概念功能的角度分析小說《傲慢與偏見》中達(dá)西的人物形象

【摘要】近幾年來，系統(tǒng)功能語法得到了迅速的發(fā)展，并產(chǎn)生了越來越大的影響。它廣泛應(yīng)用于文學(xué)和非文學(xué)領(lǐng)域。概念功能是系統(tǒng)功能語言學(xué)的三大元功能之一。本文旨在從系統(tǒng)功能語法中的及物性系統(tǒng)的角度對長篇小說《傲慢與偏見》進(jìn)行分析，著重從概念功能的角度分析小說《傲慢與偏見》中達(dá)西的人物形象，進(jìn)而揭示主題。這拓展了及物性系統(tǒng)的適用范圍，為分析小說《傲慢與偏見》提供了獨特的視角。【關(guān)鍵詞】系統(tǒng)功能語法、概念功能、及物性、人物分析Abstract:Forthepastfewyears,systemic-functionalgrammarhasgotrapiddevelopmentandbecomemoreandmoreinfluential.Itiswidelyappliedinthefieldofliteratureandnon-literature.ideationalfunctionisoneofthethreemeta-functionsofsystemicfunctionallinguistics.Thisthesisisaimedatanalyzingthefull-lengthnovelPrideandPrejudicefromthepointoftransitivitysystemintheSystemicFunctionalGrammar,focusingonthecharacterofDarcyinthenovelPrideandPrejudice,andthenanalyzeitsliteralmeaningfromtheperspectiveofideationalfunction.Itexpandsthescopeofapplicationoftransitivitysystemandputupauniqueperspectivefortheanalysisofprideandprejudice.Keywords:SystemicFunctionalGrammar、IdeationalFunction、Transitivity、CharacterAnalysisIntroductionTheschoolofsystemicfunctionallanguageholdstheviewthatlanguageoriginatedfromsocialactivities,withthesocialactivitiesfrequentlycommunicated,languagegraduallytobeatoolinthiscommunication.Asatoolofhumancommunication,itassumesvariousfunctions,whichHallidaydividesintothreetypes:textualfunction,interpersonalfunctionandideationalfunction.Ideationalfunctionreferstotransmitinformationbetweenmembersofsociety,itexpressesthespeaker’sexperienceoftheexternalworldandtheinternalworld.Theideationalfunctionisaneffectivewaytoanalyzethecharactersinthenovel,becausethecharactersinthenovelmustliveinobjectiveworld,havetheirownuniqueinnerworld.Also,inspecifictimeandspace,theyconnectwithotherpeopleandthingsinvariousways.Accordingtothesemanticcharacteristicsofsixtypesoftransitiveprocess,thisarticletriestodividetheyintothreegroups:materialandbehavioralprocess(relatedtothecharacter'sactions),verbalandmentalprocess(relatedtothecharacter'swordsandthinking),relationalprocess(associatedwiththebackground,statusofcharacters),fortheanalysisofthemaincharacterDarcyinthenovel.JaneAustenwroteaboutthecharactersinprideandprejudicewithminuteway.Thelanguageofthisnovelischaracterizedbyirony.Itisdifficulttofullyunderstandtheimpliedmeaninginthedialogueofthecharactersbyanalyzingthedialoguesimplyfromtheliteralmeaning.ThispaperexplorestheDarcy'spersonalityinthenovelthroughtheanalysisofthetransitivityofmaterialswithintheframeworkofHalliday'ssystemic-functionalgrammartheory—ideationalfunction,andfurtherexploreshowtheauthorsuccessfullyrevealsthethemeofthenovel.Thispaperholdsthatbytheadoptionoflinguisticknowledgetohaveareviewabouttheoverallimageofthemajorcharacter,whichcanexplaintheproductionofthecharacter,alsocanbemoreobjectiveandconvincing.Itcouldhelpreadersunderstandtheconstructionofthenovel.Andexpandsthescopeofapplicationoftransitivitysystemandputupauniqueperspectivefortheanalysisofprideandprejudice.IdeationalFunctionTheoryHallidayanalyzedGolding’sTheInheritorswithTransitivityfromtheperspectiveofLinguisticFunctionandLiteraryStyle,anditisprovedthatSystemicFunctionalGrammar,asananalyticalmode,isverypracticalandeffectiveforthestylisticstudyofliteraryworks.Also,BurtonwroteThroughGlassDarklywithTransitivity,givingabetterunderstandingofnurseandpatient’scharactertoreaders.Andotherscholars,suchasKennedyandShort,alsousedtheanalysismodeloftransitivitytoanalyzesomearticlesdeeply,sothatreaderscoulddeepentheirunderstandingoftheliterature.AsfarasHalliday’sconcerned,theessenceofsocialprocessimpliedbylanguage,whichiscontextualvalue.Andideationalfunctionhasbetterdescribethecontextualofliterature.TransitivitySystemTransitivitysystemisasemanticsystem,whichcontainsparticipantandcircumstance.Anditshowstheexperienceofexternalworldandinternalworldbyapplyingseveralprocesses.Halliday’stransitivitysystemwhichdevelopsfromtheoldwayofthinking.Hallidayholdtheviewthatwecouldsortfromhumanexperienceintosixtypethroughtransitivity,whichconsistofmainandminortypes.Themaintypes:material,mental,andrelational.Theminortypes:behavioral,verbalandexistentialprocesses.Theprocessisrealizedbyaverbanditisthecentralpartofthesituation.MaterialProcessMaterialprocessistheprocessof"doing”,bothtransitiveandintransitive,thisprocessactuallyconsistofdynamicverbs,suchas“build,break”.Theactor(LogicalSubject)andactiongoal(Logicaldirectobject),whichconsistofnoun(suchasmybrother,house)orpronoun(suchasshe,he).Aclausethatreflectsamaterialprocesscouldbereadastheanswertoaquestion"whatdidxdo?"inwhich“do"isaconcreteandtangibleaction.Themainparticipantsofmaterialprocessoneisactor,anditalsomaybeomittedintheclause.Theotheroneisgoal(towhomtheactionisdirected),itwillintheclause.TheGoaloftheactionistheparticipleanttowhichtheprocessisextended,thatis,theonetowhichthe"doing"isdone(Halliday,2000).MentalProcessThementalprocessgenerallymeansthinking,whichcontainsperception,reactionandcognition(Halliday,2000).Theverbofperception:see,look,etc.theverbofreaction:like,please,etc.Theverbofcognition:know,believe,convince,etc.Thementalprocessusuallyinvolvestwoparticipants,oneissubjectofmentalprocess,whichissensor,objectistheotherone,whichcouldbecognized.Thesensorusuallyishumananditalsocouldbeanthropomorphicanimals.Thisisdifferentfromthematerialprocess;theactorofmaterialprocessmaynotbehuman.Andphenomenoninthisprocessmakesupofspecificcharacters,abstractsandsomethingshappened.Sometimes,the“that-clause”expressthefact,andit’salsodifferentfrommaterialprocess,the”fact”couldn’tbetheparticipantappearinthisprocess.RelationalProcessRelationalprocessgenerallymeansbeing,whichshowstherelationshipamongthings.Itinvolvestwotypes,whichisattributiveandidentifying.Fromtheperspectiveofthisrelation,wecangetminorthreeparts:intensive,circumstantialandpossessive.Intensiveisapartofsubstances,circumstantialistherelationshipbetweensubstanceandcircumstance,andpossessiveisarelationpartofsubstances(Halliday,2000).Sometimes,therelationcoulduseverbtoexpress,suchas:own,contain,include,involve,comprise.Hallidaypointsouttherearetwosubstancesineveryclause,oneis“Token”,theotheroneis“Value”,itsoftenrelatedwithidentified.BehavioralProcessBehavioralprocessgenerallymeansbehaving,whichcontainsphysiologicalprocessesofhearing,speaking,walkingandsoon.Thebehavioralprocessusuallyinvolvesonlyoneparticipant,thatisthebehaver,andtheactorofthisprocessishuman(Halliday,2000).Italsobetweenthematerialprocessandmentalprocess.Formostoftime,becauseofthehighdegreeofsimilarity,it’sdifficulttodistinguishtheirdifferences,therefore,thephysiologicalisavitalfactorforthataspect.Wecouldseeitasamaterialprocessiftheclausehasmorethanoneparticipant,thenitcouldbethepresentcontinuoustenseorsimplepresenttense.VerbalProcessTheVerbalprocessisaprocessofsaying,andisaprocesstoexchangeinformation,itconsistsofspeaker,receiver,andverbiage.Weusuallyuseverblikesay,tell,praise,boast,describe,etc.Intheprocessofsaying,thespeakerwouldnothuman,receivercouldbeparticipantandappearsintheclause.Bothaclauseandaphraseareverbiage,theverbiageasmessageorsomethingtodoforthereceiver,theverbiageserveasdirectspeechorindirectspeech(Halliday,2000).ExistentialProcessExistentialprocessgenerallymeansexisting.Thereisan“Existent”ineveryexistentialprocess.Theverbofthisprocesscontains“be”,“exist”,“arise”,etc.Aclausemakesupof“there”,whichexpressnothing,itusuallyhasguidingfunction.OtherParticipantsInadditiontotheparticipantsmentionedabove,therearetwoparticipants,thatis,beneficiaryandrange.Therearetwotypesofit,oneisthereceiver,whichreceivethingsbyothers,theotheroneistheobjectofservice,thatis,client.Beneficiarycanbepersonornot,weshouldknowthatthebeneficiarydoesnotnecessarilybenefit.Intheprocessofattributionrelationship,beneficiarycanalsoappearasparticipants.Rangereferstothespecificelementsofaprocessinvolvedinaclause,whichcanbeusedasthesubjectandgenerallydoesnotrefertotheactor.CircumstantialElementsThecircumstantialelementscontaintime,space,means,degree,position,etc.Everyclausecanhavecircumstantialelements,becausewecouldrelatewithtime,spacewhenweexpressourexperience.Anditusuallyrealizedbyadverbialelements.ApplicationofIdeationalFunctionTheoryandAnalysisFromthepointofideationalfunctioninprideandprejudice,wecangetadeeperunderstandingofDarcy’spersonalityfromthespiritualaspectandinterpersonalrelation.Thespiritualaspectgenerallycontainsexistentialprocessesandmentalprocess.Theinterpersonalrelationmainlyincludesthematerial,behavioral,verbalandrelationalprocess.Fromthisanalysis,wecouldgetthelife-likecharacter,andthenexplorehowtheauthorsuccessfullyrevealsthethemeofthenovel.TheMaterialandBehavioralProcessofDarcyParagraph1：Inahurriedmannerheimmediatelybegananinquiryafterherhealth,imputinghisvisittoawishofhearingthatshewasbetter.Hesatdownforafewmoments,andthengettingup,walkedabouttheroom.(Austen,1797:221).Paragraph2:Mr.Darcyleansonthemantelpiece,hestaresatherface,asifheardwhatshesaid,helooksalittleresentmentevenmoresurprise.Andthenheturnedpale,buthetriedtobecalmuntilhebelievedthathehadreachedthelevelofcomposure.ThesetwoparagraphsdescribeMr.Darcy’sactionbeforeandafterproposal,“Darcy”istheactor,andtheseriesofactionsarematerialprocesses.beforestaringconfession,wecouldlearnthathewasnotnervousandanxiety,afterthat,Darcythoughthehadnodoubtofafavorableanswer,buthewasshockedthatElizabethrefusedhisproposal.Nevertheless,wecouldknowthathestruggledfortheappearanceofcomposurefromhisaction.Thankstothematerialprocess,readerscouldgetthelife-likecharacter.Paragraph3:Themenpraisedhimforhistalent.TheladiesclaimedthathewasmuchmorebeautifulthanMr.Bingley.Foralmosthalfanight,peoplelookedathimwithenvy.Later,hisbehaviorarousedthepublic’sdisgust,andhischaracterinpeople’smindbecomeworse,becausepeoplefoundhimarrogant,notflattering.TheseclausesdescribeMr.Darcy’sbehavior,also,“Darcy”isthebehaver,andhisseriesofbehaviorsarebehavioralprocesses.AssoonasDarcyappeared,heleftagoodimpressiononpeople.Hewastall,handsome,gentle,andrich.So,inthefirsthalfoftheball,everyonewatchedhimwithenvy.Butthenhisbehaviorgraduallyarousedpeople'sdisgust,becausepeoplegraduallyfoundthathewasarrogant,andit’sunbearabletoall.EvenMrs.Bennet,wholovedmoneyasmuchasshecould,anddevotedherselftofindawell-conditionedpersonforherdaughter,thoughthimaveryunpleasantperson.Theauthorusesthechangeofpeople'sunderstandingofDarcyfromgoodtobad,fromenvytodisgust,andnaturallyshowsDarcy'sarrogance.TheVerbalProcessesofDarcyParagraph1：hepulledbackalittleandthensaidcoldly,“sheisnotbeautifulenoughtomovemyheart.Now,I'mnotinterestedinpraisingtheladieswhoareignoredbyothers.You'dbettergobacktoyourpartnerandenjoyhersmile.Don'twasteyourtimeonme.”Thisconversationwashappenedintheball,fromthepointofverbalprocess,wecanfindthatevenDarcythoughtElizabethwastheonlyhandsomegirlintheroom,buthestillsaidshewastolerable,HeknewthatElizabethwasnearbyandcouldhearhim.Darcydidthisjusttoshowhereleganceandgoodbreedinginfrontofthebeautifulgirl.AndthisalsomakesDarcy’spersonalitymoreprominent,it’seasytofindthatDarcyisarrogant,reserved.Thoughhehasgoodmanners,heisnotpopular.Paragraph2:“Iwillneverdance.YouknowhowmuchIhatedancing,unlessIhaveafamiliarpartner.It'stoomuchtodanceatsuchaball.Yoursistersaredancingwithsomeoneelse.Inthisball,exceptforyoursisters,it'sasheerpurgatoryformetodancewithanyoneelse.”Intheball,Darcywouldrathersitaroundthandancewiththefemaleguests,knowingthattherearefewermaleguestsandmorefemaleguests.Hewillnotinitiativelyinvitefemalegueststodance.WecouldknowthatDarcyisanunsociableandarrogantperson,thus,hewillnottoassociatewiththepersonwhohasthedifferentbackgroundandtemperament.Paragraph3:“Iamafraid,Mr.Darcy,’observedMissBingley,inahalfwhisper,‘thatthisadventurehasratheraffectedyouradmirationofherfineeyes.’‘Notatall,’hereplied;‘theywerebrightenedbytheexercise.”(Austen,1797:44).MissBingleythinkElizabethwalksofartoseehersisterwithparticularpurpose,andSherantedwhatElizabeth’sdoneinDarcy'spresence.ButDarcydefensedforElizabethwithsimplewords,wecaneasilyfindthatDarcytreatsaffectionwithsinglemindandhecouldneverchangetheloveforElizabeth,hewilltryhisbesttodefensehislovewhateverhappens.Paragraph4:“IfIwastogothroughtheworld,Icouldnotmeetwithabetter.ButIhavealwaysobserved,thattheywhoaregood-naturedwhenchildren,aregood-naturedwhentheygrowup;andhewasalwaysthesweetest-tempered,mostgenerous-hearted,boyintheworld.”(Austen,1797:285).Darcy'sattitudetowardshisfamilyandservantsalsoshowedhisinnerwarmth.Darcyhavealittleintroversion.Hecanreallyunderstandbyhisfamilymembers,especiallyhisservants.It’snotdifficultthatwecanknowDarcyisagentlemanwithawarmheart.Infact,Darcy'sso-called"pride"isjusthewantstousethatkindofindifferenceandseriousnesstogetawayfromthemaskofflattery.Darcy’sClassConsciousnessExistentialprocessgenerallymeansexisting.Thereisan“Existent”ineveryexistentialprocess.AndinPrideandprejudice,whatdepthrootedinDarcy’smindisjustlikea“Existent”,anditalsoexistinthereallife,whichexpressDarcy’sstatusandproperty.WhenhefirstmeetswithElizabeth,hethoughtthatshewastheprettiestgirlintheball,butwiththetraditionalclassconsciousness,heactedindifferently,andneverdancedinthelower-classgroup.Andhere’sthedeepgoingreasonswhyDarcyactedlikethis:InPrideandprejudice,JaneAustenbrieflyshowsthatDarcywasinthenorthernpartofEnglandduringtheNapoleonicWarandtheVictorianera,wheretheindustrialrevolutionbegan.Atthattime,thesocialrevolutionandindustrialrevolutionshookthepoliticalandeconomicfoundationoftheBritishupperclass.Theyweretheownersoftheland,alsobenefitedfromindustrializationandfreetrade.Tothegreatestextentpossible,theymaintainedthetraditionalwayoflife,notusingthelandrentforinvestmentbutallforconsumption.Darcywasborninanoblefamily,heistheonlychildinthefamily,theonlyheirofthefamilybusiness.Forhisnoblefamily,hehascometoperceivehisprivilegedpositionsessentiallyasanaturalright.Andhewillnottoassociatewiththepersonwhohasthedifferentbackgroundandtemperament.EvenforhisloveofElizabeth，Hefeltthatherfamilyhadlittleproperty.Evenherfatherwasagentleman,notthenoblefamily,andElizabeth’srelativesallcomefrompoorfamily.Here’saverywidesocialgulfbetweenthem.Aswell,thereasonwhyhetriestopersuadehisfriendBingleytobreakupwithJaneisnotonlythatJanehasnoaffectionwithBingley,butalsothathismother'sfamilyisnotdecent.Heisfirmlyconvincedthathewilltakethesefactorsintoconcernunlessthegreattruelove.Allevidencessofarsuggestthatnomattermarriageorfriendship,hetakespropersocialpositionveryseriously.Here’saparagraphaboutDarcy’spersonality,wecouldgetmoreinformationabouthisconsciousnessthroughthetransitivitystudy.Paragraph1:“…MytemperIdarenotvouchfor.—ItisIbelievetoolittleyielding—certainlytoolittlefortheconvenienceoftheworld.IcannotforgetthefolliesandvicesofotherssosoonasIought,northeiroffencesagainstmyself.Myfeelingsarenotpuffedaboutwitheveryattempttomovethem.Mytemperwouldperhapsbecalledresentful.—Mygoodopiniononcelostislostforever.”(Austen,1797:69).Fromthisparagraph,wecouldgetDarcy’stemperwhichrelatedwithhisconsciousness,thatis,hisnoblefamilyandsocialstatus.Heisdogmaticandthinksagreatdealofsocialstatus,allhisbadtemperstillaminiatureofnobility.TheMentalProcessofDarcyParagraph1:Althoughhesaidthathewasworriedandanxious,hisfacewasfullofconfidence.Thiskindofstateonlymakestheotherpersonangrier,sowhenhefinishes,Elizabethflushwithanger.Hereisthefirstproposal,fromthementalprocess,wecanfindthatDarcywasnotanxiousfromtheperson'sdemeanor,becauseheseemedquitepleased.Hethoughtbecauseofhispropertyandsocialstatus,Elizabethwillmarryhimwithouthesitation.WecanalsofindthatDarcywasveryhaughty.Paragraph2:Afteronenight’sobservation,IstillthinkthatalthoughyoursisteriswillingtoacceptBentley'shospitality,shedoesn’tactupforhisattention.Ifyouarerightaboutit,itmustbemyfault.SinceDarcywasfailedtomaketheproposal,hetriedtoreflectonhispastmistakes,andcorrecthismistakes,what’smore,theattitudehetreatswithotherschangedaswell,henolongerhaughty,hetendstobegentlerandmoreeasygoing.Thankstothematerialprocesses,readerscouldgetmoreaboutDarcy’sinnerworld.TheRelationalProcessofDarcyParagraph1：Themanorisverylarge,highandlow,scattered.Thecarriagedroveinthelowestplaceandwalkedforalongtimeinabroadandelegantforest.Halfamile,thecarriagereachedthetopofahighslope,andthePemberleytowerwasimmediatelyinsightwhenthewoodsstoppedthere.Thehouseislocatedontheoppositesideofthevalley.Theroadwindsintothevalley.Thisisaloftyandbeautifulstonebuilding,standingonahighground,backedbyaverdanthill.Infrontofthehouse,astreamisgrowinglargerandlarger.Ithassomenaturalinterestandnotraceofartificialcarving.Thetwosidesareneitherrigidnorartificial.ThisparagraphdescribesthebeautifulsceneryinPemberley,wecouldknowthatDarcywasprestigiousthroughtheenvironment,andenvironmentaldescriptionbeasteppingstonetoDarcyandElizabeth’smeeting,itcreatesaromanticenvironment.Paragraph2:Mr.Bingleysoonfamiliarwithallthemainguestsintheball.Hewasfulloflife;hedancedeverydance.Hethoughttheballwasovertooearlythathecan’tenjoyhimself,andhesaidhewanttohaveanotheronewhenhecomebackhome.Suchamiablequalitiesmustspeakforthemselves.Whatacontrastbetweenhimandhisfriend!ThisparagraphseemstopraiseBingley’spersonality.Infact,JaneAustencleverlyhidesmanyofDarcy'sadvantagesinthefirstpartofthework,whichpavesthewayforthelatertransformationofDarcy.JaneAustencomparesDarcywithBingleyinherworks.Fromthisdescription,wecanknowthatBingleyhasgreattrustinDarcy,admirationforDarcy'swisdomandeventhinksthatDarcyisbetterthanhimself.Astheoldsayinggoes,"Birdsofafeatherflocktogether".Darcy'scharactercanbeseenfromhisclosefriend.TreatAffectionwithSingleMindThoughDarcywasborninanoblefamily,withhighsocialstatus,hewasnotwildinhisaffectionlikeanothertoff.FromfallinlovewithElizabethon,henolongercaresothergirls.AndhelpElizabethoutoftroubleinthemomentoftruth,hehasnoregretsinsilencetopay.Evenmanybeautiesplungeintohim,hetreatsaffectionwithsinglemind,heonlylovesElizabeth.EspeciallywhenElizabethwalkedmanymilesindirtyweathertoseehersicksisterJane.Hereisanexample:Paragraph1:“Threemiles,fourmiles,fivemilesalone,shemuddiedherankle.Whatdoesshemean?Inmyopinion,itshowsthatsheisveryarrogant.Shedoesn'tcareaboutherdignityatall.She'sacountrybumpkin.”MissBingleydenigratesherwithstrangetone,butDarcydidnotcaterto,hepraisedthattheyaretruesisterlove.Thereisnodoubtthatit’sthebestresponsetomischief-makerandbestdefenseforhissweetheart.Paragraph2:“God!What'sthematter?”criedMr.Darcy,despitepoliteness,atthethattime,hewasimpulsive.Andthenhesettleddownandcontinued,“Idon'twanttodelayyouforamoment.Butletme,orlettheservants,goafterMr.Gardiner.Youareinpoorhealth.Youcan'tgoalone.”HeknownthathasgreatinfluenceinLydia’sfamilyreputationafterLydiaranawaywithWickham.Whatisworse,Wickhamwasalibertine,hehadnoideatomarrywithLydia,atthattime,DarcyhelpedthemtofindWickhamandpayoffhisgamblingdebts,alsohelpedhimfindadecentjob,facilitatedamarriage,savedthewholefamily’sreputation.HedidsomanythingsforElizabethandherfamilyinsilence.AllevidencessofarsuggestthatDarcytreatsaffectionwithsinglemind,hehasnoregretsinsilencetopay.4. conclusionThispaperexplorestheimagesofthemaincharacter—DarcyinthenovelthroughtheanalysisofthetransitivityofmaterialswithintheframeworkofHalliday'ssystemic-functionalgrammartheory—ideationalfunction,andfurtherexploreshowtheauthorsuccessfullyrevealsthethemeofthenovel.Fromtheperspectiveofpositiveandnegativeofhispersonality,intheearlyperiod,hisbehaviorgraduallyarousedpeople'sdisgust,becausepeoplegraduallyfoundthathewasarrogant,andit’sunbearabletoall.EvenMrs.Bennet,wholovedmoneyasmuchasshecould,anddevotedherselftofindawell-conditionedpersonforherdaughter,thoughthimaveryunpleasantperson.WecouldfindDarcy’sshortcomingobviously,thatis:arrogance,indifference,introversionandpoordiscourse,butwiththedevelopmentofstory,Elisabeth'ssisterLydiaandWickham’selopementcausedagreatdisturbancetotheBennet’s.Darcyknewthathefeltveryguiltyaftertheincident.Hethoughtitrelatedwithhimthathedidn'tdisclosethedespicablebehaviorofWickhamintimesothatLydiafellinlovewithWickhamandelopedwithhim.Inordertomakeamends,tocomfortElizabeth'sparentsandavoidthedamagetoherfamily’sreputation.EvenWickhamoncecheatedonhisfamilyandhurthissisterGeorgiana’sheart,DarcymagnanimouslyexcusedandagreedtopayWickham’sgamblingdebtsoth