2023全國(guó)碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語(一)試題

絕密U啟用前

2023年全國(guó)碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試

英語（一）

（科目代碼201）

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考生姓名:

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1

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)fareachnumberedblankandmark

[A],[B],[C],or[D]ontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

CaravanseraiswereroadsideinnsthatwerebuiltalongtheSilkRoadinareasincludingChina,

NorthAfricaandtheMiddleEast.Theyweretypically_1_outsidethewallsofacityorvillage

andwereusuallyfundedbygovernmentsof_2—.

Thisword“Caravanserais"isa_3_ofthePersianword“karvan”,whichmeansagroupof

travellersoracaravan,andseray,apalaceorenclosedbuilding.ThePermcaravanwasusedto

_4_groupsofpeoplewhotravelledtogetheracrosstheancientnetworkforsafetyreasons,

―5_merchants,travellersorpilgrims.

Fromthe10thcenturyonwards,asmerchantandtravelroutesbecomemoredeveloped,the

_6_oftheCaravanseraisincreasedandtheyservedasasafeplaceforpeopletorestatnight.

TravellersontheSilkRoad_7_possibilityofbeingattackedbythievesorbeing_8_to

extremeconditions.Forthisreason,Caravanseraiswerestrategicallyplaced_9_theycouldbe

reachedinaday'straveltime.

Caravanseraisservedasaninformal_10_pointforthevariouspeoplewhotravelledthe

SilkRoad._11—,thosestructuresbecameimportantcentersforculture_12_andinteraction,

withtravelerssharingtheircultures,ideasandbeliefs,_13_talkingknowledgewiththem,

greatly_14_thedevelopmentofseveralcivilizations.

Caravanseraiswerealsoanimportantmarketplaceforcommoditiesand_15_inthetrade

ofgoodsalongtheSilkRoad._16_,itwasfrequentlythefirststopmerchantslookingtosell

theirwaresand_17_suppliesfortheirownjourneys.Itis_18_thataround120,000to

15,000caravanseraiswerebuiltalongtheSilkRoad,_19_onlyabout3,000areknownto

remaintoday,manyofwhicharein_20_.

2

1.A.displayedB.occupiedC.locatedD.equipped

2.A.privatelyB.regularlyC.respectivelyD.permanently

3.A.definitionB.transitionC.substitutionD.combination

4.A.classifyB.recordC.describeD.connect

5.A.apartfromB.insteadofC.suchasD.alongwith

6.A.constructionB.restorationC.impressionD.evaluation

7.A.doubtedB.facedC.acceptedD.reduced

8.A.assignedB.subjectedC.accustomedD.opposed

9.A.sothatB.evenifC.nowthatD.incase

10.A.talkingB.startingC.breakingD.meeting

11.A.BythewayB.OnoccasionC.IncomparisonD.Asaresult

12.A.heritageB.revivalC.exchangeD.status

13.A.withregardtoB.inspiteofC.aswellasD.inlinewith

14.A.completingB.influencingC.resumingD.pioneering

15.A.aidedB.investedC.failedD.competed

16.A.RatherB.IndeedC.OtherwiseD.However

17.A.goinforB.standupforC.closeinonD.stockupon

18.A.believedB.predictedC.recalledD.implied

19.A.untilB.becauseC.unlessD.although

20.A.ruinsB.debtC.fashionD.series

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,

3

C,orD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40Points)

Text1

TheweatherinTexasmayhavecooledsincetherecentextremeheat,butthetemperature

willbehighattheStateBoardofEducationmeetinginAustinthismonthasofficialsdebatehow

climatechangeistaughtinTexasschools.

PatHardy,aconservativememberoftheboardwhosympathiseswiththeviewsofthe

energysector,isresistingproposedchangestosciencestandardsforpre-teenpupils.Thesewould

emphasisetheprimacyofhumanactivityinrecentclimatechangeandencouragediscussionof

mitigationmeasures.

Mostscientistsandindependentexpertssharplydisputeherviews.44WhatmillionsofTexas

kidslearnintheirpublicschoolsisdeterminedtoooftenbythepoliticalideologyofpartisanboard

members,ratherthanfactsandsoundscholarship,saysDanQuinn,seniorcommunications

strategistattheTexasFreedomNetwork,anon-profitgroupthatmonitorspubliceducation.t€They

casuallydismissthecareerworkofscholarsandscientistsasjustanothermisguidedopinion.^^

SuchdebatesreflectsfiercediscussionacrosstheUSandaroundtheworld,asresearchers,

policymakers,teachersandstudentsstepupdemandsforagreaterfocusonteachingaboutthe

factsofclimatechangeinschool.

AstudylastyearbytheNationalCenterforScienceEducation,anon-profitgroupof

scientistsandteachers,lookingathowstatepublicschoolsacrossthecountryaddressclimate

changeinscienceclasses,gavebarelyhalfofUSstatesagradeB+orhigher.Amongthe10worst

performersweresomeofthemostpopulousstates,includingTexas,whichwasgiventhelowest

grade(F)andhasadisproportionateinfluencebecauseitstextbooksarewidelysoldelsewhere.

GlennBranch,thecentre'sdeputydirector,cautionsthatsettingstate-levelsciencestandards

isonlyonelimitedbenchmarkinacountrythatdecentralisesdecisionstolocalschoolboards.

Evenifastateisconsideredahighperformerinitssciencestandards,"thatdoesnotmeanitwill

betaught”,hesays.

Anotherissueisthat,whileclimatechangeiswellintegratedintosomesubjectsandatsome

ages—suchasearthandspacesciencesinhighschools—itisnotaswellrepresentedin

curriculaforyoungerchildrenandinsubjectsthataremorewidelytaught,suchasbiologyand

chemistry.Itisalsolessprominentinmanysocialstudiescourses.

4

Branchpointsoutthat,evenifagrowingnumberofofficialguidelinesandtextbooksreflect

scientificconsensusonclimatechange,unofficialeducationalmaterialsthatconveymoreslanted

perspectivesarebeingdistributedtoteachers.Theyincludematerialssponsoredbylibertarian

think-tanksandenergyindustryassociations.

21.Inparagraph1,theweatherinTexasismentionedto.

A.forecastapolicyshiftinTexasschools

B.stresstheconsequencesofclimatechange

C.indicatetheatmosphereattheboardmeeting

D.drawthepublic'sattentiontoenergyshortages.

22.WhatdoesQuinnthinkofHardy?

A.sheexaggeratestheexistingpanic.

B.shedeniesthevalueofscientificwork

C.sheshowsnoconcernforpre-teens.

D.sheexpressesself-contradictoryviews.

23.ThestudymentionedinParagraph5.

A.climateeducationisinsufficientatstatepublicschools

B.policymakershavelittledriveforscienceeducation

C.Texasisreluctanttorewriteitssciencetextbooks

D.environmentalteachinginsomestateslackssupervision

24.AccordingtoBranch,state-levelsciencestandardsintheUS.

A.callforregularrevision

B.requireurgentapplication

C.havelimitedinfluence

D.catertolocalneeds

25.Ilisimpliedinthelastparagraphthatclimatechangeteachinginsomeschools.

A.agreetomajorpublicdemands

B.reflectsteachers'personalbias

C.maymisrepresenttheenergysector

D.canbeswayedbyexternalforces

5

Text2

CommunitiesthroughoutNewEnglandhavebeenattemptingtoregulateshort-termrentals

sincesiteslikeAirbnbtookoffinthe2010s.Nowwithrecord-highhomepricesandhistorically

lowinventory,there?sanincreasedurgencyinsuchregulation,particularlyamongthosewho

worrythatdeveloperswillcomeinandbuyupswathsofhousingtoflipforafortuneonthe

short-termrentalmarket.

InNewHampshire,wheretherentalvacancyratehasdroppedbelow1percent,housing

advocatesfearuncheckedshort-termrentalswillputfurtherpressureonanalreadystrained

market.TheStateLegislaturerecentlyvotedagainstabillthatwould'vemadeitillegalfortowns

tocreatelegislationrestrictingshort-termrentals.

“Weareatacrisislevelonthesupplyofrentalhousing,,,saidNickTaylor,executivedirector

oftheWorkforceHousingCoalitionoftheGreaterSeacoast.Withoutenoughaffordablehousing

insouthernNewHampshiretowns,uemployersarehavingahardtimeattractingemployees,and

workersarehavingahardtimefindingaplacetolive,^^Taylorsaid.

However,short-termrentalsalsoprovidehousingfortourists,pointedoutRyanCastle,CEO

ofalocalassociationofrealter."Alotofworkersareservicingthetouristindustry,andthe

tourismindustryisservicedbythosepeoplecominginshortterm,“Castlesaid,“andsoit'sa

cyclicaleffect.^^

Short-termrentalsthemselvesarenotthecruxoftheissue,saidKerenHorn,anexperton

affordablehousingpolicy.t4Ithinkindividualsbeingabletorentouttheirsecondhomeisagood

thing.Ifit'stheirvacationhomeanyway,andifsjustempty,whycan'tyoumakemoneyoffit?”

Hornsaid.Issuesarise,however,whendevelopersattempttocreatelarge-scaleshort-termrental

facilities-defactohotels—tobypasstaxesandregulations.thinkthequestionis,shouldn'ta

developerwho'sreallybuildingahotel,butdisguisingitasnotahotel,betreatedandtaxedand

regulatedlikeahotel?^^Homsaid.

Attheendof2018,governorCharlieBakerofMassachusettssignedabilltoreininthose

potentialinvestor-buyers.Thebillrequireseveryrentalhosttoregisterwiththestatemandates

theycairyinsurance,andopensthepotentialforlocaltaxesontopofanewstatelevy.Boston

tookthingsevenfurther,requiringrenterstoregisterwiththecity'sInspectionalServices

Department.

6

Hornsaidsimilarregistrationrequirementscouldbenefitstrugglingcitiesandtowns,but”if

wewanttomakeachangeinthehousingmarket,themainoneiswehavetobuildalotmore.^^

26.WhichofthefollowingistrueofNewEngland?

A.Itshousingsupplyisataverylowlevel.

B.Itscommunitiesareinneedoffunding.

C.Itsrentalvacancyrateisgoingupslowly

D.Itshomepricesareunderstrictcontrol.

27.ThebillmentionedinParagraph2wasintendedto.

A.curbshort-termrentalspeculation.

B.ensurethesupplyofcheaphousing.

C.punishillegaldealingsinhousing.

D.allowafreeshort-termrentalmarket.

28.ComparedwithCastle,Taylorismorelikelytosupport.

A.furtherinvestmentinlocaltourism.

B.anincreaseinaffordablehousing.

C.strictmanagementofrealestateagents.

D.afavorablepolicyfbrshort-termworkers.

29.WhatdoesHomemphasizeinParagraph5?

A.Theurgencytoupgradeshort-termrentalfacilities.

B.Theefficientoperationofthelocalhousingmarket.

C.Thenecessitytostopdevelopersfromevadingtaxes.

D.Theproperproceduresforrentingoutsparehouses.

30.Hornholdsthatimposingregistrationrequirementsis.

A.anirrationaldecision.

B.anunfeasibleproposal.

C.anunnecessarymeasure.

D.aninadequatesolution.

7

Text3

Ifyou'reheadingforyournearestbranchofWaterstones,thebiggestbookretailerintheUK,

insearchoftheDuchessofSussex'snewchildren'sbookTheBench,youmighthavetobe

preparedtohuntaroundabit,thesamemaybetrueofThePresident'sDaughter,thenewthriller

byBillClintonandJamesPatterson.BothofthesebooksarepublishednextweekbyPenguin

RandomHouse(PRH),acompanycuiTentlyinvolvedinastand-offwithWaterstones.

Theproblembeganlatelastyear,whenPRHconfirmedthatithadintroducedacreditlimit

withWaterstones“ataverysignificantlevel".ThetrademagazineTheBooksellerreportedthat

WaterstonesbranchmanagerswerebeingtoldtoremovePRHbooksfromprominentareassuch

astables,displayspacesandwindows,andwere"quietlyretiringthemtotheirrelevantsections^^.

PRHdeclinedtocommentontheissue,butaspokespersonforWaterstonestoldme:

"WaterstonesarecurrentlyoperatingwithreducedcredittermsfromPRH,theonlypublisherin

theUKtoplaceanylimitationsonourabilitytotrade.WearenotboycottingPRHtitlesbutwe

aredoingourutmosttoensurethatavailabilityforcustomersremainsgooddespitethelower

overalllevelsofstock.Wearehopefulwithourshopsnowopenagainthatnormalitywillreturn

andthatwewillbeallowedtobuyappropriately.Certainly,ourshopsareexceptionallybusy.The

salesforourMayBooksoftheMonthsurpassedanymonthsince2018.”

Inthemeantime,PRHauthorshavebeenthelosers.Big-namePRHauthorsmaysufferabit,

butit'sthosemid-listauthors,whonormallyrelyonWaterstonesstafTspassionforpromoting

booksbylesser-knownwriters,whowillbeprayingforanendtothedispute.

Itcomesatatimewhenauthorsarealreadyworriedabouttheconsequencesoftheproposed

mergerbetweenPRHandanotherbigpublisher,Simon&Schuster-thereductioninthenumber

ofunalignedUKpublishersislikelytoleadtofewerbiddingwars,loweradvances,andmore

conformityintermsofwhatispublished.

“Thisisallpartofawiderchangetowardsconcentrationofpower,“saysliteraryagent

AndrewLownic.44Thepublishingindustrytalksaboutdiversityintermsofauthorsandstaffbutit

alsoneedsapluralityofwaysofdeliveringintellectualcontact,choiceanddifferentvoices.After

all,manyofthemostinterestingbooksinrecentyearshavecomefromsmallpublishers.”

Weshallseewhetherthatpluralityisacasualtyofthecurrentneedamongpublisherstobe

bigenoughtotakeonall-comers.

8

3l.TheauthormentionstwobooksinParagraph1topresent.

A.anongoingconflict.

B.anintellectualconcept.

C.aprevailingsentiment.

D.aliteraryphenomenon.

32.WhydidWaterstonesshopsretirePRHbookstotheirrelevantsections?

A.Tomakethemeasilynoticeable.

B.TocomplywithPRH'srequirement.

C.TorespondtoPRH'sbusinessmove.

D.Toarrangetheminasystematicway.

33.WhatmessagedoesthespokespersonforWaterstonesseemtoconvey?

A.Theircustomersremainloyal.

B.Thecreditlimitwillberemoved.

C.Theirstockisunderestimated.

D.Thebookmarketisratherslack.

34.Whatcanbeoneconsequenceofthecurrentdispute?

A.Salesofbooksbymid-listPRHwritersfalloffconsiderably.

B.Lesser-knownPRHwritersbecomethetargetofcriticism.

C.Waterstonesstaffhesitatetopromotebig-nameauthors9books.

D.Waterstonesbranchessufferaseverereductioninrevenue.

35.WhichofthefollowingstatementsbestrepresentsLownie'sview?

A.Smallpublishersoughttosticktogether.

B.Bigpublisherswilllosetheirdominance.

C.Thepublishingindustryishavingahardtime.

D.Themergerofpublishersisaworryingtrend.

9

Text4

Scientificpapersaretherecordkeepersofprogressinresearch.Eachyearresearcherspublish

millionsofpapersinmorethan30,000journals.Thescientificcommunitymeasuresthequalityof

thosepapersinanumberofways,includingtheperceivedqualityofthejournal(asreflectedby

thetitle'simpactfactor)andthenumberofcitationsaspecificpaperaccumulates.Thecareersof

scientistsandthereputationoftheirinstitutionsdependonthenumberandprestigeofthepapers

theyproduce,butevenmoresoonthecitationsattractedbythesepapers.

Citationcartels,wherejournals,authors,andinstitutionsconspiretoinflatecitationnumbers,

haveexistedforalongtime.In2016,researchersdevelopedanalgorithmtorecognizesuspicious

citationpatterns,includinggroupsofauthorsthatdisproportionatelyciteoneanotherandgroups

ofjournalsthatciteeachotherfrequentlytoincreasetheimpactfactorsoftheirpublications.

Recently,anotherexpressionofthispredatorybehaviorhasemerged:so-calledsupportservice

consultanciesthatprovidelanguageandothereditorialsupporttoindividualauthorsandto

journalssometimesadvisecontributorstoaddanumberofcitationstotheirarticles.

Theadventofelectronicpublishingandauthors1needtofindoutletsfortheirpapersresulted

inthousandsofnewjournals.Thebirthofpredatoryjournalswasn'tfarbehind.Thesejournalscan

actasmilkcowswhereeverysinglearticleinanissuemayciteaspecificpaperoraseriesof

papers.Insomeinstances,thereisabsolutelynorelationshipbetweenthecontentofthearticleand

thecitations.Thepeculiarpartisthatthejournalthattheeditorissupposedlyworkingforisnot

profitingatall—itisjustprovidingcitationstootherjournals.Suchpracticescanleadanarticle

toaccruemorethan150citationsinthesameyearthatitwaspublished.

Howinsidiousisthistypeofcitationmanipulation?Inoneexample,anindividual—acting

asauthor,editor,andconsultant—wasabletouseatleast15journalsascitationprovidersto

articlespublishedbyfivescientistsatthreeuniversities.TheproblemisrampantinScopus,a

citationdatabase,whichincludesahighnumberofthenew“intemational“journals.Infact,a

listinginScopusseemstobeacriteriontobetargetedinthistypeofcitationmanipulation.

Scopusitselfhasallthedatanecessarytodetectthismalpractice.Redflagsincludealarge

numberofcitationstoanarticlewithinthefirstyear.Andforauthorswhowishtosteerclearof

citationcartelactivities:whenaneditorareviewer,orasupportserviceasksyoutoadd

inappropriatereferences,donotobligeanddoreporttherequesttothejournal.

10

36.AccordingtoParagraph1,thecareersofscientistscanbedeterminedby

A.howmanycitationstheirworkscontain

B.howmanytimestheirpapersarecited

C.theprestigeofthepeopletheyworkwith

D.thestatustheyhaveinscientificcircles

37.Thesupportserviceconsultanciestendto.

A.recommendjournalstotheirclients.

B.listcitationpatternstheirclients.

C.askauthorstoincludeextracitations

D.advisecontributorstociteeachother

38.TheFunctionofthe“milkcow“journalsisto.

A.boostcitationcountsforcertainauthors

B.helpscholarspublisharticlesatlowcost

C.instructFirst-timecontributorsincitation

D.increasethereadershipofnewjournals.

39.WhatcanbelearnedaboutScopusFromthelasttwoparagraphs?

A.ItFosterscompetitionamongcitationproviders

B.Ithasthecapabilitytoidentifysuspiciouscitations

C.Ithindersthegrowthof“international"journals

D.Itestablishedtopreventcitationmanipulation

40.Whatshouldanauthordotodealwithcitationmanipulators?

A.Takelegalaction

B.Demandanapology.

C.Seekprofessionaladvice

D.Revealtheirmisconduct

11

PartB

Directions:Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.Forquestions41-45,youare

requiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherenttextbychoosingfromthelistA-Hand

fillingthemintothenumberedboxes.ParagraphsA,EandHhavebeencorrectlyplaced.Mark

youranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

[A]Lastyearmarkedthe150thanniversaryofaseriesofYellowstonephotographsbythe

renownedlandscapephotographerWilliamHenryJackson.Jacksonsnappedthe1st-evershotsof

iconiclandmarkssuchastheTetons,OldFaithfulandtheColoradoRockies.Onalate

19th-centuryexpeditionthroughtheYellowstoneBasinthatwasconductedbytheheadoftheU.S.

GeologicalandGeographicalSurveyoftheTerritories,FerdinandV.Hayden.Theteamincluded

ameteorologist,azoologist,amineralogistandanagriculturalstatistician.

[BJTwocenturiesago,theideaofpreservingnature,ratherthanexploitingit,wasanovel

onetomanyU.S.settlers.Oneoftheturningpointsinpublicsupportforlandconservationefforts

一andrecognizingthemagnificenceoftheYellowstoneregioninparticular-cameintheform

ofvividphotographs.

[CJAsaneffectiveWashingtonoperator,Haydensensedthathecouldcapitalizeonthe

expedition'sstunningvisuals.HeaskedJacksontoprintoutlargecopiesanddistributedthem,

alongwithreproductionsofMoran'spaintings,toeachmemberofCongress."Thevisualization,

particularlythosephotographs,reallyhithomethatthisissomethingthathastobeprotected,

saysMurphy.

[D]Throughoutthetrip,Jacksonjuggledmultiplecamerasandplatesizesusingthe

“collodionprocess,,thatrequiredhimtocoattheplateswithachemicalmixture,thenexposethem

anddeveloptheresultingimageswithaportabledarkrooms.Thecrudetechniquerequired

educatedguessesonexposuretimes,andinvolvedheavy,awkwardequipment—severalmenhad

toassistinitstransportation.Despitethesechallenges,Jacksoncaptureddozensofstrikingphotos,

rangingfrommajesticimageslikehisnow-famoussnapshotofOldFaithful,tocasualportraitsof

expeditionmembersatthecamp.Whileveteransofpreviousexpeditionswroteatlengthabout

stunningtrailsights,thesevividphotographswereanotherthingentirely.

[EJThewell-documentedYellowstonejourneyofficiallybeganinOgden,UtahonJune8,

1871.Overnearlyfourmonths,dozensofmenmadetheirwayonhorsebackintoMontanaand

12

traversedalongtheYellowstoneRiverandaroundYellowstoneLake.Thatfall,theyconcluded

thesurveyinFortBridger,Wyoming.

[F]ThoughNativeAmericans(andlaterminersandfurtrappers)hadlongrecognizedthe

area5sriches,mostAmericansdidnot.ThafswhyHayden'sexpeditionaimedtoproduceafuller

understandingoftheYellowstoneRiverregion,fromitshotspringsandwaterfallstoitsvarietyof

floraandfauna.Inadditiontotheentourageofscientists,theteamalsoincludedartists:Painter

ThomasMoranandphotographerWilliamHenryJacksonwerechargedwithcapturingthis

astoundingnaturalbeautyandsharingitwiththeworld.

[G]ThebillprovedlargelypopularandsailedthroughCongresswithlargemajoritiesin

favor.Inquicksuccession,theSenateandHousepassedlegislationprotectingYellowstonein

early1872.ThatMarch,PresidentUlyssesS.Grantsignedanactintolawthatestablished

Yellowstoneastheworld'sfirstnationalpark.Somelocalsopposedthe