國際貿(mào)易實務之TermsofCommodity

ChapterThreeTermsofCommodity

1SEIBOFGDUFSLearningobjectivesAfterreadingthischapteryoushouldbeabletoexplainthedifferentwaysofqualitystipulationoutlinethequantitymeasurementunitsandsystemsdescribetheapproachestoweightcalculationunderstandthefunctionsandfeaturesofdifferenttypesofexportpackagingidentifymarkingonthepackingofgoodsforinternationalsalescomposequality,quantityandpackingclausesproperly

2SEIBOFGDUFS4.1NameofcommoditySignificanceCISGArticle35:Thesellermustdelivergoodswhichareofthequantity,qualityanddescriptionrequiredbythecontractandwhicharecontainedorpackagedinthemannerrequiredbythecontractIssues

concerningstipulatingnameinsalescontract:beingclear,specific&precise(rice)beingpractical(purecottonT-shirts)adoptingthewidelyacceptedname(cokeHSCode)3SEIBOFGDUFS4.2QualityDefinition:referstotheintrinsicelementsofcommoditiesincludingtheinternalpropertiesoringredientsaswellastheexternalappearance..

4SEIBOFGDUFS4.2Quality:waysofqualitystipulation5SEIBOFGDUFS4.2Qualitystipulation–SalebydescriptionSpecificationcomprisesomeimportantindicatorssuchascomposition,content,purity,length,size,etc.

ExampleChinaSesameSeedMoisture:8%max.Admixture:2%max.Oilcontent:52%basis6SEIBOFGDUFSCase1芝麻規(guī)格案例某外貿(mào)公司向德國出口一批芝麻，合同規(guī)定水分最高為15％，雜志不超過3％。成交后，我方按照合同規(guī)定的時間交貨。貨到德國后，，買方經(jīng)檢驗，出具了實際貨物品質(zhì)比合同規(guī)定的水分超過了7％，結果我方賠償了2000馬克。7SEIBOFGDUFS4.2Qualitystipulation–SalebydescriptionSalebygradebeindicatedsimplybystatingitsgrade,aspresumablythesellerandthebuyeraresupposedtohavereachedaconsensusontheclassificationimplicationofgrades.toavoidmisunderstandingandthesubsequentdisputes,however,itisrecommendedtolaydownsomemajorspecifications8SEIBOFGDUFSCase2茶葉等級案例中方某公司與國外某客商成交龍井茶一批，合同要求二級茶葉，賣方實際交貨時發(fā)現(xiàn)二級茶葉庫存已馨，便在未征得買方同意情況下，以一級茶葉抵充二級茶葉交貨，并電告買方“一級茶葉仍按二級茶葉計價，不另外收費”。問：賣方這種做法是否妥當？為什么？9SEIBOFGDUFS4.2Qualitystipulation–Salebydescriptionsalebygrade:example

FreshHenEggs,shelllightbrownandclean,eveninsizeGradeAA:60-65gmpereggGradeA:55-60gmpereggGradeB:50-55gmpereggGradeC:45-50gmperegg

10SEIBOFGDUFS4.2Qualitystipulation–SalebydescriptionSalebystandardwhenspecificationsorgradesarelaiddownandproclaimedinaunifiedway,theybecomestandards.

ExampleTetracyclineHCLTablets(SugarCoated)250mg.B.P.1973ChinaNortheastSoybean2006NewCrop,F.A.Q: Moisture15%max. Admixture1%max.

11SEIBOFGDUFS4.2Qualitystipulation–SalebydescriptionSalebystandard:F.A.Q.&G.M.QF.A.Q.:indicatingthatthequalityoftheaproductofferedisaboutequaltotheaveragequalitylevelofthesamecropwithinacertainperiodoftime(e.g.ayear.)generallysuitableforagriculturalproducts.G.M.Q.:thequalityofthegoodsofferedaresufficientlygoodtosatisfythepurposesforuseorconsumptionwhicharemutuallyunderstoodbythebuyerandthesellerusedsometimesasthebottom-lineofqualityrequirement.

12SEIBOFGDUFS4.2Qualitystipulation–SalebydescriptionSalebybrandnameortrademark

todefinethequalityofsomeproductsbysimplyreferencingtotheirbrandnamesortrademarks.ExamplesSonyTelevisionsHaierRefrigeratorsTigerheadbatteriesPanasonicTelevision,TH-42PV65C

13SEIBOFGDUFS4.2Qualitystipulation–SalebydescriptionSalebyorigintousethenameoftheplaceoforiginastheindicationforquality(speciallocalproduct)ExampleWest-lakeLongjingTea,Grade1,ZhejiangOrigin14SEIBOFGDUFS4.2Quality–SalebydescriptionSalebydescriptionsorillustrations

specificdescriptions,sometimeswithillustrationsExamplePanasonicTelevision,TH-42PV65C,qualityandtechnicaldatatobestrictlyinconformitywiththeinstructionsattached.HaierRefrigerator,ModelXXX,qualityandtechnicaldatatobestrictlyinconformitywiththedescriptionssubmittedbytheseller.15SEIBOFGDUFS4.2Qualitystipulation–SalebysampleSalebysampleDefinition:asalewhenthesellerandbuyeragreethatsampleisusedasthebasisofqualityandconditionofthegoodstobedelivered.ExampleTeddyBearSize15,QualityasperSampleX071118A16SEIBOFGDUFS4.2Qualitystipulation–salebysample

Salebyseller’ssamplemadeonthebasisofthesampleprovidedbythesellerSalebybuyer’ssamplemadeonthebasisofthesampleprovidedbythebuyerSalebycountersampleCountersample:areplicamadebythesellerofthesampleprovided,normallybythebuyercountersampleusedasthebasisforqualitytoremovetheriskoftheselleragoodsubstitutetosalebybuyer’ssample17SEIBOFGDUFSCase3樣品品質(zhì)案例我北方一外貿(mào)公司，某年5月份與新加坡商人達成一筆合同，我方出口一批大理石板，品質(zhì)要求以買方提供樣品為準，7月份交貨。于是我方以最好的工藝，精加工一個樣品交給對方確認。買方看到這樣品時十分滿意，覺得比以前看到的都要好。于是我方開始履行合同，但在大批量加工時發(fā)現(xiàn)，要是每一個產(chǎn)品品質(zhì)均能達到樣品水平十分困難，后經(jīng)努力，終于交出一批貨。到貨后經(jīng)檢驗不合格，買方提出索賠。經(jīng)仲裁，以我方最終賠償對方28000美元了結。18SEIBOFGDUFSNotesConservationBuyer’ssampleRepresentativesamplequalitylevel

19SEIBOFGDUFSCase4雙重質(zhì)量擔保案例我國某外貿(mào)公司向德國出口花生一批，合同規(guī)定最低含油量不低于44%，雜質(zhì)不超過1%。但在成交前我方曾向?qū)Ψ郊倪^樣品，合同訂立后我有電告對方“成交貨物與樣品相似”。貨到德國后，買方出具了貨物品質(zhì)比樣品低7%的檢驗證明，并要求賠償600英鎊的損失。我方拒絕賠償，并陳述理由說：貨物在交貨是是經(jīng)過挑選的。因為是農(nóng)產(chǎn)品，不可能做到與樣品完全相符，但也不至于低7%。問：我方失誤在哪里？是否可以以貨物非憑樣成交理由而不予理賠？20SEIBOFGDUFS

[案例分析]此例是一宗既憑品質(zhì)規(guī)格交貨，又憑樣品買賣的交易。賣方成交前的寄樣行為及訂約后的“電告”都是合同的組成部分。根據(jù)商品特點正確選擇表示品質(zhì)的方法，能用一種表示就不要用兩種，避免雙重標準。既憑規(guī)格，又憑樣品的交易，兩個條件都要滿足。樣品的管理要嚴格。如“復樣”、“留樣”或“封樣”的妥善保管，是日后解決糾紛的主要依據(jù)。

21SEIBOFGDUFSExercise布匹樣品大豆醫(yī)藥標準規(guī)格茶葉日用化妝品電器家具榨菜等級說明書品牌貨號產(chǎn)地22SEIBOFGDUFS4.2QualityIssuesconcerningqualityclauseinsalescontract:adoptingtherightwayavoidingdoublestandardbeingclear,practicalandreasonablemakinguseofQualityLatitudeorTolerancemakingpriceadjustmentwhennecessaryinsertingseller'sprotectingclausewhennecessary23SEIBOFGDUFS4.2QualityQualitylatitude:definitionthepermissiblerangewithinwhichthequalityofthegoodsdeliveredbythesellermaybeflexiblycontrolled

Qualitytolerance:definitionthequalitydeviationrecognizedinthetrade,whichallowsthequalityofthegoodsdeliveredbythesellertohavecertaindifferenceswithinarange24SEIBOFGDUFS4.2QualityHowtostipulatequalitylatitude/tolerancetostipulateacertainscope,e.g.thewidthofthecottonclothis47/48inches.(規(guī)定范圍）tostipulate“max”or“min”（規(guī)定極限）e.g.Moisture:8%max.Admixture:2%max.tostipulatemoreorless（規(guī)定上下差異）e.g.duck'sdowncontent18%±1%25SEIBOFGDUFS4.2QualityStipulatingqualitylatitude:examples“Qualityshallbeaboutequaltothesample”“Qualityisnearlythesameasthesample”“Thequalityofthegoodsshippedtobeaboutequaltothesample”“Shipmentshallbesimilartothesample.”

26SEIBOFGDUFS

合同中數(shù)量未明確規(guī)定《聯(lián)合國國際貨物銷售合同公約》規(guī)定，賣方必須按合同數(shù)量條款的規(guī)定如數(shù)交付貨物。如果賣方交貨數(shù)量多余約定數(shù)量，買方可以收取或拒收多交部分貨物的全部或一部分；如果買方實際交貨數(shù)量少于約定數(shù)量，賣方應在規(guī)定的交貨期屆滿前補交，但不得使賣方遭受不合理的不便或承擔不合理的開支，且賣方有保留要求損害賠償?shù)娜魏螜嗬?/p>

27SEIBOFGDUFS4.3QuantityUnitsofquantitycalculation

Weight:metricton,tonne,kilogramme,longton,shorttonNumber:piece,dozen,setLength:meter,kilometer,yard,foot,inch)Area:km2,yd2,ft2Volume:km3,yd3,ft3Capacity:liter,gallon,quart,pint,bushel28SEIBOFGDUFS4.3QuantityMeasurementsystemstheMetricSystemtheU.S.SystemtheBritishSystemtheInternationalSystemofUnits(S.I.)…29SEIBOFGDUFS

某出口公司在某次交易會上與外商當面談妥出口大米10000公噸，每公噸USD275F.O.B.中國口岸。但我方在簽約時，合同上只籠統(tǒng)地寫了10000噸（ton），我方當事人主觀認為合同上的噸就是指公噸（Metricton）而言。后來，外商來證要求按長噸（Longton）供貨。如果我方照證辦理則要多交160.5公噸，折合美元44137.5USD。于是我方要求修改信用證，而外商堅持不改，雙方發(fā)生貿(mào)易糾紛。

case130SEIBOFGDUFS

度量衡制度與計量單位

在不同的度量衡制度下，同一計量單位，所代表的數(shù)量不同。如：噸（Ton）

度量衡重量單位公斤市斤磅公制公噸100020002204.6英制長噸1016.0472032.0942240美制短噸907.21814.4200031SEIBOFGDUFS4.3QuantityWaystostipulateweight

grossweightnetweightgrossfornetconditionedweight32SEIBOFGDUFS4.3Quantitygrossweightgrossweight=netweight+TarenetweightNetweight=Grossweight–Tare

Ifnotstipulated,consideredtobenetweighttarecalculation

actual/realtareaveragetare,customarytarecomputedtare

grossfornetGoodspricedbytheirgrossweightinsteadofthenet

33SEIBOFGDUFS4.3QuantityConditionedweightConditionedweight:equalstothedryweightofacommodityplusthestandardmoisturecontent

Conditionedweight=Driednetweightx(1+Standardregainrate)34SEIBOFGDUFS4.3QuantityTheoreticalweightTheoreticalweight=UnitweightxQuantityLegalweightLegalweight=Netweight+Tare(immediatepacking)35SEIBOFGDUFS4.3QuantityIssuesconcerningquantityclauseinsalescontract:clear,specificandavoidambiguityquantitylatitude(moreorlessclause)latitude:howmuchmoreorless?decision:atwhoseoption?pricing:contractrateormarketprice?36SEIBOFGDUFS4.3QuantityExamplesofmoreorlessclause:800metrictons,5%moreorlessatseller’soption20,000metricpairs,thesellersareallowedtoload5%moreorless,thepriceshallbecalculatedaccordingtotheunitpriceinthecontract1,000metrictons5%moreorless,atBuyer’soptionwithmoreorlessportionpricedatthemarketpriceatthetimeofshipment.37SEIBOFGDUFScase2

合同中數(shù)量條款規(guī)定“10000M/T5%MOREORLESSATSELLER’SOPTION.”賣方正待交貨時，該貨物國際市場價格大幅度上漲，問：（1）如果你是賣方，擬實際交付多少貨量？（2）如果站在買方立場上，磋商合同條款時，應注意什么？38SEIBOFGDUFScase3某外貿(mào)公司對中東某國家出口電風扇1000臺。國外開來信用證規(guī)定不允許分運。但到出口裝船才發(fā)現(xiàn)有40臺的包裝破裂，有的風罩變形，有的開關脫裂。臨時更換已來不及。為了保證出口產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量，發(fā)貨人認為，根據(jù)《跟單信用證統(tǒng)一慣例》的規(guī)定，即使不準分運，在數(shù)量上也允許有5%的伸縮。如少裝這40臺并未超過5%。實際裝船960只，當持單到銀行議付時，遭到銀行拒絕。39SEIBOFGDUFS

《跟單信用證統(tǒng)一慣例》第39條B款除非信用證規(guī)定貨物數(shù)量不得增減，只要支取的金額不超過信用證金額，則可有5％的增減幅度。但當信用證規(guī)定的數(shù)量按包裝單位或以個數(shù)計數(shù)時，則此增減幅度不適用。40SEIBOFGDUFS4.4Packing&MarkingFunctionsofPackingProtectingGoods FacilitatingDelivery ReducingCost Promotingsales… 41SEIBOFGDUFS4.4Packing&MarkingFactorsdeterminingpackingNaturePropertiesofCargo ModeoftheTransport CustomsorStatutoryRequirements GeneralFragilityofCargo Weather EaseofHandlingandStowage Insurance TransportationCost… 42SEIBOFGDUFS4.4Packing&MarkingTypesofpackingSalespackingTransportPacking

unitpacking:drums,cases,bags,boxes...collectivepacking:pallet,flexiblecontainer…43SEIBOFGDUFS運輸包裝集裝箱集裝袋44SEIBOFGDUFS4.4Packing&MarkingTypesofmarkingShippingmarksIndicativemarksWarningmarksSupplementarymarks

45SEIBOFGDUFS4.4Packing&MarkingExampleofshippingmark46SEIBOFGDUFS試著自己編制麥頭SALESCONFIRMATIONS/CNo.21SSG-017Date:AUG.82001TheSeller:ShanghaiTextilesI/ECorp.Address:27.ZHONGSHANROADE.ISHANGHAICHINATheBuyer:CRYSTAL

KOBELTD.Address:1410.BROADWAY,ROOM300NY,NY10018USACommodityandSpecifications:Ladle’s55%acrylic45%cottonknittedblouseQuantity:500dozenPacking:In120cartonsPortofloading&destination:ShipmentfromShanghaitoNY,USA47SEIBOFGDUFS該商品的標準嘜頭參考如下:C.K21SSG-017NEWYORKUSAC/No.1--12048SEIBOFGDUFS4.4Packing&MarkingIndicativemarkstodrawattentionforproperhandlingExamplesFRAGILEKEEPDRY49SEIBOFGDUFS4.4Packing&MarkingWarningmarkstoindicatedangerouscargoesSuitablefordangerousgoodssuchasexplosive,inflammable,corrosiveandradioactivecargosExamplesEXPLOSIVESPOSION50SEIBOFGDUFS4.4Packing&MarkingRelevantissuesconcerningmarkingNeutralPackingnomarkingofthenameofthecountryproducingthegoodsand/orthenameofthemanufacturerOEMshortformofOriginalEquipmentManufacturer.usethebrandnameortrademarkdesignatedbybuyersontheirmanufacturedgoodsissues