功能主義翻譯目的論下《紅樓夢》茶文化英譯對比研究

TableofContentsStatementofAuthorship iAcknowledgments iiAbstract(EnglishVersion) iiiAbstract(ChineseVersion) iv1.Introduction 11.1SignificanceforthePreliminaryTitle 11.1.1TheoreticalSignificance 21.1.2PracticalSignificance 21.2LiteratureReview 31.2.1ResearchesAbroad 31.2.2ResearchesatHome 41.3ResearchQuestionsandIntendedResearchMethods 51.4DifferentTranslationofTwoVersions 71.4.1DifferentTranslationStylesofTwoVersions 81.4.2DifferentTranslationStrategiesofTwoVersions 92SkoposTheory 102.1BackgroundoftheSkoposTheory 102.2EmergenceandDevelopment 112.3TheActofTranslationandCommission 132.3.1ThreePrinciples 142.3.2Criteria 153.AComparisonsStudyonTeaCultureTranslationoftheTwoVersions 163.1TheTranslationofTeaCulture-RelatedMarriageCustom 163.2TheTranslationofTeaCulture-RelatedSymbolicMeaning 183.2.1Maiden’sTears 183.2.2Lu-anTea 193.2.3Pu-erTea 203.2.4DragonWellTea 213.2.5SiamTea 223.2.6TeaSet 223.2.7SnowWater 234Conclusions 244.1MainFindings 244.2Limitations 264.3QuestionstoBeFurtherResearched 26References 27ThesisforDegreeofBachelorofEnglishforChuxiongNormalUniversityAComparativeStudyofTeaCultureTranslationsofADreamofRedMansions

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the

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Skopos

Theory1.Introduction1.1SignificanceforthePreliminaryTitleSkopostheoryproposesatranslationstrategyguidedbythetheoryofpurpose,whichrequiresthetranslationstrategytobedeterminedaccordingtothepurpose.Therefore,wemustfirstclarifythatthepurposeoftranslatingteacultureinliteraryworksistopromoteChineseteacultureandexpandtheinfluenceofChineseteacultureoverseas.Atpresent,ourmainconcernistoincreasetheoverseasmarketshareofourteaproducts,soastoattractmorereaderstolearnaboutChinaandgraduallyacceptChineseteaculture,thuscreatingavirtuouscircle.Nomatterwhattranslationstrategyisadopted,thegoaloftranslatingaliteraryworkremainsthesame.ADreamofRedMansionsisamasterpieceofChineseclassicalliterature,knownastheencyclopaediaofChinesefeudalsocietyandamasterpieceoftraditionalculture,anditisamustforpromotingChinesecultureabroad.TeaisasymbolofChinesecivilizationandaspiritualculturethatiscloselyandinextricablylinkedtothedailylivesoftheChinesepeople.Asanimportantthemeinliterature,teahasgivenrisetoadistinctiveChineseteaculture,whichreachedmaturityandperfectionduringtheQingDynasty.ADreamofRedMansionsisoneofChina'sgreatclassicnovels,andwhenyouopenit,youcanfeeltheteaoverflowingbetweenthelinesandthearoma,fullydemonstratingthelonghistoryofteacultureinChina.InthecontextofChina'scomprehensivepromotionofculturalexchanges,China'sparticipationintheprocessofculturalexchangeswithothercountriesintheworldhasgraduallyincreasedculturalcooperation,whichhasbroughtnewdemandsonthedevelopmentofculturaltranslationwork.Therefore,inthecontextoftheneweratopromotetheteaculturetogooutintheworldtogetagooddisseminationshouldadheretotheguidanceoftheperspectiveoftranslationpurposetheory,fromtheperspectiveofculturalcommunicationfortheEnglishtranslationofclassicalliteratureADreamofRedMansionsthegreatworkADreamofRedMansionsinwhichteaappearsmanytimes.Whentranslatingthisworkforforeigners,everymastertranslatorwantstopreservethemostclassicalpartsofthetext.Thetranslationofteanames,teacustomsandtearitualsisbasedonteaculture.Inthisthesis,thetheoryoffunctionaltranslationiscombinedwiththeteacultureinADreamofRedMansionstounderstandhowtotranslatebyexploringtheEnglishtranslationoftheteacultureinADreamofRedMansions.AscientificandreasonabletranslationschemeandtranslationstrategyisformulatedtooptimizethecomprehensiveeffectoftheEnglishtranslationoftheteatexts,toensurethattheoverallqualityandlevelofteaculturetranslationandforeignpromotionworkcanbeimprovedwiththehelpoftheEnglishtranslationofculturaltexts,andtoprovidephasesupportforthegooddisseminationanddevelopmentofChina’steacultureintheworld.1.1.1TheoreticalSignificanceThisthesisanalysesthetranslationofteacultureinADreamofRedMansionsfromtheperspectiveofSkoposTheorybyanalyzingtheteanames,teautensils,teawater,teapoems,teacoupletsandtearitualsinthetwoEnglishtranslations,andcomparingandanalyzingtheEnglishtranslationsaccordingtothethreemajorprinciplesofSkoposTheory:Skoposrule,CoherenceruleandFidelityrule.Thepurposeofthisstudyistochangethedeficienciesinthecurrentresearchmethodofteaculturetranslation,sothatthetargetlanguagereaderscanhaveaclearerunderstandingofChinesetraditionalcultureandadeeperunderstandingofChina'steaculture.1.1.2PracticalSignificanceWhilethedevelopmentofChineseteaculturehasbeenlimitedtothemasticationofpasthistoryandafocusonthepracticalityoftheteaground,Japaneseteasciencehasdevelopedinnovativelyinmanywaysfromaesthetics,teaceremonytechniquesandrituals,andhasbeguntoproduceaculturalreturntoChineseteaculture,withmoreandmorepeoplebecominginterestedintheexquisiteskills,elegantartisticcharmandrichspiritualityoftheJapaneseteaceremony.ADreamofRedMansionsisthefruitofChina'sexcellentnationalculture,andthroughthedepictionofteanames,teautensilsandteawater,itshowsustheexcellentteacultureofYangXianYiandHawks,duetotheirownculturalcultivationandtheirdifferentunderstandingofthetext.ThisthesiscomparesthecontentofteacultureinthetwotranslationsfromtheperspectiveofskoposTheory.Theartisticcharmcontainedinteacultureisexploredthroughtheformoftranslation.IimplementtheprincipleofskoposTheorywhentranslatingloadedwordsaboutteaculture,andintroducetheChinesecultureembeddedintheoriginaltexttothereaderswiththepurposeofculturaldissemination,whichplaysafacilitatingroleforteaculturetranslationandfacilitatesthedisseminationofteaculture.1.2LiteratureReview1.2.1ResearchesAbroadLanguageandcultureareinterdependentandinseparable.ThelanguageoftheChineseclassicADreamofRedMansionsisfullofwisdomofphilosophyandknowledgeinmanyaspects,whichisnodoubtatreasureofChineseculture.Itispreciselybecauseoftherichnessoflanguageandcultureinthisgreatnovelthatitcausedgreatdifficultiesintranslation.ItalsocauseddifferentcommentsontheEnglishversionofADreamofRedMansionsinthetranslationfield.ThetranslationstudyoftheADreamofRedMansionsisveryfewinforeigncountries.ItcanbeunderstoodbecausethisbookisreallyhardtoappreciateevenforChinese,letaloneEuropeanandAmerican.AndtheculturedescribedinthestoryisevenfarfromtheotherAsiancountries.Therefore,therearefewtreatisesonthetranslationstudyoftheADreamofRedMansions.Eventhough,therearestillsomeJapanesescholarswhoshowedgreatinterestinit.ADreamofRedMansionshasbeenstudiedearlierandwidelyinJapan.JapanesescholarshavestudiedtheADreamofRedMansionsfromtheperspectiveoflanguagesince1950s.ThereisatrialdraftofMr.TadaO?sDictionaryofADreamofRedMansions(unpublished).Ogata,aJapanesescholar,whoseADreamofRedMansionsinGlossaryofWordwaspublishedin1967;MiyadaIchirocompiledtheADreamofRedMansions.VocabularyIndex”(handwrittencopy)(1973),whichisanimportanttoolforreadingADreamofRedMansions.Chuan’sresearchofADreamofRedMansionsfocusedmainlyontheartisticskillsandlanguagestudy.Since1950s,accordingtoChuanYao,Japan’slinguisticresearchonADreamofRedMansionsstarted,suchasOharaNobuhito’sgrammarnotes“OnthePerformanceofADreamofMansions”(Ohara,1951)1.2.2ResearchesatHomeADreamofRedMansionsisoneofthefourgreatmasterpiecesofChina.Theartisticachievementsitembodiesarenotonlyinthefieldofliterature,butalsoinmanyotherareas.Thisincludestheembodimentandstudyofteaculture,animportantpartoftraditionalChineseculture,whichisreflectedinthelong-establishedChineseteacultureinHonglouQian.Numerousteaproductsarementionedinthebook,includingnumerousordinaryteaproductsaswellasfamousteaproducts,andthedepictionoftheseproductstogetherembodiestheteacultureofChina'sQingDynasty.Atthesametime,ADreamofRedMansions,thequintessentialChineseliterarywork,hashadahugeimpactinWesterncountriesandhasbeentranslatedintoseveralversions.InWan'sstudy,theproblemswiththetranslationofteanameslieinthedifficultyofclassifyingthem,thedifficultyofcomprehensionexacerbatedbyincorrecttranslations,andtheexistenceof"multipletranslationsofonetea".Thesolutionsproposedinthethesisincludetheflexibleuseoftranslationmethodsandtechniques,afullunderstandingoftheconnotationsofteaculture,andconsiderationofthedifferencesbetweentheculturalpatternsoftheEastandtheWest.InChenJing'scomparativeanalysisofthetranslationofteanamesinthetwoEnglishtranslationsofADreamofRedMansionsfromateleologicalperspective,thetranslationofteanamesinthetwoEnglishtranslationsfocusesonLinDaiyu'spreferenceforSiamesetea,whichreflectsthemedicinalpropertiesofSiamesetea,luantea,thespecialmeaningofLaojunmeiinADreamofRedMansions,andthetranslationoftheversesinthetextfromateleologicalperspective.InJinYihui'sstudyofteacultureinADreamofRedMansions,theroleofteacultureasexpressedinADreamofRedMansionsisdescribedingreatdetailintermsofthedevelopmentaloriginsofteacultureandthedistinctionbetweeneleganceandvulgarity,thedepictionofteacultureinADreamofRedMansions,andthedescriptionsofchantingteapoemsthatdeepentheconnectionbetweencharactersandsettingandstoryline.Intheirstudy,WangYanandWangJinbostatethatthetranslationofYangXianyi-DaiNaidie'sADreamofRedMansionsisaproductofaspecifichistoricalperiodandpersonalsituation,withobviousperiodcharacteristics,butthequalityofthetranslationisgenerallyquiteexcellent,andtheworkhasbeenwidelycirculatedintheEnglish-speakingworldwithfar-reachinginfluence.InZhangKe'sstudy,fromapurposiveperspective,thedesiretotranslatethelong-standingteacultureinADreamofRedMansionsnecessitatestheuseofspecifictranslationmethodsorstrategiestointroduceasmuchChinesecultureaspossibletothereadersothatforeignreaderscanunderstandChineseteaculture.Andtheeffectivenessofthetranslationofteacultureinthetwotranslationsisanalyzedfromateleologicalperspective.MostofthestudiesintheliteratureontheteacultureofADreamofRedMansionsortheEnglishtranslationoftheteanamesfromateleologicalperspectivearecomparativeanalysesofthetranslationofteacultureinthetranslationsthroughthetranslationofteanames,teautensilsandteawaterfromateleologicalperspective,lackingsometranslationsofteapoetry.Aswellascombiningtheconnotationofteaculturenowadays,thisthesisstartsfromthispointandintegratessomecontemporaryteacultureandteaculturetranslationstrategiestoupdatetheconnotationofteaculture.1.3ResearchQuestionsandIntendedResearchMethodsResearchQuestionsQuestion1:HowtoapplySkopos

Theorytoteaculturetranslation?Question2:Whattranslationmethodsandstrategiesdidthetranslatoruseintranslatingteaculture?Question3:WhatarethedifferencesandsimilaritiesofteaculturetranslationinthetwoversionsofADreamofRedMansions?ResearchMethodsFromapurposiveperspective,itiscrucialthatthesubtletiesofChinesecultureareexpressedandclearlyunderstoodbythereader,andtranslatorsshouldbasetheirtranslationsonanunderstandingoftheoriginaltextofADreamofRedMansionssothatthetranslationcanbestfitthecontextoftheoriginaltext.Fromtheperspectiveofculturaltransmission,thetranslationshouldbeguidedbythetheoryofteleology,andintheprocessoftranslation,theprinciplesofcoherence,andfidelityshouldbeadheredto,i.e.intheprocessofEnglishtranslationofteatexts,thecultureandideasinteatextsshouldbeintroduced,andthisthesisadoptsthequalitativeanalysismethod.(1)LiteratureMethodTheliteratureiscollectedtogetholdofinformationinordertohaveamorecomprehensiveunderstandingoftheissuetobestudied.TheauthorusedthelibraryLibraryandresourcessuchasWanfangDataandWiputocollectandsortouttheinformationrelatedtothestudyofthisthesis,andtoconsulttheliteraturerelatedtothetheoryofpurposivetheory,theteacultureofADreamofRedMansions,etc.Byinterpretingandanalyzingthecollectedliterature,Iunderstandthecurrentstatusofresearchinthisfield.(2)InductiveMethodThroughthecollectionofADreamofRedMansionsanditsteaculture,theEnglishtranslationoftheteacultureofADreamofRedMansionsfromtheperspectiveofpurposivetheorywascomprehensivelyscreenedandsortedout,andthecharacteristicsoftheEnglishtranslationoftheteacultureofADreamofRedMansionsweresummarizedtoclassifyit.(3)TextualAnalysisMethodFromtheframeworksemantictheory,weanalysetheframeworkoperationoftheteacultureofADreamofRedMansionsunderthepurposiveperspectiveandthecognitivepath.1.4DifferentTranslationofTwoVersionsSofar,therearetwoEnglishtranslationsofTheStoryoftheStonebyHawksin1973andADreamofRedMansionsbyYangXianYiandDaiNaiDiin1978.Eachofthesetwofulltranslationshasitsowndistinctivefeatures,andtheyareviewedinequalmeasureinthesinologicalandredsciencecommunitiesathomeandabroad.Hawks'stranslationisthebestintermsofliteratureandvividness,andthetranslationreachestherealmofnativeEnglishnovels,sothatithasawideinfluenceintheBritishandAmericanworlds.TheYang-Daitranslation,whichwasproducedinChina,hastheadvantagethat,first,theChineseversionofADreamofRedMansionsonwhichitisbasedisstronglysupportedbytheRedologycommunity,sotheYang-DaitranslationisthemostrigoroustranslationoftheChinesetextandtheclosesttotheoriginal;second,sinceMr.YangXianYiishimselfaChineseandhasahighleveloftraditionalculturaltraining,theerrorrateoftheYang-DaitextismuchlowerthanthatofHuo'stext,anditisthemostfidelityEnglishtranslation;thesetwofeaturesgivetheYang-DaitextanauthoritativestatusinmainlandChina,andtheinternationalSinologyandRedologycommunityalsoholdstheYang-Daitextinhighesteem.Hawkesandhisstudentandson-in-law,Minford,translatedthecompleteADreamofRedMansions,usingthetitleTheStoryoftheStoneinsteadofADreamofRedMansions,whichismentionedinthefirstbook,andpublisheditinfivevolumesoverthirteenyears,from1973to1986.DavidHawkes'stranslation,whichwasdonebyMumford,isahighlyartisticandattractiveworkthatwillbemorepopularwithnativeEnglishreaders.ThetranslationsbyYangXianyiandDaiNaidiaremorevaluableinspreadingChineseliteratureandculture,andrequirereaderstoreflectonthemastheyread.Mr.YangXianyihasclearlypointedoutthat"translatorsshouldbeasfaithfulaspossibletotheimageoftheoriginaltext","to'believe'inthecoreofChineseculture,thespiritofChinesecivilization,withfaithfultranslations.ThisisnotonlyaquestionoftranslatingChineseculturalheritage,butalsoinvolvesfaithfullyconveyingthevaluesandsoulofChineseculture,conveyingthelivesofChinesepeople,theirjoyandsorrow,loveandhate,pityandresentment,joyandanger."ThisviewisconsistentwithMr.LuXun'sviewthatagoodtranslation"musthaveanexotictone"and"musttakeintoaccountbothsides;oneofcoursestrivesforitseasyinterpretation,andtheotherpreservestherichnessoftheoriginalwork",andisfullyreflectedintheEnglishtranslationofADreamoftheRedMansions.SinceYangXiangyi,DaiNaidiandDavidHawkesgrewupindifferentsocialenvironmentsandtheirculturaloriginsaredifferent,thetwotranslationsofYangandHawkeshavemanydifferences.YangXiangyiisafamouscontemporarytranslatorandresearcherofforeignliteratureinChinawithoutstandingachievements.ManyscholarsintheChinesetranslationfieldbelievethatthetranslationbyYangXiangyiandDaiNaidianisfaithfultotheoriginaltextandreproducestheoriginalADreamofRedMansionsinacomprehensivemanner.First,theycollaboratedwiththeRedologiststoselectandorganizethebestversionoftheoriginaltext;second,theirtranslationnotonlyreflectsrespectfortheoriginalauthorandtheChinesecultureembodiedintheoriginaltext,butthestyleandlanguageofthetranslationarealsoacceptabletoEnglishreaders.DavidHawkesisaleadingcontemporaryBritishsinologistandtranslatorwhosetranslationstendtobe"communicativetranslations",which"aimtomakethetranslationaseffectiveaspossibleforthereaderasitisforthereaderoftheoriginal".1.4.1DifferentTranslationStylesofTwoVersionsThereareveryobviousdifferencesinthetranslationstylesofthetwotranslations.Intermsoflanguagestyle,YangXiangyiandDaiNaidianpreferdirecttranslationandpayattentiontothereciprocityofexpression,sothetranslationisfaithfultotheoriginaltext.However,becauseofthis,theflexibilityoftheirtranslationlanguageislimited.Onthecontrary,Hawkspaidmoreattentiontothefunctionalequivalenceoflanguage.Ontheonehand,theypayattentiontothesemanticcollocationofwords,andontheotherhand,theyprefertouseshortsentences,whichareclosertotheformalstyleoftheoriginalandalsoconformtotheconversationalstyleofEnglish.ThetranslationbyHawksusesthelongandcomplexsentencesthatarepreferredinEnglishforformalexpressionstoreproducethestyleoftheoriginaltext,andthetranslator'susualcommunicativetranslationmethod,whichconsciouslyaddsmanyexplanatorysupplementaryelementstothetranslation,makeshissentencesmorecomplexhere.ThechoiceofwordsinHawks'translationismorearbitraryandfree.1.4.2DifferentTranslationStrategiesofTwoVersionsThedifferentstylesandeffectsofthetwotranslationsdependonthedifferencesinthetranslationstrategiesofthetwotranslators,andthechoiceoftranslationstrategiesdependstoalargeextentontheirdifferenttranslationpurposes.Intermsoftranslationstrategies,YangXiangyiandDaiNaidianadoptedthenaturalizationmethod,andtheirmaintranslationtechniquewasdirecttranslation.Duetotheirin-depthknowledgeofChineseculture,theirtranslationalmostreproducestheoriginaltext.DavidHawkes,whostudiedChineseliteratureatPekingUniversityfrom1948to1951andlaterbecameaprofessorofChineseliteratureatOxfordUniversity,alsohadadeepknowledgeofChineseliterature.Ingeneral,histranslationsareacombinationofdirectandliteraltranslation,naturalizationanddissimilation,andDavidHawkeshasthereaderinmind,rewriting,replacing,andevenomittingagreatdealofnaturalizationfromtheoriginaltext.Heisreader-orientedanddoesnothaveasinglenotethroughoutthetranslation,soasnottodistractthereader'sattentionandthusaffecthisinterest.Incontrast,YangXiangyialwaysbelievedthat"themostimportantthingintranslationistointroduceChineseculturetoforeignerstruthfully".Therefore,heespeciallyemphasizedthatthetranslationshouldbe"faithfultotheimageoftheoriginaltext"whilepayingattentiontopreservingtheexoticismoftheoriginaltext.Inthetranslation,hechoosesthestrategyofdissimilation,usingfootnotestoaddtheappropriateculturalinformation.Forsomedescriptiveterms,suchasTaoistpriestsandmonks,DavidHawkesmostlyfaithfullypreservesthecultureoftheoriginaltext,butincolloquiallanguage,hehasadifferentconsideration.Forexample,"Amitabha"inhistranslationbecomesGodblessmysoul,and"divine"becomessalvation,etc.Thephrase"Amitabha"isacommonChineseexclamation,whichisusuallyusedwhenoneissurprisedorrelieved,itisfaithfultotheoriginaltextandconveystheexotictoneoftheoriginaltext.However,DavidHawkesdiscardedtheculturalimagecontainedin"Amitabha"forthesakeofEnglishreaders'understanding,andtranslateditintoaChristianexclamationcommonlyusedinEnglish-speakingcountries.Throughacomparativeanalysisofthetwotranslations,wecanseethatbothtranslationsareclassics,andbothconveythebasicideasoftheoriginalwork,whicharerareandexcellenttranslations.YangXiangyiandDaiNaidibroughtexoticcultureandanexoticatmospheretoWesternreaders,achievingthepurposeofliteraryandculturalexchangeof"faithfulnesstotheoriginalworkandintroducingChinesetraditionandculturetoforeignreadersthroughthetranslation".Onthebasisofhisfullunderstandingoftheoriginal,heisbraveenoughtobreaktheshacklesoftheoriginallanguageandgivefullplaytohisowncreativitywithoutviolatingtheoriginalauthor'sideas,andheisevenboldenoughtorecreatetheform,sothatreaderscanunderstandtheconnotationoftheoriginalworkandexperiencethebeautyofliteraturethroughreading.Thetwoversionshavedistinctstyles,andtheauthorcomparesandanalyzesthetranslationofteanames,teasetsandteawaterinthetwoEnglishtranslationsofYangXianYiandHawksADreamofRedMansionsfromtheperspectiveofskopostheoryandfindsthatthetwotranslatorsmakedifferenttranslationtreatmentsoftheseteaculturewordsbasedondifferentculturalbackgroundsanddifferencesintheirunderstandingofthetext,andlearnsfromthecomparativeanalysistoimproveteaculturetranslationstrategiesandmethodologicalexperiencesfromthecomparativeanalysis,improveyourEnglishtranslationapplicationskills.2SkoposTheory2.1BackgroundoftheSkoposTheoryInthe1950sand1960s,whenthelinguisticschooloftranslationwasinfullswing,manytranslationtheoristscloselycombinedtranslationtheorywiththeanalysisofsemanticandgrammaticalroles,anddiscussedtranslationintermsoflanguageusagetechniques,arguingthattranslationaimstoproduceatranslationthatissemanticallyequivalenttotheoriginaltext,andstrivingtoexplainhowsuchsemanticequivalencecanbeproducedintermsoflexicalandgrammaticalstructures.Inthe1950sJacobsen'ssemiotictranslationtheory,inthe1960sNeda's"dynamicequivalence"theoryandCatford'stranslationequivalenceandtransformationtheory,the1970ssawtheemergenceoffunctionalisttranslationtheoristsinGermany,whorejectedthestereotypicalstructuralistmodelandtookthepurposeasageneralrule,usingbehavioralandinterculturalcommunicationtheories.Inthe1970s,thefunctionalistsemergedinGermany,abandoningthestereotypicalstructuralistmodel,takingthepurposeasthegeneralruleandcreatinganewschooloftranslationtheorybasedonbehavioraltheoryandinterculturalcommunicationtheory.2.2EmergenceandDevelopmentFunctionalisttranslationtheoryemergedinGermanyinthe1970s.Itsdevelopmenthasgonethroughthefollowingstages.Thefirststage:KatharinaRicefirstintroducedfunctionalcategoriesintotranslationcriticism,linkinglanguagefunctions,discoursetypesandtranslationstrategies,anddevelopedamodeloftranslationcriticismbasedonthefunctionalrelationshipbetweenthesourcetextandthetranslatedtext,thusputtingforwardtheprototypeoffunctionalisttheoreticalthinking.Lesbelievedthattheidealtranslationshouldbeacomprehensivecommunicativetranslation,i.e,equivalenttotheoriginalintermsofconceptualcontent,linguisticformandcommunicativefunction,butinpracticepriorityshouldbegiventothefunctionalfeaturesofthetranslation.ThesecondstageHansVermeer(Vermeer)putforwardthetheoryofpurpose,whichfreedtranslationstudiesfromtheshacklesoforiginal-centeredness.Thistheoryarguesthattranslationisapurposefulandconsequentialactbasedontheoriginaltext,thatthisactmustbenegotiated,andthattranslationmustfollowaseriesoflaws,ofwhichthelawofpurposeisparamount.Inotherwords,thetranslationdependsonthepurposeofthetranslation.Inaddition,translationsaresubjecttothe'lawofintra-linguisticcoherence'andthe'lawofinter-linguisticcoherence'.Theformermeansthatthetranslationmustbeinternallycoherentandcomprehensibletotherecipientofthetranslation,whilethelattermeansthatthereshouldalsobecoherencebetweenthetranslationandtheoriginal.Withtheintroductionofthesethreeprinciples,translationsarenolongerjudgedonthebasisof'reciprocity',butontheadequacyofthetranslationinachievingitsintendedgoal.Vermeeralsointroducestheconceptofthetranslationappointment,whichmeansthatitisthetranslatorwhoshoulddecideif,whenandhowtocompletethetranslation.Inotherwords,thetranslatorshouldadoptatranslationstrategythatisappropriatetothepurposeofthetranslationandhastherighttodecidewhichelementsoftheoriginalcanberetainedandwhichneedtobeadjustedormodifiedaccordingtothepurposeofthetranslation.AccordingtoVermeer,thehighestlawintranslationshouldbethe'lawofpurpose'.Inotherwords,thepurposeofatranslationdiffersfromthestrategyandmethodadoptedintranslatingit.Inotherwords,thepurposeoftranslationdeterminesthestrategyandmethodoftranslation.The"LawofPurpose"hasprovidedagoodexplanationforthecontroversybetweennaturalizationandalienationinthehistoryofChineseandWesterntranslation,andevenfortheformalanddynamicequivalencethathasbeenwidelydiscussedintranslationcirclesinthepasttwotothreedecades.