世界銀行-2023年個(gè)體和小型采礦業(yè)狀況（英）-2023

2023

State

of

theArtisanal

and

Small-ScaleMining

SectorAGLOBALPLATFORM

FORARTISANAL&SMALLSCALEMINING

DATADelveisaglobalplatform

forartisanal

andsmall-scale

mining(ASM)

data.

Its

vision

is

a

world

in

which

ASM

is

recognized

asan

important

contributor

toglobal

development.Administration

Branch,

Regulatory

Operations

Division,Mineral

Resources

Authority

of

PNG);

Perú

(Ministryof

Energyand

Mines—General

Directorate

of

Mining

Formalization);the

Philippines

(Mining

Technology

Division,

Mines

andGeosciencesBureau,DepartmentofEnvironmentandNaturalResources);

Tanzania

(Small

Scale

Mining

DevelopmentSection,DepartmentofMinerals,Ministry

ofMinerals);Zambia(Ministry

of

mines

and

minerals

development

departmentof

Planning

and

Information);

and

Zimbabwe

(Department

ofMiningResearch,ValueAdditionandBene?ciation,Ministry

ofMines

and

Mining

Development

Zimbabwe).Recommendedcitation:World

Bank.

2023.

2023

State

of

the

Artisanal

and

Small-Scale

Mining

Sector.

Washington,

D.C.:World

Bank.Acknowledgmentsandkeycontributors:The

2023

State

of

the

Artisanal

and

Small-Scale

MiningSector

report

is

a

collaboration

between

the

World

Bank’sExtractives

Global

Programmatic

Support

Multi-Donor

TrustFund

and

Pact.Women

in

Mining

Questionnaire:

Ecuador

(Association

of

self-employed

miners)

Ghana

(Women

in

Mining

Ghana);

Indonesia(Women

in

Mining

&

Energy);

Mongolia

(Umbrella

Federationof

ASCM

in

Mongolia);

Mozambique

(Association

of

theMozambican

Women

in

Mining);

Peru

(National

Network

ofWomenMiners

ofASM);

SierraLeone(Women

onMiningandExtractives);

Tanzania

(Tanzania

Women

Miners

Association);Zambia

(Association

of

Zambian

Women

in

Mining);

andZimbabwe

(African

Women

in

Mining

Empowerment

Trust,Zimbabwe

Association

forWomenin

Mining

Association);The

lead

report

editors

and

authors

are

Professor

NellieMutemeri

(MutConsult),

Dr.

James

McQuilken

(Pact),

Dr.Rachel

Perks

(World

Bank),

and

Itai

Mutemeri

(MutConsult)with

contributions

from

Nathan

Schneck

(World

Bank)

andSusanne

Madigan

(World

Bank).

Sunny

Kaplan

(World

Bank)provided

editorial

assistance.The

chapter

overviews

and

case

studies

are

written

by

a

rangeof

Delve

partners

as

speci?ed

at

the

start

of

each

section.Thank

you

to

all

contributors

of

the

2023

Delve

report.

Layoutand

design

areprovided

byBitterSweet

Creative

Group.Mine

Site

Questionnaire:

Bolivia

(Cumbre

del

Sajama);

Guyana(Mining

360°);

Mongolia

(Artisanal

and

Small-scale

MinersNational

Federation

of

Mongolia);

Sierra

Leone

(CemmatsGroup

Ltd);

Zimbabwe

(Zimbabwe

Environmental

LawAssociation

Trust).This

document

was

produced

with

?nancial

assistance

fromthe

World

Bank’s

Extractives

Global

Programmatic

SupportMulti-Donor

TrustFund.Coverphoto:Roseline

Nyambu,

artisanal

miner

in

Kenya,

presents

her

minedgemstones.

Credit:

World

BankSurvey:Withthanksto

thefollowing

organizations

for

their

supportincollecting

data

forthis

report:Disclaimers:All

opinions,

views,

and

comments

expressed

in

this

reportsolely

belong

to

the

authors

and

do

not

necessarily

re?ectthose

of

the

World

Bank,

Pact,

MutConsult

or

any

of

theinstitutions

the

authors

area?liated

with.Government

Questionnaire:

Bolivia

(Vice-Ministry

of

MiningPolicy,

Regulation

and

Inspection

of

the

Ministryof

Mines

andMetallurgy);

Ecuador

(Government

of

Azuay,

National

MiningCompany,

Undersecretary

of

Artisanal

and

Small-scale

Mining);Indonesia

(Directorate

of

Engineering

and

EnvironmentalMineral

and

Coal-Directorate

General

of

Mineral

and

Coal(DGMC),

Ministry

of

Energy

and

Mineral

Resources);

Kenya(Ministry

of

Mining,

Blue

Economy

and

Maritime

A?airs,

NationalMining

Corporation,

Mineral

Prospecting

Department);

Malawi(Ministry

of

Mining

and

Natural

Resources,

Department

ofMines);

Mongolia

(Head

of

the

Technics

and

TechnologyDepartment,

Department

of

Mining,

Authority

of

Mineraland

Oil

resources);

Papua

New

Guinea

(Mineral

TenementsAll

data

points

and

original

open-access

sources

used

inthis

report

are

on

the

Delve

platform.

To

avoid

further

datarecycling

when

referencing

any

information

contained

in

thisreport,

the

original

source

should

be

included,

forexample:McQuilken

and

Hilson,

2016,

as

cited

in

World

Bank,

2023./ContentsContents

..........................................................ITABLEOF

BOXES

............................................

IITABLEOF

FIGURES..........................................

IITABLEOF

TABLES..........................................

IIIACRONYMS..................................................IVCaseStudy#3:CapacityTraining

asaSpringboardto

SustainableDevelopmentinNigeria’s

MiningSector

..................................

50CaseStudy#4:TheNecessaryNextStepinSierraLeone’sE?orts

to

MainstreamGenderintoASMFormalization.................................................

54ExecutiveSummary..........................................

1GLOBAL

OUTLOOK

ON

ARTISANAL

AND

SMALL-SCALE

MINING

AND

SDG

5GENDER

EQUALITY

.......

1CaseStudy#5:ASMFormalizationto

Promote

Women’sHuman

Rights

In

Colombia...............................

59CONCLUSION

................................................8CASE

STUDIES:

ASUMMARY

.............................10REFERENCES

................................................14AdvanceWomen’s

SocialProtectionsIntroduction:ArtisanalandSmall-ScaleMiningandSustainableDevelopmentattheMineandHome....................................

65SOCIAL

PROTECTION

AS

ACONCEPT

.................

66Goal5—Gender

Equality

.................................16INSIGHTS

FROM

THE

2023STATE

OFSECTOR

SURVEY

..........................................

69(IN)VISIBILITY

CRISIS:

WOMEN

IN

ASM

ARENOTBEING

COUNTED.....................................18INSIGHTS

FROM

THE

CASE

STUDIES

..................

76CONCLUSION

..............................................

77REFERENCES

...............................................

78EVOLUTION

OF

ASM

AND

GENDER

LITERATURE.....19METHODOLOGY............................................21REFERENCES

...............................................

24CaseStudy#6:MakeMiningLawsandEconomicPoliciesLocalCivilSocietyOrganizationsWorkingTogether

withtheColombianMunicipalGovernmentto

AddressChildLaborinASM

........................................

79GenderInclusive............................................

26OVERVIEW

..................................................

27LEGAL

PROVISIONS

TO

END

DISCRIMINATIONAND

PROMOTE

EQUALITY,ACCESS,

ANDEMPOWERMENT

...........................................

29CaseStudy#7:ConcernsOvertheSocialProtectionforMongolianArtisanalMiners

.......................83INSIGHTS

FROM

THE

2023STATE

OFSECTOR

SURVEY

..........................................35INSIGHTS

FROM

THE

CASE

STUDIES

...................

41CONCLUSION

..............................................

42REFERENCES

...............................................

43CaseStudy#8:GenderedImpactsofASMFormalization:WomenintheArtisanalMiningSectoroftheCentralAfricanRepublic

.......................

87CaseStudy#1:IncreasingthePresenceofWomeninAlluvialMininginPeru:TheCaseofMadreDeDios...............................................44CaseStudy#9:ForWomenEntrepreneursinGhana’sMiningCommunities,FinanceisGolden..........

92CaseStudy#2:CaseStudy#10:FormalizationandGender:LessonsfromtheDiamondASM

KimberleyCaseinSouthAfrica

...............................................

47UnearthingHope:AHolisticApproachto

SupportingGirlsandBoysinTanzanian

MiningCommunities

......................

95State

of

the

Artisanal

and

Small-Scale

Mining

Sector

2023ICaseStudy#11:Table

of

boxesEmpoweringWomeninPhilippineASMCommunitiesthroughBOX1.De?nitions.......................................

28CompassionateGold......................................101BOX2.

FormalizationinColombia.................

62BOX3.

TheILOstrategy

onthe

extensionAccountforGenderedDi?erencesofsocialprotection...........................

67inOccupationalHealthandSafetyLivelihoodandeconomicdynamics

ofmininginRwanda..........

128E?ortsatMineSites

......................................

105BOX4.OVERVIEW

.................................................

106GENDER

INEQUALITIES

IN

OCCUPATIONALHEALTHAND

SAFETY

...................................

107Table

of

?guresOCCUPATIONALHEALTHAND

SAFETY

RISKSFOR

WOMEN

IN

MINING

.................................

107MappingSDG

5

GenderEqualityFIGURE

1.targets

toartisanal

andsmall-scaleminingINSIGHTS

FROM

THE

2023STATE

OF

THESECTOR

SURVEY

...........................................111.....................................

17INSIGHTS

FROM

THE

CASE

STUDIES

..................

114CONCLUSION

..............................................115REFERENCES

...............................................116Fromyourexperienceinyourorganization’sworkwhatarethe

challengeswomeninASMexperience?

(WIM

Questionnaire).......

36FIGURE

2.CaseStudy#12:FIGURE

3.

Whattypes

ofprogramshasyourgroupparticipated

in?TheWomenWhoAgetooFast:EmbodiedExperiencesintheDemocraticRepublicofCongo

.......................119(WIM

Questionnaire).........................37FIGURE

4.

Whatsupport

doesthe

governmentneedtobetter

considerthe

needsCaseStudy#13:ofwomeninASM?

(GovernmentQuestionnaire)

.................................

40ImprovingHealthandDevelopmentOutcomesinFormalizedASMOperationsthroughPromotingResponsibleMiningPrinciples.......................

123FIGURE

5.What,

inyouropinion,hasbeenthe

greatestchallenge?(GovernmentQuestionnaire)..............

40CaseStudy#14:IlluminatingSmall-ScaleMininginRwanda

....................................................

127FIGURE

6.

Active

womenminersperannum.......48FIGURE

7.

Trainingsessionsorganized

byWomeninMiningTraining

Institute.....

52Conclusion

....................................................

131MapofNigeriashowingG4Mpresenceandnumberofstudentmembersinsixstates

.......................

52FIGURE

8.FIGURE

9.

In

recentyears,hasthe

numberofwomenworkinginASM

changed?(Mine

SiteQuestionnaire)

...................

71FIGURE

10.

In

recentyearshassociety’sperceptionofwomeninASM

changed?(Mine

SiteQuestionnaire)

.................................

72FIGURE

11.

In

recentyearshavethenumberofwomenwithlicenses/permitschanged?(Mine

SiteQuestionnaire)

..................

73IIFIGURE

12.

In

recentyearshowhavethecasesofGBV

inASM

changed?Table

of

tablesGeographicalcoverageandgenderdisaggregationofthe(Mine

SiteQuestionnaire)

..................

74TABLE1.FIGURE

13.

When

wasthe

last

time

youheardofanyinstancesofgender-basedviolenceagainstwomeninminingcommunitiesinthe

area?2023

Stateofthe

Sector

ReportSurvey

andlegalanalysis..................23TABLE2.Genderassessmentoflegalframeworks

.....................................

30(Mine

SiteQuestionnaire)

..................

75TABLE3.

Whathavebeenthe

impactsofgovernmentformalizationFIGURE

14.

Doyouknowif

the

survivorswereprovidedwith

anyassistance/support?

(Mine

SiteQuestionnaire).....

75interventionson…?(GovernmentQuestionnaire)

.................................39FIGURE

15.

MapofSouthwesternCentralAfricanRepublicforAMPR’sTABLE4.Lawsincreasingwomen’sempowermentinSierraLeone...........

56supported

womenactivities

..............

88TABLE5.

Bene?ciaries

of

AMPR

VSLA

Support

..

89FIGURE

16.

Health

problemsandcare-seekingbehaviorbygender..............

97TABLE6.

Bene?ciariesofAMPR’slivelihoodssupport...........................90FIGURE

17.

Involvementinminingbygender

.......

98TABLE7:

Summary

of

gender

Issues

inASGM

..

102FIGURE

18.

Whichoftheseenvironmentalimpacts

haveyouobservedTABLE8.

OHS

exposureandrelatedhealthonthe

miningsite?implicationsinASM

.........................

108(Mine

SiteQuestionnaire)

...................111TABLE9.

Pathologiesandspeci?chealthrisksfacedbyfemaleworkers...........120FIGURE

19.

In

recentyearshavethe

negativeenvironmentalimpacts

towhichwomenareexposedchanged?(Mine

SiteQuestionnaire)

..................112FIGURE

20.

Is

maternalhealth

andsexualhealth

andreproductivecareavailablenearoratthe

site?(Mine

SiteQuestionnaire)

..................

113FIGURE

21.

Doyoubelieveyouaremakinginformeddecisionsregardingsexualrelations,contraceptiveuseandreproductivehealthcare?(Mine

SiteQuestionnaire—womenonly)....................................

113FIGURE

22.

Atwhatagewereyoumarried?(SiteQuestionnaire)

..........................

114FIGURE

23.

Comicstrip

......................................

121FIGURE

24.

Trainingmethodsusedonthe

project......................................

124FIGURE

25.

Lightinguseatsurveyedminesshowshandtorchesaremainsource....................................

129State

of

the

Artisanal

and

Small-Scale

Mining

Sector

2023IIIAcronyms4-Cs

Cut,

Carat,

ColorandClarity4IR

Fourth

Industrial

RevolutionCSODACivil

Society

OrganizationThePhilippinesDepartmentofAgricultureAIDS

AcquiredImmunode?ciencySyndromeDistrict

councilsDCAFAMC

Association

of

WomenArtisanalSouth

Africa’sDepartment

ofMineralResourcesandEnergyDMREMinersofCarnotAFAMCA

Association

of

WomenArtisanalMinersofthe

Central

AfricanRepublicDRC

DemocraticRepublicofCongoEGPS

Extractive

GlobalProgrammaticSupportAFESMICA

Association

of

WomenintheEPAEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyCentral

AfricanMiningSectorEPRM

EuropeanPartnership

forAGC

Artisanal

Gold

CouncilAGI

Africa

GenderIndexResponsibleMineralsFCT

FederalCapital

TerritoryFWO

ResearchFoundationFlandersAMDC

AfricanMineralsDevelopmentCentreICBF

TheInstituto

ColombianodeAMV

AfricanMiningVisionARM

TheAlliance

for

Responsible

MiningART

AntiretroviraltherapyBienestar

FamiliarICMM

TheInternationalCouncilonMiningandMetalsASGM

Artisanal

andsmall-scale

goldIGF

TheIntergovernmentalForumonMining,Minerals,MetalsandSustainableDevelopmentminingASM

Artisanal

andsmall-scale

miningIHI

IfakaraHealth

InstituteILO

InternationalLabourOrganizationASOMUSELUPAZ

TheAssociation

of

WomenMineralSelectors

andPeacebuildersAWOME

AfricanWomeninMiningIQIntelligenceQuotientEmpowermentTrustISMR

IlluminatingSmall-Scale

MininginAZWIM

Association

ofZambianWomeninRwandaMiningG4M

Girls

forMiningClubGBV

Gender-basedviolence[includesBECDOR

Bureaud’expertiseetdecontr?ledudiamantetdel’orsexualviolence]CEDAW

TheConventiononthe

EliminationofAll

Forms

ofDiscriminationAgainstWomenGHS

GhanaHealth

ServiceHIV

HumanImmunode?ciencyVirusHTS

HIV

testingservicesCEGEMI

Centred’Expertise

enGestionMinièreKPCS

Kimberly

ProcessCerti?cation

SchemeCIETI

TheInter-Institutional

Committeeforthe

PreventionandEradicationofChildLaborLGU

LocalGovernmentUnitMDD

MadredeDiosCG

CompassionateGoldCL

ChildLaborCLHIV

Childrenliving

with

HIVMiniComMMGGhana’sMineralsCommissionCentral

AfricanRepublic’sMinistryofMinesandGeologyCRAFT

Code

CodeofRisk-mitigationforASMMMSD

Nigeria’sMinisterofMinesandengaginginFormalTradeSteelDevelopmentIVMOHCDGEC

Tanzania’s

Ministry

ofHealth,Community

Development,Gender,ElderlyandChildrenUSAIDAMPR

USAID

Artisanal

MiningandPropertyRightsVLIR-UOS

FlemishInteruniversity

CouncilMPRDA

MineralandPetroleumResourcesWIAMORwanda

WomenIn/AndMiningOrganizationDevelopmentAct,

2002NGO

Non-governmental

OrganizationWIASMWomeninArtisanal

ScaleMiningOECD

OrganisationforEconomicWHOWorldHealth

OrganizationCo-operation

andDevelopmentWIM

WomeninMiningOHCHR

O?ce

ofthe

UnitedNationsHighWIMIN

WomeninMininginNigeriaWIMTI

WomenIn

MiningTrainingInstituteWoME

WomenonMiningandExtractivesCommissionerforHumanRightsOHS

Occupationalhealth

andsafetyOSIWA

Open

Society

Initiative

forWestWRC

Ghana’s

WaterResourcesAfricaCommissionOUWC

Other

UnacceptableWorkingConditionsOVC

OrphansandvulnerablechildrenPDA

PeaceDiamondAlliancePEPFAR

TheU.S.

President’sEmergencyPlanforAIDS

ReliefPPE

PersonalprotectiveequipmentRED

SOCIAL

Instituto

RedesdeDesarrolloSocialRMB

Rwanda

Mines,PetroleumandGasBoardSDG

SustainableDevelopmentGoalSENA

Servicio

NacionaldeAprendizajeSMDF

SolidMineralsDevelopmentFundSN

ThePilaresSolidarity

NetworkSRH

SexualandReproductiveHealthSTD

SexuallyTransmittedDiseaseSTEM

Science,Technology,EngineeringandMathematicsSTI

SexuallyTransmittedInfectionSIRITI

Systemforthe

Identi?cation,Registration

andCharacterizationofChildLaborandits

WorstFormsTAMOWA

Tanzanian

WomenMinersAssociationVSLA’s

VillageSavingsandLoansAssociationsUC

University

ofCartagenaUN

UnitedNationsUSAID

UnitedStatesAgency

forInternationalDevelopmentState

of

the

Artisanal

and

Small-Scale

Mining

Sector

2023VCredit:

Senderistas,

ShutterstockVIEXECUTIVE

SUMMARYGlobaloutlookonArtisanal

andSmall-ScaleMining

andSDG

5

GenderEqualitySince

the

Sustainable

Development

Goals

(SDGs)

were

adopted

in2015,

SDG

5

“Achieve

Gender

Equality

and

Empower

all

Womenand

Girls”

(SDG5Gender

Equality)

was

showing

improvement.

Girls’access

to

education

increased,

women’s

representation

in

parliamentgrew,

and

child

marriage

has

decreased.

However,

since

the

global1COVID-19

pandemic

in

2020

the

world

has

witnessed

increases

inviolence,

child

marriage,

and

women

and

girls

in

caregiver

roles.

Sincethe

end

of

the

pandemic,

the

annual

Sustainable

Development

GoalsReport

has

painted

a

worrisome

picture

warning

that

the

“world

is

noton

track

to

achieve

SDG

5

Gender

Equality

by

2030”

(UNECA,

2023).State

of

the

Artisanal

and

Small-Scale

Mining

Sector

202031The

contributions

ofASM

to

SDG

5Since

2015,

the

annual

SDG

Report

has

alsorepeatedad

in?nitumthe

same

consistent

message:the

equality

and

empowerment

ofwomen

and

girlswill

not

be

possible

until

their

rights

are

securedin

legal

frameworks.

Various

reports

outline

how“assuring

women’s

rights

through

legal

frameworksis

a

?rst

step

in

addressing

discrimination

againstthem”(UNECA,

2016),

that

“empowering

womenrequires

addressing

structural

issues

such

as

unfairsocial

norms

and

attitudes

as

well

as

developingprogressive

legal

frameworks

that

promote

equalitybetween

women

and

men”

(UNECA,

2018),

and“discriminatory

laws

and

legal

gaps

continue

toprevent

women

from

enjoying

their

human

rights”(UNECA,

2021).

The

pace

of

gender-related

legalreforms

is

also

slowing

with

economies

in

2022adopting

the

fewest

gender-related

reforms

in

morethan

two

decades

(World

Bank

2023a).

The

WorldBank’s

forthcoming

Gender

Strategy

2024–2030recognizes

the

urgent

imperative

to

accelerategender

equality

for

a

sustainable,

resilient,

andinclusivefuture(World

Bank2023b).ASM

is

a

vital

contributor

to

our

global

economy

andway

of

life.

It

supplies

notable

volumes

of

mineralsto

global

industries

from

jewelry,

construction,agriculture,

information

technology,

manufacturing,automotive,

and

defense.

Women

play

a

critical

roleinthissector,withanestimated13.4millionwomenworking

in

ASM

worldwide,

comprising

30%

of

theglobal

44.67million

ASMworkforce.2

However,

thelack

of

sex-disaggregated

data

on

women’s

partici-pationinASM

couldmakethis

?gurefarhigher.Women

perform

multiple

direct

and

indirecttasks

along

the

ASM

value

chain:

mining,

sorting,crushing,

grinding,

sieving,

washing

and

panning;and

transporting

ores,

food

sales,

and

other

relatedservices.

Some

of

these

tasks

are

visible,

occurringat

the

mine

face.

But

many

female-concentratedASM

job

categories

happen

away

from

view,such

as

retreating

material

in

rivers

downstream,processing

gold

with

mercury

in

their

homes,

andpreparing

food

for

miners.

Many

of

these

tasks

arenever

recognized,

let

alone

documented,

evenwhen

mine

surveys

do

occur

at

sites,

leaving

theimpression

that

mining

remains

a

man’s

world.Simply

put:

women

are

not

being

counted.

Theresult

is

that

without

interventions

that

promotewomen’s

participation,

policies

and

practices

toimprove

the

well-being

and

standing

of

miners

aregender

blind—meaning

they

fail

to

acknowledgeand

accommodate

gender

di?erences

that

a?ectequalparticipationofmenandwomeninASM.The

2023

State

of

the

Artisanal

and

Small-ScaleMining

(ASM)

Sector

report

takes

up

this

call

toaction

to

examine

whether

and

how

legal

frame-works

inhibit

or

promote

women’s

equality

andempowerment

in

ASM,

along

with

analyzingseveral

other

key

barriers

to

women’s

participationand

empowerment

in

the

sector

including

socialprotections

and

access

to

occupational

health

andsafety

(OHS).The

report

?nds

that

while

considerable

workremains

to

get

back

on

track

to

achieve

SDG

5

by2030,

gains

are

being

made

through

women-fo-cused

initiatives

advancing

the

devel