山東專升本英語語法知識點

語語法知識點們終將上岸1英語語法：十大詞性：1.名詞noun(n.)表名稱teacher,book2.代詞pronoun(pron.)代替名詞we,he3.數(shù)詞numeral(num.)表數(shù)目two,second4.動詞verb(v.)表動作be,know,work5.形容詞adjective(adj.)作定語，譯為“…的”beautiful,goodadverbadv，譯為“…的”slowly,beautifully7.冠詞article(art.)三個冠詞a,an,the8.介詞preposition(prep.)表詞與詞的關(guān)系in,on,from,against9.連詞conjunction(conj.)連接詞與詞，句與句and,or,but,if10.感嘆詞interjection(interj.)表感情oh,ah1.Hehassomanyinventionsthatheisreally______Edisonof____Japan.(2009)Dthe☆副詞：用來修飾動詞、形容詞、全句的詞。說明時間、地點、程度、方式等。如：now,often,already,here,there,carefully,much,very…☆介詞和連詞的區(qū)別：介詞后跟“名詞”，不能直接跟句子。連詞后可以直接跟句七大句子成分：主謂賓表定狀補(同位語，插入語)2e.g.Ilikeyou.②謂語動詞：主語的動作。e.g.Ilikeyou.③賓語：動作承受者。e.g.Ilikeyou.④表語：表主語的性質(zhì)或狀態(tài)，be動詞為標(biāo)志。e.g.Iamastudent.Sheisbeautiful.⑤定語：用來限定名詞，adj.為標(biāo)志。e.g.Sheisabeautifulgirl.⑥狀語：用來修飾詞或句子，有時間狀語、地點狀語、方式狀語等。e.g.Ieatbreadinthemorning.IstudyEnglishatschool.⑦補語：用來補充說明。分為主語補足語和賓語補足語。e.g.Weelected(選舉)himmonitor(班長).1.---Bytheway,whendidyougetyourlivingroom_______?(2009)---LastSunday．AtopaintBpaintedC．paintingD．tobepainted⑧同位語：解釋名詞的內(nèi)容。e.g.Tom,anEnglishteacher,loveshisjob.⑨插入語：附加解釋。e.g.Asaresult,(結(jié)果)Tobefrank(坦白地說),Fortunately,(幸運的是)五大基本句型：一、主+謂+賓3↓動作發(fā)出者↓謂語動詞↓動作承受者例：Shelikes主謂Ilove主謂English.(名詞)賓you.(代詞)賓He主They主enjoys謂want謂reading.(動名詞-ing)賓togo.(不定式todo)賓Iknowthatshehasaboyfriend.(句子)主謂賓二、主+謂(不及物動詞)例：Theboycried.主謂Jimrunsintheparkeverymorning.主謂地點狀語時間狀語Iplaywithhimeveryday.主謂介詞賓時間狀語☆及物動詞(vt.)與不及物動詞(vi.)：及物動詞：直接跟賓語，如：Icookfood…Ieatfood…Ibuyfood…h(huán)athim4三、主+系+表系動詞：以be動詞為首的一系列動詞。beamisarewas,were)強調(diào)用法可單獨使用，翻譯為“是”。☆系動詞be與助動詞be(am,is,are/was,were)的區(qū)別：例：Heisahandsomeboy.主系表Heisswimming.主謂Heistoldabouttheaccident.(被動句)2.感官系動詞，譯為：“…起來”look,sound,smell,taste,feel,appear(看起來)考點：此時表語只能用adj.充當(dāng)。主系表Hisvoicesoundsstrange.主系表Doyoulikethematerial(布料，材料)？—Yes,it____verysoft.(2012)A.isfeelingB.feltC.feelsD.isfelt3.表狀態(tài)變化類的系動詞：a.“保持”stay(awake)remain(silent)b.“變得”become(difficult)turn(cold)5keep(warm)例：Hewentmadlastnight.四、主+謂+間賓+↓間接賓語(人)例：Hegavemeabook.主謂間賓直賓grow(old)get(fat)go(mad)fall(asleep)come(true)↓直接賓語(物)主+謂+間賓+直賓→主+謂+直賓+介詞+間賓Ipassedmymotherthebox.→Ipassedtheboxtomymother.加to的動詞有：bring(帶來),show(展示),sell(賣),send(寄),take(拿),throw(仍),give(給),tell(告訴),offer(提供),pass(傳遞)…IboughtJohnabirthdaypresent.→IboughtabirthdaypresentforJohn.加for的動詞有：book(預(yù)訂)，buy(買),find(為…找到),order(訂購),cook(做飯),choose(選擇),leave(留下)…五、主+謂+賓+賓補↓賓語補足語例：Weelected(選舉)himmonitor.(班長)↓Heismonitor.6Iwillmakeyoucaption.(船長)Hesawtheboyplayingbytheriver.(現(xiàn)在分詞doing)主謂賓賓補地點狀語ThemanageraskedAmadatoleave.(不定式todo)主謂賓賓補注：句型四與句型五的區(qū)分：句型四，在間賓與直賓之間加系動詞be，語義不通順。句型五，在賓語與賓補之間加系動詞be，語義通順?？偨Y(jié)：兩大基本句型：主+系+表主+謂+賓v.→主+謂變賓語→主+謂+間賓+直賓加賓補→主+謂+賓+賓補注：在英語中，一個簡單句有且只有一個謂語動詞。7名詞States,YaleUniversity,Children’sDay,theGreens(格林一家人)名詞的數(shù)(可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞)單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞作主語，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞作主語，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。注：1.單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞不可單獨使用，需在前面加a,an,the,my,his,one等。2.a用在輔音發(fā)音開頭的名詞前，如adesk,acomputer,auniversity,atearan用在元音發(fā)音開頭的名詞前，如anorange,anoffice,anapple單數(shù)變復(fù)數(shù)法則：.一般直接加-s,如：books,caps(帽子)，trees…2.以-s,-x,-ch,-sh結(jié)尾的名詞，在詞尾加-es.如：glasses,boxes,watches,brushes…(以-th結(jié)尾的名詞直接加-s,如：months)3.以輔音字母加-y結(jié)尾，把-y變-ies.如：stories,countries…以元音字母加-y結(jié)尾，在-y后直接加-s.如：boys,toys,days…4.以-o結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)：有生命，加-es.如：Negroes,heroes,tomatoes,potatoes…無生命，加-s.如：radios,zoos,photos,pianos…有生命口訣：黑人和英雄吃西紅柿和土豆5.以-f或-fe結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)，直接加-s.但是以下名詞需要變-f或-fe為-ves,如：self---selves,life---lives(性命),thieves,wives,8knives,loaf—loaves(一片),leaves,shelves,wolves,halves.口訣：為了自己活命，小偷和妻子拿刀子和一片樹葉站在架子上，把狼劈成兩半。6.復(fù)合名詞(合成名詞)變復(fù)數(shù)，變中心名詞，如：girlstudents,boyfriends,passers-by(過路人),sons-in-law(女婿)注：man/woman+n.變復(fù)數(shù)，兩個詞都變復(fù)數(shù)，如：mendoctors,womenteachers.foot---feet,mouse---mice,ox---oxen,goose---geese口訣：男人和女人有小孩，小孩有牙齒和腳，小孩喜歡三種動物：老鼠、公牛、鵝。works(工廠),species,fish,fruit…如：asheep,twosheep.注：American---Americans,German---Germans,Australian---Australians,Frenchman---Frenchmen,Englishman---Englishmen.9.只有復(fù)數(shù)的名詞：a.people,police,cattle(牛群)作主語時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。例：Thepolicearecoming.b.成雙成對的名詞，如：shoes,socks,stockings(長筒襪),trousers,gloves,glasses,chopsticks,scissors(剪刀),這些詞作主語，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。注：但與pair(雙),suit(套裝),kind,sort(種類)等量詞連用且作主語時，謂語動詞的單復(fù)與量詞保持一致。例：Glassesareexpensive.Thispairofglassesisexpensive.Thesepairsofglassesareexpensive.10.集體名詞：public,government,committee,crowd,class,audience,team,family,group.9民眾政府委員會，人群班級聽眾隊，再加家庭和小隊。作主語時：名詞作為一個整體時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。名詞指各個成員時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。例：Hisfamilyisabigone.Hisfamilygetonwellwitheachother.例：1.Mary_____liketosurftheInternet.Sheoftenspendshoursonline.(2015)A.didB.doesC.doD.is二、不可數(shù)名詞，詞前不能用a/an，但可用the修飾。2.作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。3.常見的不可數(shù)名詞：bread,weather,water,advice,information,furniture,fun,traffic,equipment(設(shè)備),luggage=baggage(行李)4.既可數(shù)，又不可數(shù)的名詞：paper[C]報紙，論文roomCexperience[C]經(jīng)歷U間U驗workCchickenChair[C](幾根)頭發(fā)[U]工[U]雞肉[U]整頭頭發(fā)time[C]次數(shù)glass[C]玻璃杯orange[C]橙子[U]時間[U]玻璃[U]橙汁名詞所有格有生命，用’s如：theboy’sbag,thechildren’srooms無生命，用of如：thewindowoftheroom注：1.以-s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞加’如：theworkers’wage(工資),不規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)名詞加’s如：thechildren’stoys2.分別所屬和共同所屬的表達(dá)：AandB’sA和B的(一個東西)A’sandB’sA的(一個東西)和B的(一個東西)3.雙重所有格：名詞+of+名詞’s例：afriendofTom’s(friends)名詞+of+名詞性物主代詞例：somestudentsofmine注：表時間、國家、城市等名詞后，可加’s如：fiveminutes’walk=five-minutewalk例：MydaughterandItooka_____touraroundNewYorkCity.(2009)A.twodayB.twoday’sC.two-daysD.two-day名詞所有格后跟地點名詞時，往往省略地點。如：thedoctor’s(office),thetailor’s(shop)(裁縫店)，thebarber’s(shop)(理發(fā)店)4.修飾可數(shù)名詞數(shù)量的詞組：afew/few,many,a(large)numberof修飾不可數(shù)名詞數(shù)量的詞組：alittle/little,much,a(large)amountof,agreatdealof既修飾可數(shù)，又修飾不可數(shù)：some,alotof=lotsof,plentyof5.名詞作定語：theroomnumbern.定語(單數(shù))n.被限定詞當(dāng)名詞作定語時，該名詞用單數(shù)形式。例：toothbrush,shoeshop,bookstore動詞的時態(tài)一、一般現(xiàn)在時1.定義：表示習(xí)慣性、經(jīng)常性、規(guī)律性的動作或狀態(tài)。2.構(gòu)成：主語+系動詞be(am,is,are)+其他主語+實義動詞+其他實義動詞的變化規(guī)則：當(dāng)主語為I/其他人稱時，謂語動詞用原形。當(dāng)主語為單數(shù)第三人稱時，謂語動詞變化規(guī)則如下：⑴一般動詞，加-s.如：works,loves,likes…⑵以-s,-x,-sh,-ch,-o結(jié)尾的動詞加-es.如：kisses,fixes,washes,watches,goes…⑶以輔音字母加-y結(jié)尾的動詞，變-y為-ies.如：studies,worries,carries…以元音字母加-y結(jié)尾的動詞，直接加-s.如：plays,enjoys…3.常用的時間狀語：often,usually,always,seldom(很少),sometimes,everyday/week/month/year,onceaday,onMondays/Sundays/weekends4.否定/疑問形式：⑴當(dāng)謂語動詞為系動詞be時：否定形式：在be后加not主+be(am,is,are)+not+…疑問形式：be動詞提到主語前Is/Are+主+…?⑵當(dāng)謂語動詞為實義動詞時，變否定/疑問借助助動詞do/doesa.當(dāng)主語為I/其他人稱時，借助do否定形式：主+donot(don’t)+動原+…疑問形式：Do+主+動原+…?b.當(dāng)主語為單數(shù)第三人稱時，借助does否定形式：主+doesnot(doesn’t)+動原+…疑問形式：Does+主+動原+…?☆考點：⑴表示不受時間限制的客觀真理、客觀事實、自然規(guī)律以及名言警句，用一般現(xiàn)在時。例：Theearthmovesaroundthesun.⑵對列車、航班、時刻表的表述時，用一般現(xiàn)在時。例：Thetrainleavesat8o’clock.例1：Ithasbeenreportedthatmorethanonekidwith"BirdFlue”.(2018)A.havebeeninfectedB.hasbeeninfectedC.haveinfectedD.hasbeeninfecting例2：Manyamemberofthearmedforcesgivenhislifeforourcountry.(2019)A.hadB.haveC.hasD.hadbeen二、一般過去時1.定義：表示過去發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài)。2.構(gòu)成：主語+be(was,were)+其他主語+V-ed+其他(適用于所有人稱)規(guī)則動詞過去式的變化規(guī)則：⑴一般動詞，加-ed.如：worked,finished,helped,followed…⑵以-e結(jié)尾的加-d.如：hoped,liked,agreed,believed…⑶以輔音字母加-y結(jié)尾的動詞，變-y為-ied.如：studied,worried…以元音字母加-y結(jié)尾的動詞，直接加-ed.如：played,enjoyed…⑷以輔音+元音+輔音字母結(jié)尾的動詞，雙寫最后的輔音字母，加-ed.如：stopped,admittedbegged…3.時間狀語：yesterday,thedaybeforeyesterday(前天),theotherday(不久前的一天),justnow(剛才),thismorning(今天早上),一段時間+ago,如：aweekago,in+過去時間點,如：in19904.否定/疑問形式：⑴當(dāng)謂語動詞為系動詞be時：否定形式：在be后加not主+be(was,were)+not+…疑問形式：be動詞提到主語前Was/Were+主+…?⑵當(dāng)謂語動詞為實義動詞時，變否定/疑問借助助動詞did否定形式：在動詞前加didnot主+didnot(didn’t)+動原+…疑問形式：將did提到主語前Did+主+動原+…?☆考點：usedtodo過去常常做某事beusedtodoing習(xí)慣于做某事例：⑴Iused____ontheleftinEngland,butIsoongotused____ontherightinChina.(2015)A.todriving...todriveB.todrive…todrivingC.todrive…todriveD.todriving…todriving⑵You____Johninthestreetthismorning.He’sbeendeadforages.(2016)A.mustn’tseeB.mustn’thaveseenC.couldn'tseeD.couldn'thaveseen⑶I____untilhetoldmeto.(2016)A.leftB.didn’tleaveC.hadn’tleftD.wouldleave⑷TheBunsenBurnerissonamedbecauseitisthought____byRobertBunsen.(2017)A.tobeinventedC.inventedB.havingbeeninventedD.tohavebeeninvented三、一般將來時1.定義：表示將來發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài)。2.構(gòu)成：主+will/shall+動原+其他“心甘情愿做…”注：will用于所有人稱；shall只用于I/Webeamisaregoingto算做…”eabouttodobeonthepointofdoing3.時間狀語：tomorrow,thedayaftertomorrow,nextday/week/month/year,in+將來時間點：in2050someday(將來有一天)時間段：inaweek4.否定/疑問形式：否定形式：在will,shall或be后加not主+will/shall+not+動原+其他疑問形式：將will,shall或be提到主語前Will/Shall+主+動原+其他?☆考點：notuntil句用一般現(xiàn)在時。(主將從現(xiàn))注：引導(dǎo)詞后面的句子為從句；“逗號”不能直接連接兩個句子。⑵固定句型：Itwillbe+時間段+before+…“再過多久才…”例：Therewillbeameetinginthreedays.(be)例：You_____thedifficultiesafterIexplainthewholethingtoyou．(2009)AwillbeseenBwillhaveseenC．willseeD．see四、過去將來時1.定義：表示從過去某一時間看將要發(fā)生的動作。2.構(gòu)成：主+would/should+動原+其他主+was/weregoingtodo…主+was/weretodo…3.時間狀語：thenextday/week/month/year,thefollowingday五、進(jìn)行時1.定義：表示某一時刻或階段內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動作或狀態(tài)。2.構(gòu)成：現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時：be(am,is,are)doing過去進(jìn)行時：be(was,were)doing將來進(jìn)行時：willbedoing3.時間狀語：現(xiàn)進(jìn)：now,atpresent,thisweek,thesedays過進(jìn)：atthattime,atthistimeyesterday將進(jìn)：atthistimetomorrow,atninetomorrow☆考點：⑴現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時與頻度副詞：often,always,allthetime等連用時，表達(dá)說話人批評或贊例：Sheisalwaysaskingquestions.⑵Look!Listen!多與現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時連用。例：Listen!Thebirdissinging.⑶現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時與表狀態(tài)變化的系動詞become,get,turn,grow,go連用表示漸變的過程。例:Theweatherisbecomingcolderandcolder.⑷一些表“來”“去”的詞常用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時表將來，如：come,leave,arrive,go,begin,startImleavingforBeijingnextmonth.aswhileWhenIwasstudyinglastnight,mymothercameintomyroomwithoutknockingthedoor.⑹表示某一段時間都在進(jìn)行的動作，可以是間斷進(jìn)行的動作。例：Wearemakingmodelplanesthesedays.Hewaswritinganovellastnight,butIdon’tknowwhetherhehasfinishedit.例1：Atthistimenextweek,we_____thematterwithourfriends.(2016)A.aregoingtodiscussB.willbediscussingC.arediscussingD.aretodiscuss六、現(xiàn)在完成時1.定義：⑴動作發(fā)生在過去并一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在。⑵發(fā)生在過去的動作對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生了影響。2.構(gòu)成：主+has/have+V-ed(單數(shù)第三人稱用has,其他人稱都用have)主動詞實義動詞3.時間狀語：already(已經(jīng)),just(剛剛),yet(還)not…yet(還…沒有),ever(曾經(jīng)),never(從不),recently=lately(最近),sofar=bynow=up/tilltonow(直到現(xiàn)在,迄今為止),in/duringthelast/past+時間段“在過去…中”如：inthepasttwoyears(在過去兩年里),duringthelasttwoweeks(在過去兩個星期里),since+過去時間點(since1990,sincethen)for+時間段(多與現(xiàn)在完成時連用)句子(一般過去時)4.否定/疑問形式：否定形式：主+have/has+not+V-ed+…疑問形式：Have/Has+主+V-ed+…?☆考點：ento例：ItotheGreatWallthreetimes.A.hasgoneB.havegoneC.hasbeenD.havebeen⑵固定句型1：Itisthefirst/second/thirdtimethat+句子(現(xiàn)在完成時)“這是第幾次⑶固定句型2：Thisis+最高級+名詞+that+句子(現(xiàn)在完成時)例：ThisisthebestteathatIhavedrunk.(drink)⑷for+時間段/since…不能與短暫動詞連用構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在完成時。例：Hisgrandmotherhasdiedfortwoyears.(ⅹ)Hisgrandmotherhasbeendeadfortwoyears.(√)短暫動詞需要變?yōu)閎e+形容詞/副詞表狀態(tài)的延續(xù)，如：die→bedead,begin/start→beon,come/join(參加)/arrive(到達(dá))→bein,leave→beaway例1：Thereasonwhytheychangedtheirmind____tousyet.(2017)A.hasnotexplainedB.hasnotbeenexplainedC.didnotexplainD.wasnotexplained例2:Theoldman____sincehecameintothehospital.(2017)A.hastakengoodcareofB.hasbeentakengoodcareofC.hastakengoodcareD.hasbeentakengoodcare七、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時1.定義：表示動作發(fā)生在過去一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，并極有可能繼續(xù)持續(xù)下去。2.構(gòu)成：主+have/hasbeendoing☆與現(xiàn)在完成時的區(qū)別：現(xiàn)在完成時：表示該動作有可能繼續(xù)，也有可能不繼續(xù)?，F(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時：表示該動作極有可能繼續(xù)下去。Ihavebeenwashingmyclothesfortwohours.(極有可能繼續(xù)洗下去)例2：She_____Englishsinceshewasachild.(2003)A.learningB.hadlearnedC.islearningD.hasbeenlearningongoodterms9)AhavebeenlivedB．hadbeenlivedC．hadbeenlivingD．havebeenlivingyforagesbutnothinghashappenedyetA．ispromisedB．ispromisingC．hasbeenpromisingD．promised八、過去完成時1.定義：在過去某個時間或動作之前已經(jīng)結(jié)束的動作。過去完成時必須有過去的時間參考點，表“過去的過去”。2.構(gòu)成：主+hadV-ed+其他3.時間狀語：before+過去時間點句子(一般過去時)bythetime…+句子(一般過去時)4.否定/疑問形式：否定形式：主+had+not+V-ed+…疑問形式：Had+主+V-ed+…?例1：⑴Hesaidthathehadbeenabroadforthreeyears.(be)⑵ShehadlearnedsomeEnglishbeforeshecametotheschool.(learn)⑶Bythen,hehadlearnedEnglishforthreeyears.(learn)例2：⑴JohnandI___friendsforeightyears.WefirstgottoknoweachotherataChristmasparty.Butwe___eachotheracoupleoftimesbeforethat.(2008)A.hadbeen,havebeenB.havebeen,haveseenC.hadbeen,hadseenD.havebeen,hadseen⑵Untilthen,hisfamily____fromhimforsixmonths.(2012)A.didn’thearB.hasn’tbeenhearingC.hasn’theardD.hadn’theard例3：Shewantedtoknowwhat atthemeeting.(2012)A.hashappenedB.washappenedB.hadhappenedD.hadbeenhappened例4：Whenwearrivedattheairport,theplane_______.(2015)A.alreadytookoffB.tookoffalreadyC.hadalreadytakenoffD.hasalreadytakenoffByelevenoclockyesterdayIattheairport9)A.hasarrivedB.arrivedC.hadarrivedD.willhavearrived例6：Afriendofminereturnedtohishouseafteraholiday,onlytofindit.(2019)A.bebrokenintoC.wasbrokenintoB.hadbrokenintoD.hadbeenbrokeninto九、將來完成時定義：在將來的時間或動作之前已經(jīng)完成的動作。1.構(gòu)成：主+will/shallhaveV-ed2.時間狀語：before+將來時間點句子(一般現(xiàn)在時)bythetime…+句子(一般現(xiàn)在時)例：We_____buildingthebridgebytheendofnextmonth.(2013)A.arefinishingB.wouldfinishC.havefinishedD.willhavefinished動詞的被動語態(tài)一、被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成：be(助動詞)+done(過去分詞)化表：態(tài)去將來idwill/shalldo進(jìn)行am,is,aredoingwas,weredoingwill/shallbedoinghave/hasdonehaddonewill/shallhavedone態(tài)去將來am,is,aredonewas,weredonewill/shallbedone進(jìn)行am,is,arebeingdonewas,werebeingdone-----------have/hasbeendonehadbeendonewill/shallhavebeendone三、主動句變被動句的規(guī)律：賓語提前主語變，人稱時態(tài)be關(guān)鍵。過去分詞勿用錯，主語變賓by后見。被動條件：誰做的動作不知道，說出誰做的沒必要，突出承受者很重要，被動語態(tài)錯不了。主動句：Theboybrokethewindowyesterday.被動句：Thewindowwasbrokenyesterday(bytheboy).注：被動句中be的單復(fù)要與新主語保持一致，但時態(tài)要與主動句的時態(tài)保持一致?！羁键c1.Wewereall_________whenweheardthe_____newsthattherescueteamfoundanothersurvivor009)AexcitedexcitedB．exciting；excitingC．excited；excitingD．exciting；excited2.Thenumberofpeopleinvited____fifty,butanumberofthem____absentfordifferentAwerewasBwas，wasC.was,wereD.were,were3.Bythetimeyourplanelandstonight，I____attheairportfor3hours.(2009)AhadwaitedB．havebeenwaitedChadbeenwaitingD．willhavebeenwaiting4.Ineedonemorestampbeforemycollection_____.(2017)A.hascompletedB.completesC.didnotcompletedD.iscompleted5.withLeiFeng,westillhavealongwaytogo.(2019)A.ComparingB.ComparedC.TocompareD.Beingcompared6.Withagreatweightmymind,Iturnedintoaby-stander.(2019)A.totakeofB.takingoffC.takenoffD.beingtakenoff1.不及物動詞無被動，一些詞組無被動：takeplace=happen(發(fā)生)breakout(火災(zāi)，戰(zhàn)爭爆發(fā))appear(出現(xiàn))disappear(消失)breakdown(壞掉，拋錨)cometrue(實現(xiàn))belongto(屬于)consistof(由…組成)occurto(使想起)例：He_____byhissisteratthatmoment.(2012)A.happenedtoseeB.washappenedtoseeC.washappenedtobeseenD.happenedtobeseen例：Suchanideawouldneveroccur____me.(2012)A.toB.withC.fromD.on2.個別及物動詞無被動：fit(適合),wish,cost(花費)例：Thiskeyjustfitsthelock.3.系動詞無被動語態(tài)，感官類系動詞主動表被動。例：Thesilkfeelssick.4.情態(tài)動詞本身無被動語態(tài)：構(gòu)成：主+情動+be+V-ed例：NewbookscanbedownloadedfromtheInternet.5.表示事物屬性的動詞：read,write,dry,wear,wash,open,shut…主動表被動，一般這類動詞后有一個修飾詞。ThecoatdrieseasilyThebooksellswell.ThebookwaswrittenbyShakespeare.(write)例3：Thedish_____terrible!Idon'tlikeitatall.(2016)A.TastesB.tastedC.willtasteD.istasted6.sthneed/want/require(需要)doing，主動表被動。tobedone例：Thisshirtneedswashing/tobewashed.(wash)⑴Youtotowntoseethemovieyesterday.ItwillbeonTVtonight.(2013)A.needn'tgoB.shouldnotgoC.hadbetternotgoD.needn'thavegone⑵Theroadwaswetthismorning.It______lastnight.(2017)A.mustberainingB.mustrainC.musthaverainedD.musthavebeenrained7.在主動語態(tài)中，todo表被動make,let,hear,see,watch,observe,notice其后跟省略to的動詞不定式(即動詞原形)，在變被動語態(tài)時，必須還原動詞不定式的to.例：Weheardhimsingthissonginthatroom.Hewasheardtosingthissonginthatroom.Thebossmadehimwork14hoursaday.Hewasmadetowork14hoursaday.8.帶雙賓語的動詞give,send,teach,lend,show,pass,tell等，在變被動語態(tài)時，可以有兩種情況：直賓變成主語，間賓前加to；間賓變主語，不加to.例：Myfriendgavemeapenyesterday.Apenwasgiventome(bymyfriend)yesterday.Iwasgivenapen(bymyfriend)yesterday.非謂語動詞定狀補。三種基本形式：doing,done,todoDoing:一、作主語1.doing作主語,位于句首，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。doing表示經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性的動作。Climbingmountainsisagoodwaytokeepfit.(保持健康)主系Walkingdogishishobby.主系免頭重腳輕)Cryingoverthespiltmilkisnouse.主Itisnousecryingoverthespiltmilk.形式主語真正主語型：1.Itisnouse/nogood/useless/senselessdoing…2.Itisworthdoingsth…3.Itisawasteoftimedoing…4.Itisfun/enjoyable/pleasant/agoodpleasuredoing…例：1、It’snouse_____withhimsincehehasmadeuphismind.(2010)A.toargueB.arguingC.tobearguedD.argued2、Inmymind,______thatfamousuniversitywillbetheonlywaytobecomeaworld-classwriter.(2017)A.attendingB.attendedC.attendD.havingattended二、作賓語1.動詞+doingconsider(考慮),suggest(建議),lookforwardto(盼),excuse(原諒),admit(承認(rèn)),delay/putoff(推遲),得,fancy(想象)，avoid(避免),miss(錯過),keep(繼續(xù)),practice(練),deny(否認(rèn)),finish(完成),就,enjoy/appreciate(欣賞),forbid(禁止),imagine(想象),才,risk(冒險),stand(忍受),mind(介意),allow/permit(準(zhǔn)),escape(逃亡).1.advise/forbid/allow,permit+doingsth建議禁止兩允許sbtodosth2.need/want/require+doing需要tobedone例：⑴Heenjoys_____popmusicwhileIpreferclassicalmusic.(2010)A.tolistentoB.tolistenC.listeningD.listeningto⑵Thegardenrequires .(2009)A.wateringB.beingwateredC.towaterD.havingwatered⑶Iappreciate toyourbirthdayparty.(2003)A.tobeinvitedB.tohaveinvitedC.havinginvitedD.beinginvited⑷Idon’tmind____outforawalkinsuchabadweather.(2006)A.goB.togoC.goingD.gone⑸Idon’tmind____intheoffice.A.tosmokeB.smokedC.hissmokingD.smokes(6)Ifyoustickto_____thepianoeveryday,youwillbecomequiteagoodmusician.(2011)A.PracticeB.practicingC.havepracticedD.bepracticing(7)1appreciate____toyourhome.(2012)A.tohaveinvitedB.tobeinvitedC.havinginvitedD.beinginvited(8)Ouraimistomaketheelectricity____thepeoplebetter.(2013)A.serveB.servedC.toserveD.servefor注：1.doing的被動形式：beingdone(第3題只有被動的含義)2.doing的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：在doing前面加形容詞性物主代詞：hissmoking(doing動作的發(fā)出者)如果hissmoking與himsmoking同時出現(xiàn)，選擇更加正式的hissmoking.3.doing的否定形式：緊挨著doing前加not:notdoingornotbeingthereA.InfluencedB.influencingC.toinfluenceD.beinginfluenced⑵Whatisthereasonfor____ontime?(2012)A.notyourcomingB.younotcomeC.yournotcomingD.younottocome2.作介詞賓語(所有的介詞后跟動詞的-ing形式)介詞：at,for,against,on,by,to,(in)…⑴to為介詞的短語：(~todoing)be/getusedto=beaccustomedto習(xí)慣于getdownto開始做…payattentionto關(guān)注devoteoneselfto投身于lookforwardto盼望stickto堅持ytocontributeto有助于beaddictedto沉溺于objectto反對leadto導(dǎo)致confessto坦白☆prefer的用法：prefer+doing(長期的動作)todo(一次性的動作)prefertodoAratherthandoB=preferdoingAtodoingB寧愿做A而不愿做B例：Ipreferwalking______.(2007)A.todriveB.todrivingC.thandriveD.thandriving⑵省略介詞in的短語：sbspend時間(in)doingsth花(時間)做…sbbebusy(in)doingsth忙于sbhavetrouble/difficulty/aproblem/ahardtime(in)doingsth做…有困難sblosenotime(in)doingsth不失時機做…ndoingin例：⑴Asalawyerhespentalotoftime_____investigations.(2006)A.conductedB.toconductC.conductD.conducting⑵Thereisno____arguingaboutit,justdoasyouaretold.(2005)A.reasonB.wayC.pointD.meaningbegindoingtodo⑵用法不同：a.love/like/hate+b.forgetrememberregretc.stopgoond.trydoing(長期的動作)todo(一次性的動作)doing忘記已經(jīng)做過某事(失憶)todo忘記去做某事(健忘)doing記得曾經(jīng)做過某事todo記住要做某事doing后悔做過某事todo遺憾要去做某事doing停止正在做的事todo停下來做另一件事doing繼續(xù)做同一件事todo接著做另一件事doing嘗試著做某事todo努力做某事meancan’thelpe.feellikewouldlikedoing意味著做某事todo打算做某事doing情不自禁做某事(to)do不能幫助做某事doing想做某事todo想做某事三、作表語doing作表語，對主語進(jìn)行解釋說明或表示主語的特征。例：Myaunt’sjobislayingeggs.(主語等于表語)Themusicsoundsexciting.(doing表主語的特征，譯為“令人…的”)四、作定語1.doing作定語，放在名詞前，表示該名詞的用途，或doing的動作由該名詞發(fā)出。diningroom(餐廳)readingroom(閱覽室)walkingstick(手杖)boilingwater(正沸騰的水)sleepingbaby(正在睡覺的嬰兒)developingcountry(發(fā)展中國家)2.doing作定語，放在名詞前，表示該名詞的一種客觀狀態(tài)，譯為：“令人…的”exciting,boring,tiring,puzzling,confusing,moving…例：anexcitingvoice一個令人興奮的聲音apuzzlingexpression一個令人困惑的表情囧amovingmovie一部令人感動的電影doing作表語→Themovieismoving.3.doing短語作定語，放在名詞后，表示該名詞與doing構(gòu)成主動進(jìn)行的關(guān)系。⑴Thegirlismyex.↘Thegirlwearsapinkhat.↗Thegirlwearingapinkhatismyex.⑵Theyliveinamansion.(豪宅)↘Themansionfacesnorth.↗Theyliveinamansionfacingnorth.⑶ThemanisBaldheadStrong.↘Themanisbeingbeaten.↗ThemanbeingbeatenisBaldheadStrong.注：beingdone作定語時：表示“正在被…”1.Maryhasjustboughtherself_____dress.(2012)A.acottonexpensiveblueB.anexpensivebluecottonC.ablueexpensivecottonD.acottonblueexpensive五、作狀語1.doing作狀語，句子中有“，”表示主句主語與非謂語動詞構(gòu)成主動進(jìn)行的關(guān)系。g⑵(With)+名詞非，SVO.名詞與非謂doing構(gòu)成主動進(jìn)行的關(guān)系。注：形式⑵又被稱為獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。例1：Weatherpermitting(允許),wewillvisityoutomorrow.A.HearrivedB.ArrivingC.BeingarrivedD.Arrived⑵HelivedinBeijing,____asawriter.A.workedB.beingworkedC.workingD.work⑶Myuncle,____inBeijing,isadoctor.A.helivesB.livingC.beinglivedD.lived⑷Theday____hot,wedecidedtogoswimming.A.wasB.beingC.beenD.be例3：Allthethings________,hisproposalisofgreatervaluethanyours．(2009)nsider2.doing與havingdone的區(qū)別：兩者都表示主動，但是havingdone強調(diào)非謂語動作明顯先于主句謂語動詞動作發(fā)生。例：⑴____dinner,hewenttotherestroom.A.HadB.HavingC.HavinghadD.Tohave⑵____hisfather,thebabybegantocryatonce(馬上).A.SeenB.Seeing