cloze&skim教師版完形填空知識資料需要打印

朽木易折，金石可鏤。千里之行，始于足下。PAGE第頁/共頁完形填空Cloze1(CET-6)Accordingtosomescientists,migratorybirdsareableto1)______thewinter.Abird’sfeatherycoatisgoodinsulation2)______thecold.Becauseabirdiswarm-blooded,itsbodytemperaturealwaysremains3)______,4)______thetemperatureofitssurroundingschanges.

Thefactorsthat5)______migratory6)______inbirdsaredifficult7)______.Itseemstobeinstinctive,not8)______.Forexample,manynorthern9)______leavetheirsummerhomeswhiletheweatherisstillwarmandthefoodsupply10)______.Youngarcticternsbornatthearcticbreedinggroundswilllakeoffwiththe11)______fordistantlandstheyhaveneverseen.

Birdmigrationsareprobablyregulatedbytheglandularsystem.Scientists12)______thatthechanginglengthofthedayisthefactorthatcausesmigration.Inanexperiment,migratorybirdswerekeptin13)______lightedrooms.Itwasfoundthatifperiodsofdarknesswerelengthenedproportionately,theglandsofthebirdsbecame14)______.Theseglandssecretehormones,whichare15)______thatcontrolnumerousbodyfunctions.Shorterperiodsofdaylightseemtochangethehormone16)______ofbirds,sothattheyretainmorefat.This17)______fatisthefuelthatprovidestheenergy18)______alongflight.Thesameexperiment19)______thatthebirdsbecamemoreexcitedastheartificialnightwaslengthened.Itisprobably20)______coincidencethatmostflocksbegintheirmigratoryflightsduringthenight.1.A.withhold B.withstand C.withdraw D.witness2.A.off B.against C.to D.for3.A.changing B.high C.constant D.instant4.A.even B.exceptthat C.therefore D.evenif5.A.trigger B.transmit C.trickle D.transfer6.A.deed B.attempt C.intention D.behavior7.A.tobeexplained B.explaining C.toexplain D.explained8.A.initial B.supposed C.instructive D.learned9.A.species B.specimens C.specialists D.spectators10.A.plentiful B.scarce C.less D.numerous11.A.herd B.crowd C.flock D.swarm12.A.debate B.argue C.suspect D.remind13.A.secretly B.strongly C.substantially D.artificially14.A.active B.inactive C.sensitive D.senseless15.A.materials B.substances C.chemicals D.nutrients16.A.stream B.characteristic C.balance D.input17.A.stored B.distributed C.collected D.spread18.A.with B.on C.for D.into19.A.hasrevealed B.revealed C.hasbeenrevealing D.wasrevealed20.A.a B.no C.some D.theKeys:15:BBCDA 610:DCDAA1115:CCDAC 1620:CACBBCloze2(CET-4)Overhalftheworld’speoplenowliveincities.Thelatest“GlobalReportonHumanSettlements”saysasignificantchangetookplacelastyear.Thereport1)______thisweekfromU.N.Habitat,aUnitedNationsagency.Acenturyago,2)______thanfivepercentofallpeoplelivedincities.3)______themiddleofthiscenturyitcouldbeseventypercent,or4)______sixandahalfbillionpeople.Alreadythree-fourthsofpeoplein5)______countriesliveincities.Nowmosturbanpopulation6)______isinthedevelopingworld.Urbanizationcan7)______tosocialandeconomicprogress,butalsoput8)______oncitiestoprovidehousingand9)______.Thenewreportsaysalmosttwohundredthousandpeoplemove10)______citiesandtownseachday.Itsaysworseninginequalities,11)______bysocialdivisionsanddifferencesin12)______,couldresultinviolenceandcrime13)______citiesplanbetter.Anotherissueisurbansprawl(無序擴展的城區(qū)).Thisiswherecities14)______quicklyintoruralareas,sometimes15)______amuchfasterratethanurbanpopulationgrowth.Sprawlis16)______intheUnitedStates.Americansmovealot.Inarecentstudy,ArtHallattheUniversityofKansasfoundthatpeoplearemovingawayfromthe17)______citiestosmallerones.Heseesa18)______toward“de-urbanization”acrossthenation.19)______urbaneconomiesstillprovidemany1.[A]cameon [B]cameoff [C]cameover [D]cameout2.[A]more [B]other [C]less [D]rather3.[A]By [B]Through [C]Along [D]To4.[A]really [B]barely [C]ever [D]almost5.[A]flourishing [B]developed [C]thriving [D]fertile6.[A]extension [B]addition [C]raise [D]growth7.[A]keep [B]turn [C]lead [D]refer8.[A]pressure [B]load [C]restraint [D]weight9.[A]surroundings [B]communities [C]concerns [D]services10.[A]onto [B]into [C]around [D]upon11.[A]pulled [B]driven [C]drawn [D]pressed12.[A]situation [B]wealth [C]treasure [D]category13.[A]when [B]if [C]unless [D]whereas14.[A]expand [B]split [C]invade [D]enlarge15.[A]in [B]beyond [C]with [D]at16.[A]common [B]conventional [C]ordinary [D]frequent17.[A]essential [B]prior [C]primitive [D]major18.[A]trend [B]style [C]direction [D]path19.[A]Then [B]But [C]For [D]While20.[A]abilities [B]qualities [C]possibilities [D]realitiesKeys15:DCADB 610:DC AD B1115:BBCAD 1620:ADABC答案及解析：

1.Dcameout表示出版，公布，這里表示報告的公布。2.Cless按照上下文可知這里說的是都市人口的增長，強調(diào)之前的少和現(xiàn)在的多，所以用少于更合適。lessthan：少于，不到。3.Aby在這里表示截止到某時光為止。4.Dalmost幾乎，將近，對前面的解釋，說明人口有多少。5.Bdeveloped按照上下文意思，以及后文相對的developingworld可知應(yīng)該是發(fā)達國家，即：developedcountries。6.growth仔細閱讀的話可以發(fā)現(xiàn)下文就有答案，這里講的是都市人口的增長，所以用growth。7.leadto表示導(dǎo)致，通向，本段末也有浮上過，在這里是說都市化有助于社會和經(jīng)濟的長進。8.pressure從下文的描述可以看出過快的都市化也給城市帶來了龐大壓力，所以選pressure。9.services服務(wù)，城市為人們提供住房和服務(wù)。10.into介詞挑選，moveinto移入，遷入；固定搭配。11.driven表示推進，驅(qū)動，drivenby由…驅(qū)動，由什么緣故引起的。12.wealth財富；socialdivisionanddifferencesinwealth社會分化和財富上的差距。13.unless除非，這里說的是除非城市計劃更好，否則各部分財富分配不均的局面將可能導(dǎo)致犯罪問題。14.expand指擴張，expandintoruralareas擴張到農(nóng)村地區(qū)。15.atamuchfasterrate以更快的速度，固定搭配16.common表示某事件很普遍平時。從下文的acrossAmerica可知這種情況很普遍很常見。17.majorcities，大城市，與后文中的smallercities形成對照18.trend趨勢，這里是對前面情況的概括，atrendtowardde-urbanization表示一種逆城市化的發(fā)展趨勢。19.but表示轉(zhuǎn)折，說城市還是有自身優(yōu)點的，與前面的“逆城市化”形成轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。20.possibilities可能性，這里表示城市依然能夠提供農(nóng)村所不能提供的機會和可能性。Cloze3(CET-4) Universitiesareinstitutionsthatteachawidevarietyofsubjectsatadvancedlevels.Theyalsocarryoutresearchworkaimed1)______extendingman'sknowledgeofthesesubjects.Theemphasisgiventoeachofthesefunctions2)______fromuniversitytouniversity,accordingtotheviewsofthepeoplein3)______andaccordingtotheresourcesavailable.Thesmallerandneweruniversitiesdono4)______thestafforequipmenttocarryoutthe5)______researchprojectspossibleinlargerinstitutions.6)______mostexpertsagreethatsomeresearchactivityis7)______tokeepthestaffandtheirstudentsin8)______withthelatestdevelopmentsintheirsubjects.

Moststudentsattendauniversitymainlyto9)______theknowledgeneededfortheirchosen10)______.Educationistsbelievethatthisaimshouldnotbethe11)______one.Universitieshavealwaysaimedtoproducemenandwomen12)______judgmentandwisdomaswellasknowledge.Forthisreason,they13)______studentstomeetotherswithdiffering14)______andtoreadwidelyto15)______theirunderstandinginmanyfieldsofstudy.16)______asecondaryschoolcourse,astudentshouldbeinterestedenoughinasubjecttoenjoygainingknowledgeforitsown17)______.Heshouldbepreparedto18)______sacrificestostudyhischosen19)______indepth.Heshouldhaveanambitiontomakesome20)______contributiontoman'sknowledge.

1.A)at B)by C)to D)in

2.A)turns B)ranges C)moves D)varies

3.A)prospect B)place C)control D)favor

4.A)occupy B)possess C)involve D)spare

5.A)maximum B)medium C)virtual D)vast

6.A)But B)As C)While D)For

7.A)natural B)essential C)functional D)optional

8.A)coordination B)accordance C)touch D)grasp

9.A)acquire B)accept C)endure D)ensure

10A)procession B)profession C)possession D)preference

11.A)typical B)true C)mere D)only

12.A)with B)under C)on D)through

13.A)prompt B)provoke C)encourage D)anticipate

14.A)histories B)expressions C)interests D)curiosities

15.A)broaden B)lengthen C)enforce D)specify

16.A)Amid B)Over C)After D)Upon

17.A)object B)effect C)course D)sake

18.A)take B)suffer C)make D)pay

19.A)field B)target C)scope D)goal

20.A)radical B)meaningful C)truthful Keys15:ADBBD 610:CBCAB11—15:DACCA 16—20:BDBAC

Cloze4(CET-4)Onefactorthatcaninfluenceconsumersistheirmoodstate.Moodmaybedefined

1)______atemporaryandmildpositiveornegativefeelingthatisgeneralizeandnottied2)______anyparticularcircumstance.Moodsshouldbe3)______formemotionswhichareusuallymoreintense,4)______tospecificcircumstances,andoftenconscious.5)______onesense,theeffectofaconsumer’smoodcanbethoughtofin6)______thesamewayascanourreactionstothe7)______ofourfriendswhenourfriendsarehappyand“up”,thattendstoinfluenceuspositively,8)______whentheyare“down”,thatcanhavea9)______impactonus.Similarly,consumersoperatingundera10)______moodstatetendtoreacttostimuli(刺激因素)inadirection11)______withthatmoodstate.Thus,forexample,weshouldexpecttosee12)______inapositivemoodstateevaluateproductsinmoreofa13)______mannerthantheywouldwhennotinsuchastate.14)______,moodstatesappearcapableof15)______aconsumer’smemory.

Moodsappeartobe16)______influencedbymarketingtechniques.Forexample,therhythm,pitch,and17)______ofmusichasbeenshowntoinfluencebehaviorsuchasthe18)______oftimespentinsupermarketsor19)______topurchaseproducts.Inaddition,advertisingcaninfluenceconsumers’moodswhich,in20)______,arecapableofinfluencingconsumers’reactionstoproducts.

1.A)as B)about C)by D)with

2.A)over

B)under

C)to

D)up

3.A)derived

B)descended

C)divided

D)distinguished

4.A)related

B)referred

C)attached

D)associated

5.A)On

B)In

C)Of

D)By

6.A)thus

B)much

C)even

D)still

7.A)signal

B)gesture

C)view

D)behavior

8.A)for

B)but

C)unless

D)provided

9.A)relative

B)decisive

C)negative

D)sensitive

10.A)given

B)granted

C)fixed

D)driven

11.A)resistant

B)persistent

C)insistent

D)consistent

12.A)consumers

B)businessmen

C)serious

D)manufacturers

13.A)casual

B)critical

C)serious

D)favorable

14.A)However

B)Otherwise

C)Moreover

D)Nevertheless

15.A)lifting

B)enhancing

C)raising

D)cultivating

16.A)readily

B)rarely

C)cautiously

D)currently

17.A)step

B)speed

C)band

D)volume

18.A)extent

B)amount

C)scope

D)range

19.A)facilities

B)capacities

C)reflections

D)intentions

20.A)turn

B)total

C)detail

D)depthKeys15:ACDAC 610:BDBCA

11—15:DADCB 1620:ADBDACloze5(CET-4) AnearthquakehitKashmironOct.8,2005.ittooksome75,000lives,__67__130,000andleftnearly3.5millionwithoutfood,jobsorhomes.__68__overnight,scoresoftentvillagesbloomed__69__theregion,tendedbyinternationalaidorganizations,military__70__andaidgroupsworkingdayandnighttoshelterthesurvivorsbeforewinterset__71__. Mercifully,theseasonwasmild.Butwiththe__72__ofspringtherefugeeswillbemovedagain.Campsthat__73__healthcare,foodandshelterfor150,000survivorshavebeguntocloseastheywere__74__intendedtobepermanent. Formostoftherefugees,thethoughtofgoingbackbrings__75__emotions.Thepastsixmonthshavebeendifficult.Familiesof__76__manyas10peoplehavehadtoshelter__77__asingletentandsharecookstovesandbathing__78__withneighbors.“Theyarelookingforwardtothecleanwateroftheirrivers,”officialssay.“Theyare__79__offreefreshfruit.Theywanttogetbacktotheirherdsandstart__80__again.”Butmostwillbereturningto__81__butheapsofruins.Inmanyvillages,electrical__82__havenotbeenrepaired,norhaveroads.Aidworkers__83__thatitwilltakeyearstorebuildwhattheearthquaketook__84__.Andforthethousandsofsurvivors,the__85__willneverbecomplete. Yetthesurvivorshavetostartsomewhere.Newhomescanbebuilt__86__thestones,bricksandbeamsofoldones.Springiscominganditisagoodtimetostartagain.67. A)injured B)ruined C)destroyed D)damaged68. A)Altogether B)Almost C)Scarcely D)Surely69. A)among B)above C)amid D)across70. A)ranks B)equipment C)personnel D)installations71. A)out B)in C)on D)forth72. A)falling B)emergence C)arrival D)appearing73. A)strengthened B)aided C)transferred D)provided74. A)never B)once C)ever D)yet75. A)puzzled B)contrasted C)doubled D)mixed76. A)like B)as C)so D)too77. A)by B)below C)under D)with78. A)facilities B)instruments C)implements D)appliances79. A)seeking B)dreaming C)longing D)searching80. A)producing B)cultivating C)farming D)nourishing81. A)anything B)something C)everything D)nothing82. A)lines B)channels C)paths D)currents83. A)aside B)away C)up D)evaluate84. A)aside B)away C)up D)out85. A)reservation B)retreat C)replacement D)recovery86. A)from B)through C)upon D)ontoKeys6771:ABDCB 7276:CDADB7781:CABCD 8286:ACBDA迅速閱讀Skim-1(CET-4)That’senough,kidsItwasalovelydayattheparkandStellaBianchiwasenjoyingthesunshinewithhertwochildrenwhenayoungboy,agedaboutfour,approachedhertwo-year-oldsonandpushedhimtotheground.“I’dwatchedhimforalittlewhileandmysonwasthefourthorfifthchildhe’dshoved,”shesays.”Iwentovertothem,pickedupmyson,turnedtotheboyandsaid,firmly,’No,wedon’tpush,”Whathappenednextwasunexpected.“Theboy’smotherrantowardmefromacrossthepark,”Stellasays,”Ithoughtshewascomingovertoapologize,butinsteadshestartedshoutingatmefordiscipliningherchild,AllIdidwaslethimknowhisbehaviorwasunacceptable.WasIsupposedtositbackwhileherkiddidwhateverhewanted,hurtingotherchildrenintheprocess?”Gettingyourownchildrentoplayniceisdifficultenough.Dealingwithotherpeople’schildrenhasbecomeaminefield.Inmyhouse,jumpingonthesofaisnotallowed.Inmysister’shouseit’sencouraged.Forher,it’saboutkidsbeingkids:”Ifyoucan’tdoitatthree,whencanyoudoit?”Eachofthesephilosophiesisvalidand,ithastobesaid,mysonlovesvisitinghisaunt’shouse.ButIfindmyselfsaying“no”alotwhenherkidsareoveratmine.That’sOKbetweensistersbutbecomesdangerousterritorywhenyou’retalkingtothechildrenoffriendsoracquaintances.“Kidsaren’tallraisedthesame,”agreesProfessorNaomiWhiteofMonashInthosecircumstances,it’sdifficulttoknowwhethertoapproachthechilddirectlyortheparentfirst.Therearetwoschoolsofthought.“I’dgotothechildfirst,”saysAndrewFuller,authorofTrickyKids.Usuallyaquietreminderthat’wedon’tdothathere’isenough.Kidsnavefinelytunedantennae(直覺)forhowtobehaveindifferentsettings.”Hepointsoutbringingitupwiththeparentfirstmaymakethemfeelneglectful,whichcouldcauseproblems.Ofcourse,approachingthechildfirstcanbringitsownheadaches,too.ThisiswhyWhiterecommendsthatyouapproachtheparentsfirst.Raiseyourconcernswiththeparentsifthey’rethereandaskthemtodealwithit,”shesays.Askedhowtoapproachaparentinthissituation,psychologistMeredithFulleranswers:“Explainyourneedsaswellasstressingtheimportanceofthefriendship.Prefaceyourremarkswithsomethinglike:’Iknowyou’llthinkI’msillybutinmyhouseIdon’twant…’”Whenitcomestosituationswhereyou’recaringforanotherchild,whiteisstraightforward:“commonsensemustprevail.Ifthingsdon’tgowell,thenhaveachat.”There’reacoupleofnewgreyareas.Physicalpunishment,onceacceptedfromanyadult,isnolongerappropriate.“Anewsetofconsiderationshascometotheforeaspartofthedebateabouthowwehandlechildren.”ForAndrewFuller,thechild-centricnatureofoursocietyhasaffectedeveryone:”Therulesaredifferentnowfromwhentoday’sparentsweregrowingup,”hesays,“Adultsarescaredofsaying:’don’tswear’,oraskingachildtostanduponabus.They’reworriedthattherewillbeconflictiftheypointthesethingsout–eitherfromolderchildren,ortheirparents.”Heseesitasalossofthesenseofcommonpublicgoodandpubliccourtesy(禮貌),andsaysthatadultssufferformitasmuchaschild.MeredithFulleragrees:“Acodeofconductishardtocreatewhenyou’relivinginaworldinwhicheveryoneisexhaustedfromoverworkandlackofsleep,andaworldinwhichnicepeopleareperceivedtofinishlast.”“It’saboutwhatI’mdoingandwhatIneed,”AndrewFullersays.”thedayswhenakidcamehomefromschoolareoverandsaid,“Igotintotrouble”.Anddadsaid,‘youprobablydeservedit’..Nowtheparentsarecharginguptotheschooltohaveagoatteachers.”Thisjumpingtoourchildren’sdefenseispartofwhatfuelsthe“walkingoneggshells”feelingthatsurroundsourdealingswithotherpeople’schildren.Youknowthatifyouremonstrate(勸誡)withthechild,you’regoingtohavetodealwiththeparent.it’sadmirabletobeprotectiveofourkids,butisitgood?“Childrenhavetolearntonegotiatetheworldontheirown,withinreasonableboundaries,”Whitesays.“Isuspectthatit’sonlycertainsectorsofthepopulationdoingtherunningtotheschool–better–educatedparentsareprobablymorelikelytobetooinvolved.”Whitebelievesournotionsofamorechild-centred,it’sawayoftalkingabouttreatingourchildrenlikecommodities(商品).We’recentredonthembutinwaysthatreflectpositivelyonus.Wetreatthemasobjectswhoseappearanceandachievementsaresomethingwecanbeproudof,ratherthanservethebestinterestsofthechildren.”O(jiān)newayover-worked,under-resourcedparentsshowcommitmenttotheirchildrenistoleaptotheirdefence.Backatthepark,Bianchi’sintervention(干預(yù))onherson’sbehalfendedinanundignifiedexchangeofinsultingwordswiththeotherboy’smother.AsBianchiapproachedtheparkbenchwhereshe’dbeensitting,othermumscameuptoherandcongratulatedherontakingastand.“Apparentlytheboyhadalongstandingreputationforbadbehaviourandhismumforevenworsebehaviourifhewaschallenged.”AndrewFullerdoesn’tbelievethatweshouldbeafraidofdealingwithotherpeople’skids.“l(fā)ookatkidsthataren’tyourownasapotentialminefield,”hesays.Herecommendsthatwedon’tstaysilentoverinappropriatebehaviour,particularlywithregularvisitors.1.

WhatdidStellaBianchiexpecttheyoungboy’smothertodowhenshetalkedtohim?A)

makeanapology B)

comeovertointervene C)

disciplineherownboy D)

takeherownboyaway2.

Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutdealingwithotherpeople’schildren? A)

It’simportantnottohurttheminanyway B)

It’snousetryingtostoptheirwrongdoing C)

It’sadvisabletotreatthemasone’sownkids D)

It’spossibleforonetogetintolotsoftrouble3.

AccordingtoprofessorNaomiwhiteofMonashuniversity,whenone’skidsarecriticized,theirparentswillprobablyfeel________________ A)

discouraged B)

hurt C)

puzzled D)

overwhelmed4.

Whatshouldonedowhenseeingotherpeople’skidsmisbehaveaccordingtoAndrewfuller? A)

talktothemdirectlyinamildway B)

complaintotheirparentspolitely C)

simplyleavethemalone D)

punishthemlightly5.

Duetothechild-centricnatureofoursociety,_________________ A)

parentsareworriedwhentheirkidsswearatthem B)

peoplethinkitimpropertocriticizekidsinpublic C)

peoplearereluctanttopointourkids’wrongdoings D)

manyconflictsarisebetweenparentsandtheirkids6.Inaworldwhereeveryoneisexhaustedfromoverworkandlackofsleep,. A)

It’seasyforpeopletobecomeimpatient B)

It’sdifficulttocreateacodeofconduct C)

It’simportanttobefriendlytoeverybody D)

It’shardforpeopletoadmireeachother7.

Howdidpeopleusetorespondwhentheirkidsgotintotroubleatschool? A)

They’dquestiontheteachers B)

They’dchargeuptotheschool C)They’dtellthekidstoclamdown D)

They’dputtheblameontheirkids8.

Professorwhitebelievesthatthenotionsofamorechild-centredsocietyshouldbe__________.9.

Accordingtoprofessorwhite,today’sparentstreattheirchildrenassomethingthey_________.10.

Andrewfullersuggeststhat,whenkidsbehaveinappropriately,peopleshouldnot________.Keys:15:ADBAC 67:BD8.challenged 9.canbeproudof 10.staysilentSkim-2(CET-4)Mostofusspendourlivesseekingthenaturalworld.Tothisend,wewalkthedog,playgolf,gofishing,sitinthegarden,drinkoutsideratherthaninsidethepub,haveapicnic,liveinthesuburbs,gototheseaside,buyaweekendplaceinthecountry.ThemostpopularleisureactivityinBritainisgoingforawalk.Andwhenjoggers(慢跑者)jog,theydon’trunthestreets.Everyoneoftheminstinctivelyheadstotheparkortheriver.Itismyprofoundbeliefthatnotonlydoweallneednature,butweallseeknature,whetherweknowwearedoingsoornot.Butdespitethis,ourchildrenaregrowingupnature-deprived(喪失).IspentmyboyhoodclimbingtreesonStreathamCommon,SouthLondon.Thesedays,childrenarerobbedoftheseancientfreedoms,duetoproblemslikecrime,traffic,thelossoftheopenspacesandoddnewperceptionsaboutwhatisbestforchildren,thatistosay,thingsthatcanbebought,ratherthanthingsthatcanbefound.Thetruthistobefoundelsewhere.AstudyintheUS:familieshadmovedtobetterhousingandthechildrenwereassessedforADHD—attentiondeficithyperactivitydisorder(多動癥).Thosewhoseaccommodationhadmorenaturalviewsshowedanimprovementof19%;thosewhohadthesameimprovementinmaterialsurroundingsbutnoniceviewimprovedjust4%.AstudyinSwedenindicatedthatkindergartenchildrenwhocouldplayinanaturalenvironmenthadlessillnessandgreaterphysicalabilitythanchildrenusedonlytoanormalplayground.AUSstudysuggestedthatwhenaschoolgavechildrenaccesstoanaturalenvironment,academiclevelswereraisedacrosstheentireschool.Anotherstudyfoundthatchildrenplaydifferentlyinanaturalenvironment.Inplaygrounds,childrencreateahierarchy(等級)basedonphysicalabilities,withthetoughonestakingthelead.Butwhenagrassyareawasplantedwithbushes,thechildrengotmuchmoreintofantasyplay,andthesocialhierarchywasnowbasedonimaginationandcreativity.Mostbullying(恃強凌弱)isfoundinschoolswherethereisatarmac(柏油碎石)playground;theleastbullyingisinanaturalareathatthechildrenareencouragedtoexplore.ThisremindsmeunpleasantlyofSunnyhillSchoolinStreatham,withitsharshtarmac,whereIusedtohangaboutincornersButchildrenarefrequentlydiscouragedfrominvolvementwithnaturalspaces,forhealthandsafetyreasons,forfearthattheymightgetdirtyorthattheymightcausedamage.So,instead,thedamageisdonetothechildrenthemselves:nottotheirbodiesbuttotheirsouls.OneofthegreatproblemsofmodernchildhoodisADHD,nowincreasinglyandexpensivelytreatedwithdrugs.YetonestudyafteranotherindicatesthatcontactwithnaturegiveshugebenefitstoADHDchildren.However,wespendmoneyondrugsratherthanongreenplaces.Thelifeofoldpeopleismeasurablybetterwhentheyhaveaccesstonature.Theincreasingemphasisforthegrowingpopulationofoldpeopleisinqualityratherthanquantityofyears.Andstudyafterstudyfindsthatagardenisthesinglemostimportantthinginfindingthatquality.Inwiderandmoredifficultareasoflife,thereisevidencetoindicatethatnaturalsurroundingsimproveallkindsofthings.Evenproblemswithcrimeandaggressivebehaviourarereducedwhenthereiscontactwiththenaturalworld.DrWilliamBird,researcherfromtheRoyalSocietyfortheProtectionofBirds,statesinhisstudy,“Anaturalenvironmentcanreduceviolentbehaviourbecauseitsrestorativeprocesshelpsreduceangerandimpulsivebehaviour.”Wildplacesneedencouragingforthisreason,nomatterhowsmalltheircontribution.Wetendtolookonnatureconservationassomekindoffavourthathumanbeingsaregrantingtothenaturalworld.Theerrorhereisfartoodeep:notonlydohumansneednatureforthemselves,buttheveryideathathumanityandthenaturalworldareseparablethingsisprofoundlydamaging.Humanbeingsareaspeciesofmammals(哺乳動物).Forsevenmillionyearstheylivedontheplanetaspartofnature.Ourancestralselvesmissthenaturalworldandlongforcontactwithnon-humanlife.Anyonewhohaspattedadog,strokedacat,satunderatreewithapintofbeer,givenorreceivedabunchofflowersorchosentowalkthroughtheparkonaniceday,understandsthat.Weneedthewildworld.Itisessentialtoourwell-being,ourhealth,ourhappiness.Withoutthewildworldwearenotmorebutlesscivilised.Withoutotherlivingthingsarounduswearelessthanhuman.FivewaystofindharmonywiththenaturalworldWalk:Breaktherhythmofpermanentlybeingunderaroof.Getoffastopearlier,makeacircuitoftheparkatlunchtime,walkthechildtoandfromschool,getadog,feelyourselfmovinginmovingair,look,listen,absorb.Sit:Takeamoment,e