2018年上?！靖呖肌坑⒄Z試題

2018年上?！靖呖肌坑⒄Z試題2018年上?！靖呖肌坑⒄Z試題2018年上海【高考】英語試題絕密★啟用前2018年普通高等學(xué)校招生全國統(tǒng)一考試（上海卷）英語試卷（滿分140分，考試時間120分鐘）考生注意：答題前,務(wù)必在答題紙上填寫準(zhǔn)考證號和姓名,并將核對后的條形碼貼在指定位置上,在答題紙反而清楚地填寫姓名。I.ListeningComprehensionSectionADirections:InSectionA,youwillheartenshortconversationsbetweentwospeakers.Attheendofeachconversation,aquestionwillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Theconversationsandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaconversationandthequestionaboutit,readthefourpossibleanswersonyourpaper,anddecidewhichoneisthebestanswertothequestionyouhaveheard.（）1.A.InagroceryB.Inacafe.C.Atatailor’s.D.Atatoyshop（）2.A.Heispleasedwithhisjob.B.Heisnotsatisfiedwithhiswork.C.Hefindsthehugeworkloadunbearable.D.Hefindshisofficemuchtoobigforhim.（）3.A.HeismostprobablycheckingwhethereverythingisOK.B.Heismostprobablyjumpingfromthedesk.C.Heismostprobablyrepairingthedesk.D.Heismostprobablychangingthebulb.（）4.A.￡200.B.￡300.C.￡600.D.￡700.（）5.A.It'sdifficultforthewomantogetthejobifshetakestheinterview.B.Thewomancangetthejobifshetakestheinterview.C.Thewomanhaslesschancetogetthejobthanothers.D.Thewomanshouldworkharderfromnowonifshewantstogetthejob.（）6.A.Themandrinkstoomuchwine.B.Themandrinkslittlewine.C.Thebedistoosoft.D.Thebedistoohard.（）7.A.Hemaychangetheshirtbecauseit'stoolarge.B.Hemaychangetheshirtbecauseit'stoosmall.C.Hedoesn'tlikethecoloroftheshirt.D.Helikestheshirt.（）8.A.Toputhimtoanotherflight.B.Toarrangethenextflight.C.Totakehimtosomewhere.D.Toarrangehisaccommodation.（）9.A.ThenewsonTV.B.Manypeoplecametothenewhotel.C.Itisdifficultforpeopletofindajob.D.Themanstillhasgotajob.（）10.A.Thewomanthinksiteasytolearnphysics.B.Thewomanisgoodatphysics.C.ThemanthinksProfessorSmithexplainedthephysicsproblemveryclearly.D.Themancan'tunderstandthephysicsproblem.SectionBDirections:InSectionByouwillheartwoshortpassages,andonelongerconversation,aftereachpassage.Thepassagesorconversationyouwillbeaskedseveralquestions,thepassagesandtheconversationwillbereadtwice,butthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Whenyouhearaquestion,readthefourpossibleanswersonyourpaperanddecidewhichoneisthebestanswertothequestionyouhaveheard.Questions

11

through

13

are

based

on

the

following

passage.（）11.A.Spain.B.FranceC.AmericaD.England.（）12.A.Visitorsshouldn'toverlookitbecauseitsufferedalotinhistory.B.SaintAugustineistheoldestcityinthenation.C.FloridawasruledbySpanishuntiltheUnitedStatestookoverit.D.ManyvisitorssupporttheFlorida’scoastrecoveryforitsbeauty.（）13.A.Florida'sAtlanticcoast.B.St.Augustine'shistory.C.SpanishcontroloverFlorida.D.Spanishhistory.Questions

14

through

16

are

based

on

the

following

talk.（）14.A.AlostpropertyofficeinEurope.B.AlostpropertyofficeinLondon.C.AlostpropertyofficeinTokyo.D.PaulCowan'soffice.（）15.A.LostitemsbecomethepropertyoftransportforLondon.B.LostitemsaretakengoodcareofbyCowan'steam.C.Almostallofthelostitemswerereturnedtotheirowners.D.Twentypercentofthelostitemsareclaimedinthreemonths’time.（）16.A.Becausetheythinktheirlostshoesareuseless.B.Becausetheyhavealreadyboughtnewshoes.C.Becausetheywouldliketogetanewpair.D.Becausetheycan'tfindtheirlostshoes.Questions

17

through

20

are

based

on

the

following

conversation.（）17.A.Sheismostprobablybargainingforahouse.B.Sheismostprobablyvisitingoneofherfriends.C.Sheismostprobablylookingforahouse.D.Sheismostprobablycontactingherbankforahouse.（）18.A.Thekitchenattachedbathroom.B.Awinestoragearea.C.Thefloorcovering.D.Therelaxingcolorsofthewall.（）19.A.Thepriceisreasonable.B.Thepriceistoohigh.C.Thepriceislow.D.Theofferisunfair.（）20.A.Thewomanwillbuythehousebecausethepriceisreasonable.B.Thehouseisreallygoodbecausethebathroomisattachedtothebedroom.C.Theinsideofthehouseisbetterthantheoutside.D.Thewomanlikesthehousesomuchthatshewillbuyit.II.GrammarandVocabularySectionA

Directions:Afterreadingthepassagesbelow,fillintheblankstomakethepassagescoherentandgrammaticallycorrect.Fortheblankswithagivenword,fillineachblankwiththeproperformofthegivenword;fortheotherblanks,useonewordthatbestfitseachblank.Acomprehensivestudyof4,500childrenconductedbytheNationalInstitutesofHealthin2018showsthatchildrenwhospentmorethansevenhoursadaystaringatscreensshowedevidenceofprematurethinningoftheirbrain'scortex-theouterlayerthatprocessessensoryinformation.“Wedon'tknowifit___21___(cause)bythescreentime.Wedon'tknowyetifit'sbadthing.Itwon'tbeuntilwefollowthemovertime___22___wewillseeifthereareoutcomesthatareassociatedwiththedifferencesthatwe'reseeinginthissinglesnapshot,”Dr.GayaDowling.“Whatwecansayisthatthisis___23___thebrainslooklikeofkidswhospendalotoftimeonscreens.Andit'snotjustonepattern.”Theproblemisn'tjustscreens___24___,butalsothewayscreenstemptkids(andadults)awayfromsomethingfarmoreimportant:physicalactivity.Morethan23percentofadultsand80percentofadolescentsdon'tgetenoughphysicalactivity,andaccordingtoa2019reportfromtheWorldHealthOrganization.(WHO),thesepatternsofactivityandrestarise___25___habitswedevelopearlyinlife,“Whatwereallyneedtodois___26___(bring)backplayforchildren,”saysDr.JuanaWilliamson,aWHOspecialistinchildhoodobesityandphysicalactivity,inastatementaboutnewWHOguidelinesissuedinApril2019.Thisisaboutmakingtheshiftfromsedentarytimetoplaytime,while___27___(protect)sleep.Ofcourse,childrenaren’tcompletelytoblamefortheirscreenaddiction.Sometimes,theparents___28___complainabouttheroleofscreensinfamilylifearejustasguiltyofspendingtoomuchtimeinfrontofone.A2016study___29___(conduct)byCommonSenseMediafoundthatparentsspenduptoninehoursadayinfrontofscreens,mostlynotforwork-relatedreasons.While78percentofparentssaidtheybelievedtheyweregoodscreentimerolemodels,thestudyfoundadisconnectbetweentheirbehaviorandtheirperceptionoftheirbehavior.Parentsneedtolimitscreentimeforthemselvesandespeciallyfortheirkids-___30___itmeansplayingthebadguy.Ourmentalandphysicalhealthdependsonit.21._________22.________23._______24._________25._________26._________27._________28._________29._________30._________SectionB

Directions:Fillineachblankwithaproperwordchosenfromthebox.Eachwordcanbeusedonlyonce.Notethatthereisonewordmorethanyouneed.A.committedB.comparedC.contactD.delegationE.destructiveF.weakG.negotiateH.respelledI.similarityJ.superiorsK.witnessedSomeVery“American”WordsComefromChineseOnarecentprogram,wetoldyouthestoriesofEnglishwordsborrowedfromotherlanguages.Today,wewilltellyouaboutwordsthatEnglishhastakenfromChinese.ManyoftheChinesewordsthatarenowpartofEnglishwereborrowedlongago.TheyaremostoftenfromCantoneseorotherChineselanguagesratherthanMandarin.Let’sstartwithkowtow.kowtowTheEnglishwordkowtowisaverbthatmeanstoagreetooeasilytodowhatsomeoneelsewantsyoutodo,ortoobeysomeonewithpowerinawaythatseems___31___.ItcomesfromtheCantonesewordkautau,whichmeans“knockyourhead.”Itreferstotheactofkneelingandloweringone'sheadasasignofrespectto___32___—suchasemperors,eldersandleaders.Inthecaseofemperors,theactrequiredthepersontotouchtheirheadtotheground.In1793,Britain'sKingGeorgeIIIsentLordGeorgeMacartneyandothertradeambassadorstoChinato___33___atradeagreement.TheChineseaskedthemtokowtowtotheQianlongEmperor.Asthestorygoes,LordMacartneyrefusedforhis___34___todomorethanbendtheirknees.Hesaidthatwasalltheywererequiredtodofortheirownking.Itisnotsurprising,then,thatMacartneyleftChinawithoutnegotiatingthetradeagreement.Afterthat,criticsusedthewordkowtowwhenanyonewastoosubmissivetoChina.Today,theusagehasnoconnectiontoChina,noranyspecificpoliticalconnection.gung-hoAnotherborrowedwordthatcameaboutthrough___35___betweentwonationsisgung-ho.InEnglish,thewordgung-hoisanadjectivethatmeansextremelyexcitedaboutdoingsomething.TheChinesecharacters“gōng”and“hé”togethermean“worktogether,cooperate.”Theoriginalterm—g?ngyèhézuòshè—meansChineseIndustrialCooperatives.Theorganizationswereestablishedinthe1930sbyWesternersinChinatopromoteindustrialandeconomicdevelopment.Lt.ColonelEvansCarlsonoftheUnitedStatesMarine3Corps4observedthesecooperativeswhilehewasinChina.Hewasimpressed,saying“allthesoldiers___36___themselvestooneideaandworkedtogethertoputthatideaover.”Hethenbeganusingthetermgung-hointheMarineCorpstotrytocreatethesamespirithehad___37___.In1942,heusedthewordasatrainingsloganforthe2ndMarineRaiderBattalionduringWorldWarII.Themenwereoftencalledthe“GungHoBattalion.”Fromthen,thewordgung-hospreadasaslogantheMarineCorps.Today,itsmeaninghasnorelationtothemilitary.typhoonInEnglish,atyphoonisaverypowerfuland___38___stormthatoccursaroundtheChinaSeaandintheSouthPacific.ThewordhistoryoftyphoonhadafarlessdirectpathtotheEnglishlanguagethangung-ho.Andnotallhistoricalaccountsarethesame.But,accordingtotheMerriam-WebsterNewBookofWordHistories,thefirsttyphoonsreportedintheEnglishlanguagewereinIndiaandwerecalled“touffons”or“tufans,”Thewordtufanoral-tufanisArabicandmeansviolentstormorflood.TheEnglishcameacrossthiswordinIndiaandborroweditastouffon.Later,whenEnglishshipsencounteredviolentstormsintheChinaSea,EnglishmenlearnedtheCantonesewordtaifung,whichmeans“greatwind.”Theword's___39___totouffonisonlybychance.Themodernformoftheword—typhoon—wasinfluencedbytheCantonesebut___40___tomakeitappearmoreGreek.31._________32.________33._______34._________35._________36._________37._________38._________39._________40._________III.ReadingComprehensionSectionADirections:ForeachblankinthefollowingpassagetherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,CandD.Fillineachblankwiththewordorphrasethatbestfitsthecontext.When17-year-oldQuattroMusserhangsoutwithfriends,theydon'tdrinkbeerorcruisearoundincarswiththeirdates.___41___,theysticktoG-ratedactivitiessuchasrock-climbingortalkingaboutbooks.Theyareingoodcompany,accordingtoanewstudyshowingthatteenagersareincreasinglydelayingactivitiesthathadlongbeenseenasritesofpassageinto___42___.Thestudy,publishedTuesdayinthejournalChildDevelopment,foundthatthepercentageofadolescentsintheU.S.whohaveadriver'slicense,whohavetriedalcohol,whodate,andwhoworkforpayhasplummetedsince1976,withthemostprecipitous___43___inthepastdecade.Thedeclinesappearedacrossrace,geographic,andsocioeconomiclines,andinrural,urban,andsuburbanareas.Tobesure,morethanhalfofteensstillengageintheseactivities,butthe___44___haveslimmedconsiderably,Between1976and1979,86percentofhighschoolseniorshadgoneonadate;between2010and2015only63percentPeoplesay,Oh,it'sbecauseteenagersaremoreresponsible,ormorelazy,ormoreboring,“butthey're___45___thelargertrend,”saidJeanTwenge,leadauthorofthestudy,whichdrewonsevenlargetime-lagsurveysofAmericans.Rather,shesaid,kidsmaybeless___46___inactivitiessuchasdating,drivingorgettingjobsbecauseintoday'ssociety.Accordingtoanevolutionarypsychologytheorythataperson's“l(fā)ifestrategy”slowsdownorspeedsupdependingonhisorher___47___,exposuretoa“harshandunpredictable”environmentleadstofasterdevelopment,whileamoreresource-richandsecureenvironmenthasthe___48___effect,thestudysaid.Inthefirst___49___,“You'dhavealotofkidsandbeinsurvivalmode,starthavingkidsyoung,expectyourkidswillhavekidsyoung,andexpectthattherewillbemore___50___andfewerresources,”saidTwenge,apsychologyprofessoratSanDiegoStateUniversitywhoistheauthorof“iGen;WhyToday’sSuper-ConnectedKidsAreGrowingUpLessRebellious,MoreTolerant,LessHappy—andCompletelyUnpreparedforAdulthood.Acenturyago,whenlifeexpectancywaslowerandcollegeeducationlessprevalent,“thegoalbackthenwassurvival,notviolinlessonsby5,”Twengesaid.Inthatmodelateenageboymightbethinkingmore___51___aboutmarriage,anddrivingacarandworkingforpaywouldbeimportantfor“establishingmatevaluebasedonprocurementofresources,”thestudysaid.ButAmericaisshiftingmoretowardthe___52___model,andthechangeisapparentacrossthesocioeconomicspectrum,Twengesaid.“Eveninfamilieswhoseparentsdidn'thaveacollegeeducation...familiesaresmaller,andtheideathatchildrenneedtobecarefully___53___hasreallysunkin.”The___54___of“adultactivities”couldnotbeattributedtomorehomeworkorextracurricularactivities,thestudysaid,notingthatteenstodayspendfewerhoursonhomeworkandthesameamountoftimeonextracurricularastheydidinthe1990s(withtheexceptionofcommunityservice,whichhasrisenslightly).NorcouldtheuseofsmartphonesandtheInternetbeentirelythe___55___,thereportsaid,sincethedeclinebeganbeforetheywerewidelyavailable.Ifthedelayistomakeroomforcreativeexplorationandformingbettersocialandemotionalconnections,itisagoodthing,hesaid.（）41.A.ThereforeB.RatherC.MoreoverD.Besides（）42.A.childhoodB.neighborhoodC.adolescentsD.adulthood（）43.A.escapesB.endsC.decreasesD.changes（）44.A.minoritiesB.majoritiesC.massesD.amounts（）45.A.takingB.avoidingC.sendingD.missing（）46.A.interestedB.enviedC.relievedD.realized（）47.A.emotionsB.surroundingsC.customsD.habits（）48.A.wrongB.sameC.oppositeD.similar（）49.A.eventB.issueC.caseD.occasion（）50.A.troubleB.questionsC.benefitsD.diseases（）51.A.respectivelyB.delicatelyC.seriouslyD.considerably（）52.A.slowerB.betterC.smallerD.faster（）53.A.emphasizedB.relatedC.organizedD.educated（）54.A.implementB.postponementC.achievementD.payment（）55.A.causeB.impactC.factD.resultSectionBDirections:Readthefollowingthreepassages.Eachpassageisfollowedbyseveralquestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosetheonethatfitsbestaccordingtotheinformationgiveninthepassageyouhavejustread.(A)Bitcoinandothersocalledcryptcurrencieshavebeenalloverthenewslately.Apparently,theideaofmoneythat'snottiedtoaspecificbank—oraspecificcountry—isappealingtomany.Butit'sworthrememberingthatthebankingsystemthatwenowalllivewithisjustthat:Amoderninvention.Notsolongago,moneywasalmostalwayscreatedandusedlocally,andbarteringwascommon.(Infact,itstilliscommonamongmanyonlinelocalnetworks,liketheBuyNothingProject.).Inthepast,money'smakeupvariedfromplacetoplace,dependingonwhatwasconsideredvaluablethere.Sowhilesomeoftheworld'sfirstcoinsweremadefromanaturallyoccurringhybridofgoldandsilvercalledelectrum,objectsotherthancoinshaveservedascurrency,includingbeads,ivory,livestock,andcowrieshells.InWestAfrica,braceletsofbronzeorcopperwereusedascash,especiallyifthetransactionwasassociatedwiththeslavetradethere.Throughoutthecolonialperiod,tobaccowasusedinlieuofcoinsorpaperbillsinVirginia,MarylandandNorthCarolina,eventhoughitwasusedelsewhereinthecoloniesandextensivelythroughoutEuropeandtheU.K.Today,onanislandinthePacific,aspecifictypeofshellstillservesascurrency—andsomepeoplethereareevenhoardingit,justlikeBitcoinmoguls,convincedthatoneday,itwillmakethemwealthybeyondimagination.OnMalaita,themost-populatedislandthat’spartoftheSolomonIslands,shellsareacceptedatmostplacesin“Howmuchtunayoucangetforyourshellsdependsontheircolorandshape,”MaryBruno,ashopownerfromthesmalltownofAuki,onMalaita,toldVice.“Onestripofdarkershellsmightgetyouabouttwocansofsmallertuna,buttheredonesareworthmore,Fortheredones,onestripmightgetenoughtunatofeedabigfamilyforalongtime.Justlikeamintthatcreatescoins,there'sonlyoneplaceontheislandwheretheshells,whicharepolishedandstrungtogethertoform3-foot-longropes,aremade.(Youcanseehowthatworksinthevideoabove.)Thestripsofred,white,andblackshellsallcomefromLangaLangaLagoon,whereartificialislandswerelong-agobuiltbylocalstoescapefromtheisland-dwellingcannibals.Oncemaroonedoutontheirislands,localsneededacurrencytouseamongthemselves,andsotheshellcurrencywasborn.UsingshellsformoneywascommonthroughoutthePacificislandsaslateastheearly1900s,butMalaitaisuniqueinthattheyarestillusedtoday.Andjustlikecryptocurrencies,therearethosewhothinktheislandersaresmarttoinvestinthistypeofmoney,whichisreportedtohaveriseninvalueoverthelastthreedecades.Itmightseemstrangetohoardabunchofprocessed,strung-togethershells,butwhatisapileofdollars?Justaspeciallyprintedpieceofpaperandhempthatwe'veassignedvalueto—andprobablylessdurableovertimethanthoseshells.（）56.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisTRUE?A.Moneywascreatedandwaswidelyusedintheworld.B.TobaccowasusedascoinsorpaperbillsinAmericaninthepast.C.Theingredientsofworld'sfirstcoinsmaybethecombinationofgoldandsilver.D.Usingshellsformoneyhasbeenoutofdateintheworld.（）57.Theword“mint”inparagraph4isclosestinthemeaningto“_______________”.A.akindofmoneythatcanexchangeB.theleavesofamintplantusedfreshorcandiedC.aplacetoproduceandpolishshellsD.afactorythatproducescurrency（）58.What'sopinionoftheauthortowardsshellsformoney?A.Reasonable.B.Imaginary.C.Convenient.D.Inventive.（）59.Whichofthefollowingmightbethebesttitleofthepassage?A.TheHistoryofBitcoinB.ShellsStillMoneyC.TheCurrencyIsofGreatUseD.SomeShells(B)HowDoYouMoveaGiantSequoia?Thelogisticsofexcavating（挖掘）andrelocatingtown’scentury-old,livingsequoia(紅杉)tree.InhabitantsofBoise,Idaho,watchedwithtrepidationearlierthisyearasthecity'soldest,tallestresidentmovedtwoblocks.The105-year-oldsequoiatreeservesasalocallandmark,notonlyforitslongevitybutalsobecauserenownednaturalistandSierraClubcofounderJohnMuirprovidedtheoriginalseedling.So,whenSaintLuke'sHealthSystemfoundthatthe10-story-tall-conifer(針葉樹)stoodinthewayofitsplannedhospitalcalledtree-movingfirmEnvironmentalDesign.TheTexas-basedcompanyhasdevelopedandpatentedscoopingandliftingtechnologytomovemassivetrees.Weighinginatmorethan800,000pounds,theBoisesequoiaisitslargestundertakingyet.“I[had]lostenoughsleepoverthis,”saysDavidCox,thecompany'sWesternregionvicepresident—andthatwasbeforethehospitalmentionedthetree'sdistinguishedorigin.Beforetheheavyliftingbegan,theteamassessedtherootsystemanddugafive-foot-deepcylinder,measuring40feetindiameter,aroundthetrunktoprotectallessentialroots.Afterencapsulatingtherootballinwiremesh,themoversallowedthetreetoacclimatetoitsnewsituationforsevenmonthsbeforerelocatingit.Theillustrationdetailswhatfollowed.—LeslieNemo1.MarkA.MeritandhisteamatEnvironmentalDesigninstalledunderneaththerootballaplatformofseven-inch-diameter,44-foot-longsteelbarsand,justbelowtherods,afirstsetofuninflatedairbags(showningray).Theteamalsodugashallowramp.2.Inroughly15minutes,themoversinflatedtheairbagstoaboutthreefeetindiametertoraisetherootballtothesurfaceofthehole.3.Byunderinflatingthefrontbags,theteamallowedtheplatformcarryingthetreetorolluptherampandoutoftheholewhilestayinglevel,Atrailerhauledthetreealongasteammembersremovedtheairbagsfromthebackoftheplatformandreplacedtheminthefront.Theyrepeatedtheprocessuntilthetreearrivedattheedgeofitsnewhome.4.Thereasecondsetofpartiallyinflatedbags(showninwhite)waitedinsidethehole.Soilsurroundingthesequoiainitsoriginallocationwasrelocatedaswell,becausetreesaremorelikelytosurviveatransplantwhentheymovewiththeiroriginalsoil.5.Usingthefirstsetofairbags,themoversrolledtheplatformintothenewhole.6.Thebagswaitingthereweretheninflatedfurthertotaketheweightofthesequoiawhilethetransportationbagsweredeflatedandremovedfromunderthetree.7.Thewhitebagswerethendeflatedinabouthalfanhourtolowerthesequoia'srootballtothebottomofitshole,Thebagswereremoved,butthemetalbarswereleftwiththetreebecausetheyrustanddegradeoveranumberofyears.8.Forthenextfiveyearsthelocalparkservicewillmonitorandmaintainthetreeinitsnewhome.（）60.Whichofthefollowingwordscanbeusedtoreplacethewordsunderlined"stoodinthewayof"?A.ResistedB.BalancedC.Blocked.D.Promoted.（）61.WhatisthereasonfortherelocationofSequoiatrees?A.BecausetheScoopingandliftingtechnologyshouldbeputintouse.B.Becauseitblockslocalhospitalexpansionplans.C.Becauseitcorrespondstogovernment'splanofEnvironmentalDesign.D.Becausesequoiatreesareoverahundredyearsold.（）62.Howwillthemigratedsequoiatreesbedealtwith?A.Theywillbegivennewsoilinthenewlivingenvironment.B.Metalrodsusedtomovesequoiatreeswillnotbeleftonthetrees.C.Theywillbekeptintransportbagsallthetime.D.Theywillbemanagedbyspecialistsinthenextfiveyears.(C)UnderstandtheEconomicConceptofaBudgetLineTheterm“budgetline”hasseveralrelatedmeanings,includingacouplethatareself-evidentandathirdthatisnot.ThebudgetlineasanInformalConsumerUnderstandingThebudgetlineisanelementaryconceptthatmostconsumersunderstandintuitivelywithoutaneedforgraphsandequations—it'sthehouseholdbudget,forexample.Takeninformally,thebudgetlinedescribestheboundaryofaffordabilityforagivenbudgetandspecificgoods.Givenalimitedamountofmoney,aconsumercanonlyspendthatsameamountbuyinggoods.IftheconsumerhasXamountofmoneyandwantstobuytwogoodsAandB,shecanonlypurchasegoodstotalingX.IftheconsumerneedsanamountofAcosting0.75,shecanthenspendonly0.25X,theamountremaining,onherpurchaseofB.Thisseemsalmosttooobvioustobotherwritingorreadingabout.Asitturnsout,however,thissameconcept-onethatmostconsumersmakemanytimeseachdaywithreflectingonit-isthebasisofthemoreformalbudgetlineconceptineconomics,whichisexplainedbelow.LinesinaBudgetBeforeturningtotheeconomicsdefinitionofbudgetline,consideranotherconcept:theline-itembudget.Thisiseffectivelyamapoffutureexpenditures,withalltheconstituentexpendituresindividuallynotedandquantified.There'snothingverycomplicatedaboutthisusage,abudgetlineisoneofthelinesinthebudget,withtheserviceorgoodtobepurchasednamedandthecostquantified,TheBudgetLineasanEconomicsConceptOneoftheinterestingwaysthestudyofeconomicsrelatestohumanbehaviorgenerallyisthatalotofeconomictheoryistheformalizationofthekindofsimpleconceptoutlinedabove—aconsumer'sinformalunderstandingoftheamountshehastospendandwhatthatamountwillbuy.Intheprocessofformalization,theconceptcanbeexpressedasamathematicalequationthatcanbeappliedgenerally.ASimpleBudgetLineGraphTounderstandthis,thinkofagraphwheretheverticallinesquantifyhowmanymovietickets.youcanbuyandwherethehorizontallinesdothesameforcrimenovels.Youlikegoingtothemoviesandreadingcrimenovelsandyouhave$150tospend,Intheexamplebelow,assumethateachmoviecosts$10andeachcrimenovelcosts$15.Themoreformaleconomicstermforthesetwoitemsisbudgetset.Ifmoviescost$10each,thenthemaximumnumberofmoviesyoucanseewiththemoneyavailableis15.Tonotethisyoumakeadotatthenumber15(fortotalmovietickets)attheextremeleft-handsideofthechart.Thissamedotappearsattheextremeleftabove“0”onthehorizontalaxisbecauseyouhavenomoneyleftforbooks—thenumberofbooksavailableinthisexampleis0.Youcanalsographtheotherextreme—allcrimenovelsandnomovies.Sincecrimenovelsintheexamplecost$15andyouhave$150available,ifyo