新教材2024高考英語二輪專題復(fù)習(xí)專題一閱讀理解第二部分怎樣準(zhǔn)解題第三講主旨大意題-高屋建瓴明意旨課件

第三講主旨大意題——高屋建瓴明意旨主旨大意題主要考查形式有三種：文章大意類、段落大意類及標(biāo)題歸納類。主旨大意題在近三年全國卷中每套題均有涉及，雖然比重不大，

但是難度較高，

是大部分學(xué)生容易失分的題目類型，

應(yīng)給予足夠的重視，

爭取閱讀得滿分?！窘?年全國卷考情分析】清迷點(diǎn)·掃盲點(diǎn)練重點(diǎn)·練難點(diǎn)清迷點(diǎn)·掃盲點(diǎn)技法1最佳標(biāo)題類——文章主線定標(biāo)題標(biāo)題歸納題要求在理解文章的基礎(chǔ)上，結(jié)合文章的體裁和結(jié)構(gòu)，從所給選項(xiàng)中選出適合文章的標(biāo)題。注意最佳標(biāo)題的特點(diǎn)：精準(zhǔn)性強(qiáng)，不改變原文的意義和感情色彩；覆蓋性強(qiáng)，能概括全文并體現(xiàn)文章的主旨?！窘?jīng)典感悟】[典例1]

[2023·新課標(biāo)Ⅱ卷閱讀B]Turningsoil,pullingweeds,andharvestingcabbagesoundliketoughworkformiddleandhighschoolkids.Andatfirstitis,saysAbbyJaramillo,whowithanotherteacherstartedUrbanSprouts,aschoolgardenprogramatfourlow-incomeschools.Theprogramaimstohelpstudentsdevelopscienceskills,environmentalawareness,andhealthylifestyles.Jaramillo'sstudentsliveinneighborhoodswherefreshfoodandgreenspacearenoteasytofindandfastfoodrestaurantsoutnumbergrocerystores.“Thekidsliterallycometoschoolwithbagsofsnacksandlargebottlesofsoftdrinks，”shesays.“Theycometousthinkingvegetablesareawful,dirtisawful,insectsareawful.”Thoughsomeareinitiallyscaredoftheinsectsandturnedoffbythedirt,mostareeagertotrysomethingnew.UrbanSprouts'classes,attwomiddleschoolsandtwohighschools,includehands-onexperimentssuchassoiltesting,flower-and-seeddissection,tastingsoffreshordriedproduce,andworkinthegarden.Severaltimesayear,studentscookthevegetablestheygrow,andtheyoccasionallymakesaladsfortheirentireschools.Programevaluationsshowthatkidseatmorevegetablesasaresultoftheclasses.“Wehavestudentswhosaytheywenthomeandtalkedtotheirparentsandnowthey'reeatingdifferently，”Jaramillosays.Sheaddsthattheprogram'sbenefitsgobeyondnutrition.Somestudentsgetsointerestedingardeningthattheybringhomeseedstostarttheirownvegetablegardens.Besides,workinginthegardenseemstohaveacalmingeffectonJaramillo'sspecialeducationstudents,manyofwhomhaveemotionalcontrolissues.“Theygetoutside，”shesays,“andtheyfeelsuccessful.”27．Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A．RescuingSchoolGardensB．ExperiencingCountryLifeC．GrowingVegetableLoversD．ChangingLocalLandscape【答題微點(diǎn)】1．設(shè)題特點(diǎn)：標(biāo)題是文章中心思想的精煉表達(dá)，主要考查考生把握主題和理解中心思想能力，要求考生在理解文章的基礎(chǔ)上運(yùn)用判斷、歸納、概括等方法，對文章的主題進(jìn)行提煉或高度概括，最終準(zhǔn)確地選出文章的標(biāo)題。2．常見設(shè)問方式：①Whichisthebesttitleforthetext?②Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?③Whichofthefollowingcanbethebest/mostsuitabletitleforthepassage?圖解技巧1文章主線定標(biāo)題第一步讀文章，理清結(jié)構(gòu)第二步析選項(xiàng)，斟酌判斷A本文提到了學(xué)生在學(xué)校種植蔬菜，但其目的并不是為了拯救學(xué)?；▓@，而是為了培養(yǎng)學(xué)生對蔬菜的興趣移花接木，偷換概念B本文未提及體驗(yàn)鄉(xiāng)村生活相關(guān)內(nèi)容無中生有，生搬硬套C本文主要講述了AbbyJaramillo發(fā)起UrbanSprouts項(xiàng)目，帶領(lǐng)學(xué)生種植蔬菜的故事，學(xué)生們開始對園藝感興趣。選項(xiàng)蔬菜種植愛好者全面、精練地概括了文章內(nèi)容。涵蓋性強(qiáng)，覆蓋全文D本文未提及“改變當(dāng)?shù)鼐坝^”相關(guān)內(nèi)容無中生有，生搬硬套第三步對比選項(xiàng)得出答案【名師指津】技法2全文大意題——定位主題知文意文章大意是作者在文章中所要表達(dá)的主要內(nèi)容，是全文的核心思想，也是作者在文章中通過行文邏輯和各種細(xì)節(jié)來闡明的中心話題。掌握尋找文章主題的3個(gè)小技巧，可以快速確定文章大意。【經(jīng)典感悟】[典例2]

[2023·浙江卷閱讀B]Livewithroommates?Havefriendsandfamilyaroundyou?Chancesarethatifyou'relookingtoliveamoresustainablelifestyle，noteveryonearoundyouwillbereadytojumponthatbandwagon.IexperiencedthiswhenIstartedswitchingtoazerowastelifestylefiveyearsago，asIwaslivingwithmyparents，andIcontinuetoexperiencethiswithmyhusband，asheisnotcompletelyzerowastelikeme.I'velearnedafewthingsalongthewaythough，whichIhopeyou'llfindencouragingifyou'redoingyourbesttofigureouthowyoucanmakethechangeinanot-always-supportivehousehold.Zerowastewasaradicallifestylemovementafewyearsback.IremembershowingmyparentsavideoofBeaJohnson，sharinghowcoolIthoughtitwouldbetobuygrocerieswithjars，andhavesolittletrash！Afewdayslater，Icamebackwithmyfirstjarsofzerowastegroceries，andmydadcommentedonhowsillyitwasformetocarryjarseverywhere.Itcameoffasabitdiscouraging.Yetasthemonthsofreducingwastecontinued，IdidwhatIcouldthatwaswithinmyownreach.Ihadmyownbedroom，soIworkedonremovingthingsIdidn'tneed.SinceIhadmyowntoiletries(洗漱用品)，Iwasabletostartpersonalisingmyroutinetobemoresustainable.Ialsoofferedtocookeverysooften，soIportionedoutabitofthecupboardformyownzerowastegroceries.Perhapsyourhouseholdwon'tentirelymaketheswitch，butyoumayhavesomecontroloveryourownpersonalspacestomakethechangesyoudesire.Asyoumakeyourlifestylechanges，youmayfindyourselfwantingtospeakupforyourselfifotherscommentonwhatyou'redoing，whichcanturnitselfintoawholehouseholddebate.Ifyouhaveindividualswhoarenotonboard，yourwordsprobablywon'tdomuchandcanoftenleaveyoufeelingmorediscouraged.Sohereismyadvice:Leadbyaction.27．Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A．Howtogetonwellwithotherfamilymembers.B．Howtohaveone'sownpersonalspaceathome.C．Howtoliveazerowastelifestyleinahousehold.D．Howtocontrolthebudgetwhenbuyinggroceries.【答題微點(diǎn)】1．設(shè)題特點(diǎn)：文章大意題是考查考生深層理解文章以及在速讀中準(zhǔn)確定位文章主旨大意的能力。文章中的每一段都是圍繞某一主題展開的，

把每個(gè)段落的主題句綜合起來就可以概括出全文的中心思想。2．常見設(shè)問方式：①Whatisthemaintheme/topic/ideaofthis/thepassage/text?②Whatdoesthetext/passagemainlyfocuson?③Thepassage/textismainlyabout________．④Themainideaofthepassageis________．⑤Whatdoesthestorymainlytellus?圖解技巧2定位主題知文意第一步讀文章，概括文意第二步析選項(xiàng)，斟酌判斷A如何與其他家庭成員相處融洽。文中雖然提到了減少與家人在零廢物生活方式上分歧的技巧，但家庭關(guān)系并不是本文的核心。以偏概全，觀點(diǎn)片面B如何在家中擁有自己的個(gè)人空間。文中未提及相關(guān)內(nèi)容。無中生有，生搬硬套C如何在家庭中過零浪費(fèi)的生活方式。文章第一、二段講述了在家庭生活中實(shí)行“零浪費(fèi)”生活方式可能遭遇反對，第三、四段講述了作者自身經(jīng)歷，第五、六段講述了作者給讀者的建議?？芍?，文章主要內(nèi)容與如何在家庭生活中實(shí)現(xiàn)“零浪費(fèi)”生活方式有關(guān)，故C項(xiàng)正確。涵蓋性強(qiáng)，覆蓋全文D購買雜貨時(shí)如何控制預(yù)算。文中未提及相關(guān)內(nèi)容。無中生有，生搬硬套技法3段落大意題——首尾兼顧定段意段落大意題主要考查段落的主要意思，是對某個(gè)段落基本內(nèi)容的簡縮和概括。概括、總結(jié)、歸納段落大意就是用準(zhǔn)確、簡練的語言把一個(gè)段落的主要意思明確而完整地表達(dá)出來?！窘?jīng)典感悟】[典例3]

[2023·新課標(biāo)Ⅰ卷閱讀D]OnMarch7，1907,theEnglishstatisticianFrancisGaltonpublishedapaperwhichillustratedwhathascometobeknownasthe“wisdomofcrowds”effect.Theexperimentofestimationheconductedshowedthatinsomecases,theaverageofalargenumberofindependentestimatescouldbequiteaccurate.Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors,thoseerrorsaren'talwaysthesame.Somepeoplewilltendtooverestimate,andsometounderestimate.Whenenoughoftheseerrorsareaveragedtogether,theycanceleachotherout,resultinginamoreaccurateestimate.Ifpeoplearesimilarandtendtomakethesameerrors,thentheirerrorswon'tcanceleachotherout.Inmoretechnicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople'sestimatesbeindependent.Ifforwhateverreasons,people'serrorsbecomecorrelatedordependent,theaccuracyoftheestimatewillgodown.ButanewstudyledbyJoaquinNavajasofferedaninterestingtwist(轉(zhuǎn)折)onthisclassicphenomenon.Thekeyfindingofthestudywasthatwhencrowdswerefurtherdividedintosmallergroupsthatwereallowedtohaveadiscussion,theaveragesfromthesegroupsweremoreaccuratethanthosefromanequalnumberofindependentindividuals.Forinstance,theaverageobtainedfromtheestimatesoffourdiscussiongroupsoffivewassignificantlymoreaccuratethantheaverageobtainedfrom20independentindividuals.Inafollow-upstudywith100universitystudents,theresearcherstriedtogetabettersenseofwhatthegroupmembersactuallydidintheirdiscussion.Didtheytendtogowiththosemostconfidentabouttheirestimates?Didtheyfollowthoseleastwillingtochangetheirminds?Thishappenedsomeofthetime,butitwasn'tthedominantresponse.Mostfrequently,thegroupsreportedthatthey“sharedargumentsandreasonedtogether.”Somehow,theseargumentsandreasoningresultedinaglobalreductioninerror.AlthoughthestudiesledbyNavajashavelimitationsandmanyquestionsremain,thepotentialimplicationsforgroupdiscussionanddecision-makingareenormous.32．WhatisParagraph2ofthetextmainlyabout?A．Themethodsofestimation.B．Theunderlyinglogicoftheeffect.C．Thecausesofpeople'serrors.D．ThedesignofGalton'sexperiment.【答題微點(diǎn)】1．設(shè)題特點(diǎn)：段落大意題主要考查考生用準(zhǔn)確的、簡練的語言把一個(gè)段落的主要意思明確而完整地表達(dá)出來。做題時(shí)要特別注意“首尾兼顧”，即所問段落的首句和尾句。2．常見設(shè)問方式：①WhatdoestheauthortellusinParagraph...?②Thefirstparagraphismainlyabout________．圖解技巧3首尾兼顧定段意第一步首尾兼顧定段意第一段鋪墊背景，點(diǎn)出了文章話題，即Francis的論文和研究揭示了群體智慧效應(yīng)的現(xiàn)象。第二段則詳細(xì)解釋了群體智慧效應(yīng)的形成機(jī)制，人們估算的誤差并不總是相同，有人傾向于高估，有人傾向于低估，當(dāng)樣本規(guī)模足夠大的時(shí)候，人們之間的誤差互相抵消，因此形成了群體智慧效應(yīng)。因此，通過介紹群體智慧效應(yīng)的形成機(jī)制，第二段主要是為了解釋群體智慧效應(yīng)的底層邏輯。第二步析選項(xiàng)，斟酌判斷A估計(jì)的方法。原文未提及相關(guān)內(nèi)容無中生有，生搬硬套B這一效應(yīng)的底層邏輯。精確概括本段核心主旨涵蓋性強(qiáng)，覆蓋全段C人們產(chǎn)生誤差的原因。原文未提及相關(guān)內(nèi)容無中生有，生搬硬套D高爾頓實(shí)驗(yàn)的設(shè)計(jì)。原文未提及相關(guān)內(nèi)容以偏概全，觀點(diǎn)片面練重點(diǎn)·練難點(diǎn)[2023·河北省唐山市第三次模擬]It'snosecretthatourjobscanhaveamajorimpactonourlivesoutsideofwork.Butwhatmanyemployersdon'trealizeisthathowemployeesspendtheirtimeatworkcanhavesubstantialspillovereffectsontheirchildren.Toexploretheimpactofparents'workontheirchildren'sdevelopment,myteamconductedastudythatfollowedmorethan370low-wage,working-classfamiliesovermorethantenyears.Weintentionallyfocusedonlow-wagefamilies,astheygenerallyreceivefarlessattentioninthework-familyliteraturewhilefacingsomeofthegreatestchallenges.We,therefore,couldgetmoreauthenticdata.Wecompletedin-homeinterviewsandfirst-handobservationsofparent-childinteractionswithstrictassessmentsandreportsfromparentsandteachers.Thedatashowedthatparentswhoexperiencedmoreautonomyonthejobandwhohadmore-supportivemanagersandcoworkerswereinturnwarmerandmoreengagedwheninteractingwiththeirkids.Checkingbackinwiththesefamiliesyearslater,weconsistentlysawthatthechildrenofemployeeswhohadhadmore-positiveworkexperiencesintheirfirstyearsasparentshadbetterreadingandmathskills,andbettersocialskills.Soitisimportanttopromoteworkers'physicalandmentalhealth.Someorganizationstendtofocusonhigh-levelpolicychangessuchasflexibleschedulingoptions,morepaidleave,etc.Andtobesure,thesesystemicinitiativesarecertainlyimportant.Butourresearchsuggeststhatensuringworkersfeelrespectedandsupportedintheirdailyworkisoftenjustascritical.Thatmeansemployersshouldgiveemployeesthetimeandspacetosharetheirexperiencesandideas.Inthisway,employerswillensureworkersfeelbuoyantintheirdailywork.Theworkerswillfeelbrightandlively,enjoyingmoreautonomyandrespect.Ultimately,howcompaniestreattheirworkerstodaywilldeterminehowthenextgenerationgrowsuptomorrow.Thatmeansbuildingworkplacesthatvaluethewelfareofworkingparents—andthatoftheirkids,too.1．Whydidthestudychoosethelow-wagefamilies?A．Totackletheirproblems.B．Togivethemmoreattention.C．Tolearnmoretruthaboutthepoor.D．Tomakethestudymoreconvincing.答案與解析：D推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第二段“Weintentionallyfocusedonlow-wagefamilies,astheygenerallyreceivefarlessattentioninthework-familyliteraturewhilefacingsomeofthegreatestchallenges.We,therefore,c