實(shí)地解剖學(xué)(英文)

skullPartone–bonesofskullTherearetwotypesofskullbones:

1)Neurocranium:

frontal,temporal,parietal,occipital,sphenoid,ethmoidbone;

2)Viscerocranium:

a.)maxilla,nasal,zygomatic,lacrimal,inferiorconcha,palatine;

b.)mandible,vomer,hyoid;FrontalbonefrontalethmoidboneSphenoidbonebodyLesserwingGreaterwing圓孔卵圓孔棘孔Sphenoidsinus垂體窩翼突OccipitalboneTemporalbonetemporalMastoidprocess外耳門顳鱗顳骨巖部parietalViscerocranium－maxillamaxillapalatinezygomaticnasallacrimalinferiorconchavomerMandibleHorizontalportion–bodyVerticalportion–ramusThebodyexhibitsthealveolarprocesswhichbearstheteeth;inferiortothefirstorsecondpremolaristhementalforamenwhichtransmitsthementalnerve.Posterosuperiorly,theramusexhibitsthecondylarprocessforarticulationwiththemandibularfossaofthetemporalbone,thisprocessbeingdividedintoaheadandneck.Anteriortothecondylarprocess,andseparatedfromitbythemandibularnotch,isthecoronoidprocess.Onthemedialsideoftheramusofthemandibleisthemandibularforamenwhichtransmitstheinferioralveolarnerveandvessels.hyoidParttwo–skullAnteriorviewLateralviewBaseofskullAnteriorviewLateralviewBaseofskullAnteriorviewLateralviewBaseofskullOrbitTheorbitwallsareformedbythefrontalbone,thezygoma,themaxillaandtheethmoid.Thesphenoidcontributestotheposteriorwalls,anditsurroundsalltheimportantstructuresthatenterorleave.SuperiorandInferiororbitalmargin.MedialwallForamina

1)superiororbitalfissure.

2)inferiororbitalfissure

3)opticforamenOrbitalcavityThenasalcavityThesuperiorandmiddleconchaearepartsoftheethmoidbone,whereastheinferiorconchaisitselfabone.Thefragile,perpendicularplateofthepalatinebonehasanotchatitssuperiorborder;wheninarticulationwiththebodyofthesphenoidbone,itformsthesphenopalatineforamen.Lateralwallofnose,medialviewThenasalcavityOnearrowpassingfromthefrontalsinusthroughthefrontonasalductintothemiddlemeatus,andanotherarrowtraversingthenasolacrimalcanal.Lateralwallofnose,medialview,theconchaesarecutawaySeptumofnoseTheskeletonofthehardseptumconsistsofthreeparts,theperpendicularplateoftheethmoid,septalcartilage,andthevomer.Theadjacentbones(frontal,nasal,maxillary,palatine,andsphenoid)makeminorcontributionstothehardseptum.ParanasalsinusesTheethmoidalcells(blue),collectedcalledasinus,havethethin,orbitalplateofthefrontalbonefora“roof”;Ananteriorethmoidalcell(pink)invadesthediplolofthefrontalbonetobecomeafrontalsinus;itisethmoidalinorigin,butfrontalinlocation;Thesphenoidalsinus(yellow)Themaxillarysinus(purple)ispyramidal.MaxillarysinusTheinferiorconcha(orange)andpalatinebone(pink)formpartofthemedialwallofthemaxillarysinus.Patiallyopenedmaxillarysinus,(B),medialview,(C),medialview.LateralviewofskullTemporalfossa:

pterioninfratemporalfossaPterygopalatinefossapterionTheanteriorbranchcoursesanterosuperiorlytoreachthepterion,asiteatwhichthearteryisfrequentlytorn,resultinginanextradural(epidural)hematoma.LateralviewofskullPterygopalatinefossaThebaseofskullThebaseoftheinterioroftheskullisdividedintothreecranialfossae.Theanteriorfossaisformedlargelybyfrontalboneandislocatedsuperiortotheorbits.Itterminatesposteriorlyattheposterioredgeofthelesserwingofthesphenoidbone.Themiddlefossaisposteriorandinferiortotheanteriorandisboundedposteriorlybytheprominenceofthepetrousportionofthetemporalbone.Thegreaterwingofthesphenoidboneandthesquamousportionofthetemporalbonealsoformportionsofthisfossa.Theposteriorcranialfossaiscomposedlargelyofoccipitalbonewiththetemporalbonealsotakingpart.ForaminaAnteriorfossa:

Theforaminainthecribriformplatesistheethmoidalforamina,oneithersideofthecristagalli,transmitthetinytwigsoftheolfactorynerve(Ⅰ).ethmoidalforaminaForaminaMiddlefossa:

1)Theopticforamencarriestheopticnerve(Ⅱ).

2)TheforamenrotundumcarriesⅤ2.

3)TheforamenovalecarriesⅤ3.

4)Theforamenspinosumcarriesthemiddlemeningealartery.

5)Medialtobothof(2-4)istheforamenlacerumwhichisreallyacannal,ittransmitstheinternalcarotidartery.

12345ForaminaPosteriorfossa:

1)centrallyintheposteriorfossaisthelargeforamenmagnumthroughwhichthemedullapassestobecomethespinalcord.

2)anterolateralto1),inthewalloftheforamenwillbefoundthehypoglossalcanalwhichtransmitstheⅫ.

3)thelargejugularforamenwhichtransmitstheinternaljugularveinandtheⅨ,ⅩandⅪ.

4)inthepetroustemporalbonesuperiortothejugularforamenistheinternalauditorymeatuswhichtransmitstheⅦandⅧ.

1234ForaminainskullbonesBoneNameContentsethmoidCribriformplateⅠsphenoidOpticforamenⅡ,ophthalmica.SuperiororbitalfissureⅢ,Ⅳ,Ⅴ1,ⅥForamenrotundumⅤ2ForamenovaleⅤ3ForamenspinosumMiddlemeningeala.Sphenoid/temporalCarotidcanalInternalcarotida.MandibleInferioralveolarInferioralveolarn.andvesselsmentalMentaln.TemporalboneStylomastoidforamenⅦInternalacousticmeatusⅦ,ⅧOccipital/temporalJugularforamenⅨ,Ⅹ,Ⅺ,internaljugularv.OccipitalHypoglossalcanalⅫForamenmagnumBrainstem,vertebrala.,

accessorynThebaseofskullMandibularfossaMastoidprocessStyloidprocessStylomastoidforamenSkullatbirthTheteethhavenoterupted;Themaxillaandmandiblearesmall,andtheangleofthemandibleisobtuse;Theorbitalcavitiesarelarge,butthefaceissmall,forming1/8ofthewholeskull,intheadult,itforms1/3;Theeminenceoftheparietalbone;Thereisnomastoidprocessuntilthe2ndyear;Thetympanicmembranceisclosetothesurfaceofskull.123456221－frontaleminence；2－parietaleminence；3－anteriorfontanelle；4－posteriorfontanelle；5－anterolateralfontanelle；6－posterolateralfontanelleTemporomandibularjointItislocatedbetweentheheadofthemandibleandthearticularfossaofthetemporalbone.Betweenthebonesthereisafibrocartilaginousarticulardiscwhich,throughitsattachmenttothecapsuleofthejoint,isattachedtothemandibleandmoveswithit.Movements:elevation,depression,grinding,protraction,retraction.TemporomandibularjointItislocatedbetweentheheadofthemandibleandthearticularfossaofthetemporalbone.Betweenthebonesthereisafibrocartilaginousarticulardiscwhich,throughitsattachmenttothecapsuleofthejoint,isattachedtothemandibleandmoveswithit.Movements:elevation,depression,grinding,protraction,retraction.NeckFujianMedicalUniversityAnteriortriangle

submandibular

submental

carotid

muscular

Posteriortriangle

occipital

supraclavicularBoundariesanddivisionoftheneckPartone:SuperficialfasciaPlatysmam.Superficialvein

anteriorjugularvein

externaljugularveinSuperficiallymphnodes

superficialanteriorcervicallymphnodes

superficiallateralcervicallymphnodesCutaneousnervesoftheneckLesseroccipitalnerveGreaterauricularnerveTransversenervesofneckSupraclavicularnervesCervicalbranchoffacialnerve(Ⅶ)Parttwo:cervicalfasciaTheinvestingfasciaenclosesthedeepstructureslikeasleeve.Itisattachedposteriorlytothenuchalligamentandsplitsaroundtrapeziusandsternomastoid.ThePretrachealfasciainfrontofandtothesidesofthetracheaenclosesthethyroidglandandwiththeinvestingfasciaanteriorlyformssheathsaroundthestrapmuscles.Theprevertebral‘space’istheareabetweentheprevertebralmusclesandthepharynx/esophaguscontaininglooseconnectivetissueandlymphnodes.Thecarotidsheathisaverticalfascialtubedeeptotheinvestingfascia.Itcontainsthecommonandinternalcarotida.,theinternaljugularv.,thevagusn.andthedeepcervicalchainoflymphnodes.FascialspacesSuprasternalspaceSupraclavicularspacePretrachealspaceRetropharyngealspacePrevertebralspaceSubmandibularspacePartthree:AnteriortriangleoftheneckBoundaries:

theanteriorborderofsternocleidomastoid

themidline

thelowerborderofthemandibleSubmentaltriangle;submandibulartriangle;carotidtriangle;sternocleidomastoidregionContents:

superficialveinsandcutaneousnerves

strapmuscles

larynxandtrachea

thyroidglandsuperficialveinsandcutaneousnerves

①veins:anteriorjugularv.andexternaljugularv.

②nerves:

Lesseroccipitaln.

Greaterauricularn.

Transversenerveofneck

Supraclavicularn.

CervicalbranchoffacialnerveSuprahyoidmuscles:

mylohyoid

geniohyoid

stylohyoid

digastricInfrahyoidmuscles:

sternohyoid

sternothyoid

thyohyoid

omohyoidStrapmuscleAnteriortriangleSubmentaltriangleSubmandibulartriangleCarotidtriangleSternocleidomastoidregionSubmentaltriangleSubmentalLN.SubmandibulartriangleSubmandibularglandandductVesselsandnerves:

faciala.

hypoglossaln.

mylohyoidn.SubmandibularlymphnodesAnteriortriangleofneck-Ⅱ,lateralviewNerveofsubmandibulargland:

chordatympanimylohyoidn.CarotidtriangleandsternocleidomastoidregionContents:Sternocleidomastoidm.DeeplateralcervicallymphnodesAnsacervicalisCarotidsheathHypoglossalnerveAccessorynerveCervicalplexusCervicalpartofsympathetictrunkPosteriorbellyofdigastricm.MuscleorigininsertioninnervationactionsSternocleido-mastoidLateralsurfaceofmastoidSternalhead:anteriorsurfaceofmanubriumofsternumClavicularhead:superiorsurfaceofmedialthirdofclavicleSpinalrootofaccessorynerveandC2andC3nervesTiltsheadtooneside;flexesneckandrotatesitsofaceisturnedsuperiorlytowardoppositeside;actingtogether,thetwomusclesflextheneckLymphaticdrainageofheadandneck

a–superficialb-deepabAlllymphaticsfromtheheadandneckdrainintothedeepcervicalnodes,whichlieintheconnectivetissueofthecarotidsheathandarecloselyrelatedtotheinternaljugularvein;Thedeepcervicalnodesdrainintothejugulartrunks,whichdrainintothethoracicduct(leftside)andrightlymphaticduct(rightside);Thesuperficialnodesareclusteredaroundtheexternalandanteriorjugularandfacialveinsandtheirtributaries;thesuperficialnodesdrainintothedeepcervicalnodes;AnsacervicalisTheansacervicalisisanerveloopintheneckthatinnervatestheinfrahyoidmuscles.BranchesoftheC1andC2nervesjointhehypoglossalnerveatthebaseoftheskull,travelwithitforashortdistance,andthenformthesuperiorrootoftheansacervicalis.Thesuperiorroottravelsanteriortotheinternalandcommoncarotidarteries.Theinferiorroot,fromtheC2andC3nerves,travelsposteriortothecarotidsheathtojointhesuperiorrootlateralormedialtotheinternaljugularvein.CarotidsheathCommoncarotidartey.

Itisabranchofthebrachiocephatic(right),orarchoftheaorta(left).

Inthecarotidsheath,thearterypassesupwards,deeptothesternomastoidand,inthecarotidtriangle,runsparalleltothetracheaandlarynxtotheleveloftheupperborderofthethyroidcartilagewhereitdividesintointernalandexternalcarotidarteries.

Whereitdividesitisdilatedtoformthecarotidsinuswhichissenstivetoarterialpressurechange.Internalcarotidartery.

Thisterminalbranchofthecommoncarotidarterypassesupwardstoenterthecarotidcanalinthetemporalbone,takingwithaplexusofsympatheticfibers.Itsuppliesthebrainandorbitbuthasnobranchesintheneck.Itrunsrighttothebaseoftheskullinthecarotidsheath.Externalcarotidartery.

Thismajorarteryrunssuperiorlyfromitsorigintoterminateposteriortothemiddleoftheramusofthemandiblebydividingintotwoterminalbranches,themaxillaryartery,whichpassesforward,deeptothemandible,andthesuperficialtemporalarterywhichrunstothetemporalregionbypassingoverthezygomaticprocessofthetemporalboneanteriortotheexternalauditorymeatus.Branchesoftheexternalcarotidartery.

1.Thesuperiorthyroidarteryoriginatesjustbelowthegreaterhornofthehyoid.Itpassesposteriorofthethyroidgland.Theexternallaryngealbranchofthesuperiorlaryngealnerveaccompaniesit.

2.Thelingualarteryoriginatesatthelevelofthegreaterhornofthehyoidboneandrunsdeeptothehypoglossalnerveandhyoglossusmuscletosupplythetongue.

3.Thefacialarteryoriginatesjustsuperiortothelingual.Itmaybecrossedbythehypoglossalnerve.Itrunsdeeptothemandible,groovesofthesubmandibulargland,andthenpassesinferiorlytoswingaroundthelowerborderofthemandibleandenterthefacejustanteriortotheinsertionofthemassetermuscle.Thefacialpulsecanbepalpatedhere.Internaljugularvein.

Theinternaljugularveinemergesfromtheskullatthejugularforamen,togetherwiththevagusnerve,andclosetotheinternalcarotidarterywhereitentersthecarotidcanal.Alongwiththeinternalandcommoncarotidarteries,theinternaljugularveinandvagusnervedescendinafibrousenvelope,thecarotidsheath,toleavetheanteriortrianglebypassingdeeptothesternomastoidmuscle.Vagusnerve.

Thesuperiorlaryngealnerveisoriginfromthevagusnerve,iscloselyrelatednearthesuperiorthyroidartery.HypoglossalnerveThisimportantnervepassesthroughtheupperportionofthecarotidtriangle,appearingfromdeeptothedigastricmuscleandthendisappearingdeeptoit.Itissuperiortopracticallyallstructuresinthisareaofthetriangle,includingthehyoglossusmuscle.DistributionofCNⅫAccessorynerveAccessorynerve.

Thespinalportionaremotortothesternomastoidandtrapeziusmuscle.Cervicalplexus

Sensorybranches:

-lesseroccipital

-greatauricular

-transversecutaneousoftheneck

-supraclavicular

-branchestothephrenicnerveMuscularbranches:

-tothephrenicn.forthediaphragmaticm.

-tothestrapmuscles

-tolevatorscapulae,rhomboidsetc,ofnoclinicalimportanceCervicalpartofsympathetictrunkThesympathetictrunkhavethreeganglionsupeior,middle(notshown),andinferiorganglion.CervicalpartofsympathetictrunkThesympathetictrunkhavethreeganglionsupeior,middle(notshown),andinferiorcervicalganglion(stellateganglion).PosteriorbellyofdigastricSuperficial:greaterauricularn.,posteriormandibularvein,andcervicalbranchoffacialn.;Deep:internaljugularv.,internalandexternalcarotida.,vagusn.,hypoglossaln.,cervicaltrunk;superior:posteriorauriculara.,facialn.andglossopharyngealn.Inferior:occipitala.andhypoglossaln.Anteriortriangleofneck-Ⅰ,lateralviewTheaccessorynerveentersthedeepsurfaceofthesternocleidomastoidmuscleandisjoinedalongitsinferiorborderbythesternocleidomastoidbranchoftheoccipitalartery;2.Theinternaljugularveinisjoinedanteriorlybyseveralveins,notablythefacialveinnearthelevelofthehyoidbone;3.Theretromandibularandfacialveinsrunsuperificialtothesubmandibulargland;4.Thesubmandibularlymphnodes.Anteriortriangleofneck-Ⅱ,lateralview1.Thefacialandlingualarteriesarisefromacommontrunkandpassdeeptothestylohyoidanddigastricmuscles;2.Thehypoglossalnervepassesdeeptothedigastricmuscletwice,crossingtheinternalandexternalcarotidarteriesandgivingofftwobranches:thesuperiorrootoftheansacervicalisandthenervetothethyrohyoidmuscle;3.Theinternalandexternallaryngealnervesaredeeptotheexternalcarotidartery;4.Thecommoncarotidarteryliesinagroovebetweenthetracheaandthestrapmuscles.Thecarotidpulseisroutinelycheckedduringcardiopulmonaryresuscitation(CPR);theabsenceofacarotidpulseindicatescardiacarrest.MusculartriangleBoundaries:

-midline

-sternomastoid

-omohyoidContents

-strapmuscles

-thyroidandparathyroid

gland

-larynx

-cervicalpartoftrachea

-esophagus

-vesselsandnervesStrapmusclesThetwosuperficialdepressorsofthelarynxaretheomohyoid(superiorbelly)andsternohyoid.StrapmusclesThesternohyoidandomohyoidmusclesarereflected,exposingthedeepsternothyroidandthyrohyoidmucles;ontherightsideofthespecimen,thesternothyroidmuscleislargelyexcised.ThyroidglandThethyroidglandconsistofrightandleftlobesandaconnectingisthmus.Itsmainfunctionisthesecretionofathyroxinhormonewhichcontrolstherateofmetabolism.Italsosecretescalcitonim,ahormoneconcernedwithcalciummetabolism.Surfaceanatomy,anteriorviewThyroidglandThetwolobesofthethyroidglandareunitedacrossthemedianplanebyanisthmus;theisthmususuallyextendingoverthe2and4trachealrings.Thesurfacenetworkofveinsontheglandisdrainedbythesuperior,middle,andinferiorthyroidveins;Therightlobeoftheglandliesoverthecommoncarotidartery;Thesuperiorthyroida.andexternallaryngealn.;Anteriorneck–deepdissection,anteriorviewThyroidglandTheretainingfascialbandattachesthecapsuleofthethyroidglandtothecricotrachealligamentandcricotidcartilage;Theleftrecurrentlaryngealnerveascendsonthelateralaspectofthetrachea,justanteriortotheanglebetweenthetracheaandesophagus,andposteriortothefascialband;Thyroidglandretracted,anterolateralviewThyroidglandTheinternallaryngealnerverunsalongthesuperiorborderoftheinferiorconstrictormuscleandpiercesthethyrohyoidmembrane;Theexternallaryngealnerveliesadjacenttotheinferiorconstrictormuscle,runsalongtheanteriorborderofthesuperiorthyroidartery,passesdeeptotheinsertionofthesternothyroidmuscle;Thyroidglandretracted,anterolateralviewThefascialbandretainsthethyroidglandand,posteriortoit,therecurrentlaryngealnerveandinferiorlaryngealarteryTransversesectionofneckthroughthyroidglandThevascularsupplyofthethyroidglandSuperiorthyroidarteryisabranchoftheexternalcarotidarterythatdescendstothesuperiorpoleofthethyroidglandwhilethe

inferiorthyroidarteryisabranchofthethyrocervicaltrunkfromthesubclavian.Theinferiorthyroidarteryascendstoreachtheinferiorpoleofthethyroid.Leftsideofrootofneck,anterolaterlatealviewLarynxSkeletonoflarynx:

-thyroidcartilage

-cricoidcartilage

-epiglottis

-arytenoidcartilageLarynxSkeletonoflarynx:

-thyroidcartilage

-cricoidcartilage

-epiglottis

-arytenoidcartilageLarynxSkeletonoflarynx:

-thyroidcartilage

-cricoidcartilage

-epiglottis

-arytenoidcartilageLarynxSkeletonoflarynx:

-thyroidcartilage

-cricoidcartilage

-epiglottis

-arytenoidcartilageLarynxSkeletonoflarynx:

-thyroidcartilage

-cricoidcartilage

-epiglottis

-arytenoidcartilageJointsofthelarynxCricothyroidjointCricoarytenoidjointVocalligamentandvocalfoldRunningfromthevocalprocessofthearytenoidcartilageforwardtothejunctionofthelaminaeofthethyroidcartilageisthevocalligament.Connectingthevocalligamenttothesidewallistheconuselasticus.Theconuselasticusandthevocalligamentsarecoveredbymucousmembrane,themembranecoveringthevocalligamentsbeingpearlywhiteincolor.Thevocalfoldisthecombinationofthevocalligamentandconuselasticuscoveredbymucousmembrane.Quadrangularmembraneandvestibularlig.Runningfromthyroidcartilagetoarytenoidcartilageissecondfoldofmucousmembranecalledthevestibularfold.Betweenthevestibularandvocalfoldisadepressioninthelateralwallofthelarynxcalltheventricle.ThyrohyoidmembraneMedianthyrohyoidlig.Lateralthyrohyoidlig.MusclesthatmovethevocalcordsAbduction:

posteriorcricoarytenoidAdduction:

lateralcricoarytenoid,thyroarytenoids.Tensing:cricothyroid,andmusclefibresattachedtothecordsthemselves.LaryngealcavityLaryngealvestibule

-apertureoflarynxIntermedialcavityoflarynx

-ventricle

-vestibularfold

-vocalfold

-rimaglottidisInfraglotticcavityInterioroflarynx,posteriorviewLaryngealcavityLaryngealvestibule

-apertureoflarynxIntermedialcavityoflarynx

-ventricle

-vestibularfold

-vocalfold

-rimaglottidisInfraglotticcavityInterioroflarynx,coronalsectionArterialsupplyofthelarynxThelarynxreceivesitsarterialsupplyfromthesuperiorandinferiorlaryngealarterieswhicharebranchesofthesuperiorandinferiorthyroidarteries.NervesofthelarynxSuperiorlaryngealn.Recurrentlaryngealn.Skull,BrainandCranialNervesHeadandNeckContinuedSkullPartofAxialSkeletonCranialbones=craniumEncloseandprotectbrainAttachmentforhead+neckmusclesFacialbones=frameworkoffaceFormcavitiesforsenseorgansOpeningforair+foodpassageHoldteethAnchorfacemusclesBonesofSkullFlatbones:thin,flattened,somecurveSutures:immovablejointsjoiningbonesCalvaria=Skullcap=VaultSuperior,Lateral,PosteriorpartofskullFloor=BaseInferiorpartofskull85openingsinskullSpinalcord,bloodvessels,nervesCranialFossaeCreatedbybonyridgesSupports,encirclesbrain3FossaeAnteriorMiddlePosteriorOthersmallcavitiesinskullMiddleEar,InnerEarNasalOrbitSkullthroughLifeOssifieslatein2ndmonthofdevelopmentFrontal+Mandiblestartas2halves-thenfuseSkullbonesseparatedbyunossifiedmembranes=FontanelsAllowcompressionofskullduringdeliveryMostlyreplacedw/boneafter1styearGrowthofSkull?adultsizebyage9months?adultsizeby2years100%adultsizeby8-9yearsFaceenlargesbetweenages6-13years4PartsCerebrumDiencephalonBrainStemPonsMedullaMidbrainCerebellumGraymattersurroundedbyWhitematterTheBrainMeninges:3membranesaroundbrainandspinalcordMadeofConnectivetissueFunctionsCover,ProtectCNSEnclose,protectbloodvesselssupplyingCNSContainCSF3LayersDuraMater(external)ArachnoidMater(middle)PiaMater(internal)Meninges(continued)DuramaterStrongest,2Layers,FibrousConnectiveTissuePeriosteallayer(Periosteum):External/superficiallayerMeningeallayer:Internal/deeplayerLayersfusedexceptaroundduralsinuses(venousbloodfilledinternaljugularvein)FalxCerebri

-verticalpartitionmadeofduramaterbetweenCerebralhemispheresFalxCerebelli

-verticalpartition,continuationoffalxcerebriTentoriumCerebelli

-horizontalpartitionmadeofduramaterbetweencerebrumandcerebellumMeninges(continued)ArachnoidMaterMiddlelayerSubarachnoidSpace-betweenarachnoidmaterandpiamater(containsmostofCSF,bloodvessels)ArachnoidVilli-projectionsofarachnoidmaterthroughduraintosuperiorsagittalsinus,actasvalvestohelpCSFpassintoduralsinusesMeninges(continued)PiaMaterInnermostlayerDelicate,highlyvascularClingsdirectlytobraintissue,dipsintoconvolutionsVentriclesExpansionsofbrain’scentralcavityLinedwithEpendymalCellsFilledwithCSF(cerebrospinalfluid)Ventriclescontinuousw/eachother+centralcanalofspinalcordVentricles(continued)LateralVentricle(#1+2)CerebralHemisphereThirdVentricleDiencephalonInterventricularForamen:connectstolateralventricleFourthVentricleHindbrainCerebralAqueduct:connects3rdand4thventriclesConnectstocentralcanalofspinalcord&medulla3openingsconnect4thtoSubarachnoidspace2lateralapertures1medianaperture34lateralCSF:sodium,chlorideions,proteins,

glucose,O2LiquidcushionforbrainandspinalcordNourishesbrainRemoveswasteConductschemicalsignalsbetweenpartsofCNSProducedinChoroidPlexuses:groupofcapillariessurroundedbyependymalcellsFormsasafiltrateofbloodFlowofCSFFormedinChoroidplexusesThroughVentriclesIntoSubarachnoidspace¢ralcanalfrom4thventricleThroughArachnoidVilliintoSuperiorSagittalSinusIntoInternalJugularVeinCerebrum“ExecutiveSuite”ofnervoussystemSelf-awareness,initiate+controlvoluntarymovements,communicate,remember,understandMadeofGraymatter,Whitematter,Basalgangli(nuclei)MostsuperiorregionCoversdiencephalon+topofbrainstemlikemushroomcapManysmallgrooves+deepfissuresTransverse-separatescerebralhemisphere+cerebellumLongitudinal-separatesright+leftcerebralhemispheresSulci–groovesonsurfaceGyri-ridgesofbraintissuebetweensulciCerebralHemispheres:

Eachhemispheredividedinto5lobesFrontalParietalOccipitalTemporalInsulaCreatedbydeepsulciFunctionalareas:motor,sensoryAssociativeareas:integrateDiencephalonSurroundedbycerebralhemispheresMadeof3PairedStructuresThalamusCommunicatessensoryinfoofcerebralcortexHypothalamusRegulatesmanybodyactivitiesEmotion,sleep,memory,etc.PituitaryGland-hormonesEpithalamusPinealGland-hormoneBrainstem:Midbrain,Pons,MedullaPassageofsignalsbetweenspinalcordandcerebrum*Midbrain:containscellbodiesofCNIII,IV*Pons:attachmentofCNV,VI,VII*Medulla:attachmentofCNVIII,IX,X,XI,XII***

Smooths+coordinatesbodymovementsdirectedbyotherpartsofbrain2CerebellarHemispheresInformationonequilibriumMovementofneck,trunk,limbsInformationfromCerebralcortexCerebellumBloodBrainBarrier Protectsbrainfromblood-bornetoxins (e.g.urea,foodtoxins,bacteria)EndotheliumofbraincapillariesareloadedwithtightjunctiontodecreasepermeabilityNotcompleteprotection,somethingsstillhavetogetthrough(e.g.fat-solublemoleculescanpassthrough)VesselsServingBrainVeins=Int.Jugular,Ext.Jugular,VertebralInt.Jugular-drainsbrainExt.Jugular-drainsscalp,face(superficial)Vertebral-drainscervicalvert.,cervicalspinalcord,smallneckmusclesDuralSinuses=intracranial-receivebloodfromveinsinbrain,bringtoInternalJugularSeepg567VesselsServingBrainArteriesExternalCarotidArtery(&branchesof)Tissuesofhead&face,skin,musclesMiddlemeningeala.=brainInternalCarotidArtery(&branchesof)Opthalmica.=Eye&OrbitsAnt&MiddleCerebralarts=CerebrumVertebralArteryPosteriorbrainVertebrae&CervicalSpinalCordBranchesformCerebralArterialCircl