《細(xì)胞的結(jié)構(gòu)與功能》課件

2、細(xì)胞的結(jié)構(gòu)與功能及微生物分類StructureandFunctionofCellandClassificationofMicroorganism1精選課件ppt2、細(xì)胞的結(jié)構(gòu)與功能及微生物分類Structureand2．1微生物細(xì)胞化學(xué)組成六大元素:碳、氫、氧、氮、硫和磷(無論什么生物，都含有這些元素)，對于單分子生物，這六大類元素可以占到整個生物的100%，如蛋白類。而在細(xì)胞生物體中，這六類元素的總量大約占干物質(zhì)的90～97％大量元素（macroelementsormacronutrients）還有鉀、鈣、鎂、鐵等。微量元素：鉬、鋅、錳、硼、鈷、碘、鎳、釩等2精選課件ppt2．1微生物細(xì)胞化學(xué)組成六大元素:碳、氫、氧、氮、硫和磷微生物細(xì)胞中幾種常量元素的含量3精選課件ppt微生物細(xì)胞中幾種常量元素的含量3精選課件ppt微生物細(xì)胞中幾種常量元素的含量元素含量元素含量元素含量C50P3Ca0.5O20S1Mg0.5N14K1Fe0.5H8Na1其它0.54精選課件ppt微生物細(xì)胞中幾種常量元素的含量元素含量元素含量元素含量C52．2微生物分類MicrobialTaxonomyMicroorganismsaretremendouslydiverseinsize,shape,physiology,andlifestyle.5精選課件ppt2．2微生物分類MicrobialTaxonomy5精GeneralIntroductionandOverviewconsistsofthreeseparatebutinterrelatedparts:Classificationisthearrangementoforganismsintogroupsortaxa(s.,taxon)basedonmutualsimilarityorevolutionaryrelatedness.Nomencltureisthebranchoftaxonomyconcernedwiththeassignmenntofnamestotaxonomicgroupsinagreementwithpublishedrules.Identificationisthepracticalsideoftaxonomy,theprocessofdeterminingthataparticularisolatedbelongstoarecognizedtaxon.6精選課件pptGeneralIntroductionandOvervUniversalPhylogeneticTree7精選課件pptUniversalPhylogeneticTree7生物無細(xì)胞生物單分子純蛋白原生生物純核酸多分子核酸與蛋白復(fù)合體，細(xì)胞生物原核生物細(xì)菌Bacteria古細(xì)菌Archaea真核生物Eucarya8精選課件ppt生物無細(xì)胞生物單分子純蛋白原生生物純核酸多分子核酸與蛋白復(fù)合非細(xì)胞生物單分子純蛋白（，瘋牛病蛋白）原生生物Protista

純核酸質(zhì)粒？多分子核酸與蛋白復(fù)合體，病毒類9精選課件ppt非細(xì)胞生物單分子純蛋白（，瘋牛病蛋白）原生生物純核酸質(zhì)粒？多原核生物Procaryote細(xì)菌BacteriaAquifex原生生物ProtistaThermotogaGreennonsulfurbacteriaFlavobacteriaGram-positivebacteriaCyanobacteriaSpirochetesProteobacteria古細(xì)菌Archaea

PyrodictiumThermoproteusThermococcusMethanococcusMethanobacteriumMethanosarcinaThermoplsamaHalobacteria10精選課件ppt原核生物細(xì)菌BacteriaAquifex原生生物Proti真核生物EucaryaDiplomonads后生生物MetazoanMicrosporidiaTrichomonadsFlagellates鞭毛蟲，鞭毛藻Entamoeba內(nèi)生阿米巴SlimemoldsCiliatesAnimals后生生物MetazoanFungi原生生物Plants后生生物Metazoan11精選課件ppt真核生物Diplomonads后生生物Microsporid2．3原核生物的大小形狀Size,Shape,andArrangementProcaryoticCellOrganization12精選課件ppt2．3原核生物的大小形狀Size,Shape,andFigure2.1RepresentativeBacteria13精選課件pptFigure2.1RepresentativeBacUnusuallyShapedBacteria(a)放線菌.(b)肺炎枝原體.(c)螺原體屬.(d)生絲微菌屬.(e)Walsby's方形細(xì)菌.(f)含鐵嘉氏鐵柄桿菌14精選課件pptUnusuallyShapedBacteria(a)放15精選課件ppt15精選課件ppt2．4細(xì)菌16精選課件ppt2．4細(xì)菌16精選課件pptMorphologyofaGram-PositiveBacterium.17精選課件pptMorphologyofaGram-Positive18精選課件ppt18精選課件pptTable3.1FunctionsofProcaryoticStructuresPlasmamembraneSelectivelypermeablebarrier,mechanicalboundaryofcell.nutrientandwastetransport,locationofmanymetabolicprocesses(respiration,photosynthesis).detectionofenvironmentalcuesforchemotaxisGasvacuoleBuoyancyforfloatinginaquaticenvironmentsRibosomesProteinsynthesisInclusionbodiesStorageofcarbon,phosphate,andothersubstancesNucleoidLocalizationofgeneticmaterial(DNA)PeriplasmicspaceContainshydrolyticenzymesandbindingproteinsfornutrientprocessinganduptakeCellwallGivesbacteriashapeandprotectionfromlysisindilutesolutionsCapsulesandslimelayersResistancetophagocytosis~adherencetosurfacesFimbriaeandpiliAttachmenttosurfaces,bacterialmatingFlagellaMovementEndosporeSurvivalunderharshenvironmentalConditions19精選課件pptTable3.1FunctionsofProca2.2.1TheNucleoid20精選課件ppt2.2.1TheNucleoid20精選課件ppt核區(qū)(nuclearregionorarea)核質(zhì)體(nuclearbody)原核(prokaryon)擬核(nucleoid)核基因組(genome)染色質(zhì)體（chromatinbody)是指原核生物所特有的無核膜結(jié)構(gòu)、無固定形態(tài)的原始細(xì)胞核，21精選課件ppt核區(qū)(nuclearregionorarea)21精選核區(qū)一般每個細(xì)胞含核區(qū)1～4個。在快速生長的細(xì)菌中，核區(qū)DNA可占細(xì)胞總體積的20％。擬核與間體（mesosome）或質(zhì)膜（plasmamembrane）有聯(lián)系。細(xì)菌的核區(qū)除在染色體復(fù)制的短時間內(nèi)呈雙倍體外，一般均為單倍體，有些也具有線狀的DNA染色體。對完全除掉膜的擬核分析發(fā)現(xiàn)它是由重量占60%DNA,30%RNA和10%蛋白質(zhì)組成。22精選課件ppt核區(qū)一般每個細(xì)胞含核區(qū)1～4個。在快速生長的細(xì)菌中，核區(qū)DN核區(qū)planctomycetes的兩個屬的擬核區(qū)有膜包被，Pireltula具有單層膜包被核區(qū)，形成pirellalosome，其中含有纖維狀的擬核和類似核糖體的顆粒。Gemmataobscuriglobus的核區(qū)被雙膜包被。一些細(xì)菌在染色質(zhì)之外還含有質(zhì)粒。23精選課件ppt核區(qū)planctomycetes的兩個屬的擬核區(qū)有膜包被，P2．2．3TheCytoplasmicMatrix2．2．3.1InclusionBodies2．2．3.2Ribosomes24精選課件ppt2．2．3TheCytoplasmicMatrix2．

ACrossSectionofBacteriumEscherichiacoli

25精選課件pptACrossSectionofBacterium26精選課件ppt26精選課件ppt2．2．2ProcaryoticCellMembranes27精選課件ppt2．2．2ProcaryoticCellMembran28精選課件ppt28精選課件pptInternalMembraneSystems29精選課件pptInternalMembraneSystems29精選課internalmembranesystems30精選課件pptinternalmembranesystems30精選2.2.5TheProcaryoticCellWall31精選課件ppt2.2.5TheProcaryoticCellWal2.2.5.1PeptidoglycanStructure32精選課件ppt2.2.5.1PeptidoglycanStructur33精選課件ppt33精選課件ppt34精選課件ppt34精選課件ppt35精選課件ppt35精選課件pptGram-PositiveCellWalls36精選課件pptGram-PositiveCellWalls36精選課件TeichoicAcidStructure.37精選課件pptTeichoicAcidStructure.37精選課Gram-NegativeCellWalls38精選課件pptGram-NegativeCellWalls38精選課件39精選課件ppt39精選課件pptLipopolysaccharideStructure40精選課件pptLipopolysaccharideStructure441精選課件ppt41精選課件pptFigure3.31FlagellarDistribution.42精選課件pptFigure3.31FlagellarDistribTheUItrastructureofGram-NegativeFlagella.43精選課件pptTheUItrastructureofGram-NegTheUItrastructureofBacterialFlagella44精選課件pptTheUItrastructureofBacteriaGrowthofFlagellarFilaments45精選課件pptGrowthofFlagellarFilamentsFlagellarMotility46精選課件pptFlagellarMotility46精選課件ppt鞭毛運動的機理47精選課件ppt鞭毛運動的機理47精選課件pptFigure4.1RepresentativeExamplesofEucaryoticMicroorganisms.(a)Parameciumasseenwithinterference-contrastmicroscopy(×115).(b)Mixeddiatomfrustules(×100).(c)Penicilliumcolonies,and(d)amicroscopicviewofthemold'shyphaeandconidia(×220).(e)StentorTheciliatedprotozoaareextendedandactivelyfeeding,dark-fieldmicroscopy(×100)(f)Amanitamuscaria,alargepoisonousmushroom(×5).48精選課件pptFigure4.1RepresentativeExamEucaryoticCellUltrastructure49精選課件pptEucaryoticCellUltrastructure50精選課件ppt50精選課件pptFunctionsofEucaryoficOrganelles

PlasmamembraneMechanicalcellboundary,selectivelypermeablebarrierwithtransportsystems,mediatescell-cellinteractionsandadhesiontosurfaces,secretionCytoplasmicmatrixEnvironmentforotherorganelles,locationofmanymetabolicprocessesMicrofilaments

Cellstructureandmovements,formthecytoskeletonintermediatefilaments,andmicrotubulesEndoplasmicreticulumTransportofmaterials,proteinandlipidsynthesisRibosomesProteinsynthesisGolgiapparatusPackagingandsecretionofmaterialsforvariouspurposes,lysosomeformationLysosomesIntracellulardigestionMitochodriaEnergyproductionthoroughuseofthetricarboxyllcacidcycle,electrontransportoxidativephosphorylation,andotherpathwaysChloroplastsPhotosynthesis-trappinglightenergyandformationofcarbohydratefromCO2andwaterNucleusRepositoryforgeneticinformation,controlcenterforcellNucleolusRibosomalRNAsynthesis,ribosomeconstructionCellwallandpellicleStrengthenandgiveshapetothecellCiliaandflagellaCellmovementVacuoleTemporarystorageandtransport,digestion(foodvacuoles),waterbalance(contractilevacuole)51精選課件pptFunctionsofEucaryoficOrgane微管結(jié)構(gòu)微管結(jié)構(gòu)

52精選課件ppt微管結(jié)構(gòu)微管結(jié)構(gòu)52精選課件ppt53精選課件ppt53精選課件pptGolgiApparatusStructure54精選課件pptGolgiApparatusStructure54精選LysosomeStructure,Formation,andFunction.55精選課件pptLysosomeStructure,Formation,LysosomeStructure,Formation,andFunction56精選課件pptLysosomeStructure,Formation,MembraneFlowintheVacuome57精選課件pptMembraneFlowintheVacuome5ProteasomeDegradationofProteins58精選課件pptProteasomeDegradationofProt59精選課件ppt59精選課件pptChloroplastStructure60精選課件pptChloroplastStructure60精選課件ppTheNucleus61精選課件pptTheNucleus61精選課件pptTheEucaryoticCellCycle62精選課件pptTheEucaryoticCellCycle62精選63精選課件ppt63精選課件pptCoordinationofCiliaryActivity64精選課件pptCoordinationofCiliaryActiviCiliaandFlagellaStructure65精選課件pptCiliaandFlagellaStructure6ComparisonofProcaryoticandEucaryoticCellstructure.66精選課件pptComparisonofProcaryoticandTable4.2ComparisonofProcaryoticandEuearyoticCellsPropertyProcaryotesEucaryotesOrganizationofGeneticMaterialTruemembrane-boundnucleusAbsentPresentDNAcomplexedwithhistonesNoYesNumberofchromosomesOneaMoreth