossa腕管carpalcanal屈肌支持帶 flexorretinaculum伸肌支持帶 extensorretinaculum掌腱膜 palmaraponeurosis髖肌髂腰肌iliopsoasm.髂肌iliacusm.腰大肌psoasmajorm.腰小肌psoasmajorm.臀大肌gluteusmaximusm.臀中肌gluteusmediusm.臀小肌gluteusminimusm.梨狀肌piriformism.閉孔內(nèi)肌obturatorinternusm.上孖肌 gemellussuperiorm.下孖肌 gemellusinferiorm.股方肌quadratusfemoris閉孔外肌obturatorexternus大腿肌闊筋膜張肌 tensorfasciaelataem.縫匠肌sartoriusm.股四頭肌quadricepsfemorism.恥骨肌pectineusm.長(zhǎng)收肌adductorlongusm.股薄肌gracilism.短收肌adductorbrevism.大收肌adductormagnusm.腘繩肌股二頭肌bicepsfemorism.半腱肌semitendinosusm.半膜肌semimembranosusm.小腿肌脛骨前肌tibialisanteriorm.趾長(zhǎng)伸肌extensordigitorumlongusm.長(zhǎng)伸肌extensorhallucislongusm.腓骨長(zhǎng)肌peroneuslongusm.腓骨短肌peroneusbrevism.小腿三頭肌tricepssuraem.腓腸肌gastrocnemiusm.比目魚(yú)肌soleusm.跖肌 plantarism.腘肌popliteusm.趾長(zhǎng)屈肌flexordigitorumlongus長(zhǎng)屈肌flexorhallucislongus脛骨后肌tibialisposterior短伸肌extensorhallucisbrevis趾短伸肌extensordigitorumbrevis展肌 abductorhallucism.短屈肌 flexorhallucisbrevism.收肌abductorhallucism.小趾展肌 abductordigitiminimim.小趾短屈肌 flexordigitiminimibrevism.趾短屈肌flexordigitorumbrevism.足底方肌quadratusplantaem.蚓狀肌lumbricalesm.骨間足底肌plantarinterosseim.骨間背側(cè)肌dorsalinterosseim.梨狀肌上孔suprapiriformforamen梨狀肌下孔infrapiriformforamen血管腔隙lacunavasorum肌腔隙lacunamusculorum股管femoralcanal股環(huán)femoralring股三角femoraltriangle收肌管adductorcanal腘窩poplitealfossa闊筋膜fascialata髂脛束iliotibialtract卵圓窩fossaovalis伸肌上支持帶superiorextensorretinaculum伸肌下支持帶inferiorextensorretinaculum屈肌支持帶flexorretinaculum腓骨肌上支持帶superiorperonealretinaculum腓骨肌下支持帶inferiorperonealretinaculum血管動(dòng)脈 arteria主動(dòng)脈aorta胸主動(dòng)脈thoracicaorta腹主動(dòng)脈abdomialaorta髂外動(dòng)脈externaliliaca髂內(nèi)動(dòng)脈internaliliaca.頸總動(dòng)脈 commoncarotida.頸外動(dòng)脈externalcarotida.面動(dòng)脈facialartery顳淺動(dòng)脈superficialtemporala.上頜動(dòng)脈maxillarya.腦膜中動(dòng)脈middlemeningeala.頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈internalcarotida.鎖骨下動(dòng)脈subclaviana.椎動(dòng)脈vertebrala.胸廓內(nèi)動(dòng)脈internalthoracica.甲狀頸干thyrocervicaltrunk腋動(dòng)脈axillarya.胸肩峰動(dòng)脈thoracoacromiala.胸外側(cè)動(dòng)脈lateralthoracica.肩胛下動(dòng)脈subscapulara.旋肱后動(dòng)脈posteriorhumeralcircumflexa.肱動(dòng)脈brachiala.肱深動(dòng)脈deepbrachiala.橈動(dòng)脈radiala.橈側(cè)返動(dòng)脈radialrecurrenta.掌淺支superficialpalmarbranch拇主要?jiǎng)用}principala.ofthumb尺動(dòng)脈ulnara.骨間總動(dòng)脈commoninterosseousa.骨間前動(dòng)脈 anteriorinterosseousa.骨間后動(dòng)脈 posteriorinterosseousa.掌深支deeppalmarbranch掌淺弓superficialpalmararch掌深弓deeppalmararch指掌側(cè)總動(dòng)脈commonpalmardigitala.指掌側(cè)固有動(dòng)脈properpalmardigitala.髂內(nèi)動(dòng)脈internaliliaca.壁支閉孔動(dòng)脈obturatora.臀上動(dòng)脈superiorgluteala.臀下動(dòng)脈inferiorgluteala.髂腰動(dòng)脈iliolumbara.骶外側(cè)動(dòng)脈lateralsacrala.臟支子宮動(dòng)脈uterinea.陰部?jī)?nèi)動(dòng)脈internalpudendala.膀胱下動(dòng)脈inferiorvesicala.直腸下動(dòng)脈inferiorrectala.髂外動(dòng)脈externaliliaca.股動(dòng)脈femorala.股深動(dòng)脈deepfemorala.旋股內(nèi)側(cè)動(dòng)脈medialfemoralcircumflexa.旋股外側(cè)動(dòng)脈lateralfemoralcircumflexa.穿動(dòng)脈perforatinga.腹壁淺動(dòng)脈superficialepigastrica.旋髂淺動(dòng)脈superficialiliaccircumflexa.腘動(dòng)脈脛后動(dòng)脈posteriortibiala.腓動(dòng)脈peroneala.足底內(nèi)側(cè)動(dòng)脈medialplantara.足底外側(cè)動(dòng)脈lateralplantara.脛前動(dòng)脈anteriortibiala足背動(dòng)脈dorsalispedisartery靜脈 vein靜脈瓣venousvalve淺靜脈superficialv.深靜脈deepv.伴行靜脈accompanyingv.肺靜脈pulmonaryv.上腔靜脈superiorvenacava面靜脈facialv.頸外靜脈externaljugularv.下頜后靜脈retromandibularv.頸前靜脈anteriorjugularv.頸內(nèi)靜脈internaljugularv.鎖骨下靜脈subclavianv.頭靜脈cephalicv.貴要靜脈basilicv.肘正中靜脈intermediancubitalv.前臂正中靜脈medianantebrachialv.手背靜脈網(wǎng)dorsalvenousreteofhand靜脈叢venousplexus頭臂靜脈brachiocephalicv.奇靜脈azygosv.半奇靜脈hemiazygousv.下腔靜脈inferiorvenacava小隱靜脈smallsaphenousv.足背靜脈弓dorsalvenousarchoffoot大隱靜脈greatsaphenousv.股內(nèi)側(cè)淺靜脈股外側(cè)淺靜脈陰部外靜脈externalpudendalv.腹壁淺靜脈superficialepigastricv.旋髂淺靜脈superficialcircumflexiliacv.脛前靜脈anteriortibialv.脛后靜脈posteriortibialv.神經(jīng)周圍神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)peripheralnervoussystem腦神經(jīng)cranialn.嗅神經(jīng)olfactoryn.視神經(jīng)opticn.動(dòng)眼神經(jīng)oculomotorn.滑車神經(jīng)trochlearn.三叉神經(jīng)trigeminaln.展神經(jīng)abducentn.面神經(jīng)facialn前庭蝸神經(jīng)vestibulocochlearn.舌咽神經(jīng) glossopharyngealn.迷走神經(jīng) vagusn.副神經(jīng) accessoryn.舌下神經(jīng) hypoglossaln.內(nèi)臟神經(jīng)visceralnerve傳入神經(jīng)afferentnerve傳出神經(jīng)efferentnerve自主神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)autonomicnervoussystem植物神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)antagonisticsystem交感神經(jīng)sympatheticn.副交感神經(jīng)parasympatheticn.神經(jīng)節(jié)ganglion髓鞘myelinsheath神經(jīng)內(nèi)膜endoneurium神經(jīng)束膜nervefascicles神經(jīng)外膜epineurium脊神經(jīng)節(jié)spinalganglia頸神經(jīng)cervicaln.胸神經(jīng)thoracicn.腰神經(jīng)lumbarn.骶神經(jīng)sacraln.尾神經(jīng)coccygealn.馬尾caudaequina前支anteriorbranch后支posteriorbranch脊膜支meningealbranch交通支communicatingbranch脊神經(jīng) spinaln.頸叢cervicalplexus枕小神經(jīng) lesseroccipitaln.耳大神經(jīng)greatauricularn.頸橫神經(jīng)transversen.ofneck鎖骨上神經(jīng)supraclavicularn.膈神經(jīng)phrenicn.臂叢brachialplexus上干superiortrunk中干middletrunk下干inferiortrunk內(nèi)側(cè)束medialcord外側(cè)束lateralcord后束posteriorcord胸長(zhǎng)神經(jīng)longthoracicn.肩胛背神經(jīng)dorsalscapularn.肩胛上神經(jīng) suprascapularn.肩胛下神經(jīng)subscapularn.胸內(nèi)側(cè)神經(jīng)medialpectoraln.胸外側(cè)神經(jīng)lateralpectoraln胸背神經(jīng)thoracodorsaln.腋神經(jīng)axillaryn.臂外側(cè)皮神經(jīng)肌皮神經(jīng)musculocutaneousn.前臂外側(cè)皮神經(jīng)lateralantebrachialcutaneousn.正中神經(jīng)mediann.骨間前神經(jīng)anteriorinterosseousn.正中神經(jīng)返支指掌側(cè)總神經(jīng)commonpalmardigitaln.指掌側(cè)固有神經(jīng)properpalmardigitaln.尺神經(jīng)ulnarn.橈神經(jīng)radialn.橈神經(jīng)淺支superficialbranchofradialn.骨間后神經(jīng)posteriorinterosseousn.臂內(nèi)側(cè)皮神經(jīng)medialbrachialcutaneousn.前臂內(nèi)側(cè)皮神medialantebrachialcutaneousn.腰叢lumbarplexus髂腹下神經(jīng)iliohypogastricn.髂腹股溝神經(jīng)ilioinguinaln.股外側(cè)皮神經(jīng)lateralfemoralcutaneousn.股神經(jīng)femoraln.閉孔神經(jīng)obturatorn.生殖股神經(jīng)genitofemoraln.骶叢sacralplexus臀上神經(jīng)superiorglutealn.臀下神經(jīng)inferiorglutealn.股后皮神經(jīng)posteriorcutaneousn.ofthigh陰部神經(jīng)pudendaln.坐骨神經(jīng)sciaticn.脛神經(jīng)tibialn.腓腸內(nèi)側(cè)皮神經(jīng)medialsuralcutaneousn.腓腸外側(cè)皮神經(jīng)lateralsuralcutaneousn.腓腸神經(jīng)suraln.足底內(nèi)側(cè)神經(jīng)medialplantarn.足底外側(cè)神經(jīng)lateralplantarn.腓總神經(jīng)commonperonealn.腓淺神經(jīng)superficialperonealn.腓深神經(jīng)deepperonealn.骨科器械叩診錘聽(tīng)診器血壓計(jì)三角針圓針絲線可吸收線線剪解剖剪血管鉗彎鉗蚊式鉗持針器卵圓鉗巾鉗刀柄刀片電刀咬骨鉗咬骨剪骨刀骨鑿骨鉆擺鋸線鋸骨銼骨膜剝離器持骨器復(fù)位鉗老虎鉗克氏針?biāo)故厢橀_(kāi)口器關(guān)節(jié)鏡 arthroscopy探針剪刀籃鉗抓取鉗關(guān)節(jié)鏡刀電