高一生物必修1（A compulsory 1）

高一生物必修1(Acompulsory1)

Biologicalcompulsoryknowledgecarding

Chapter1goesintothecell[frontiersofScience:assembling

cells]

Thefirstsection,frombiospheretocell

Vitalactivitiesareinseparablefromcells

(cellsarethebasicunitofstructureandfunctionof

organisms)

Singlecell:singlecelllifeactivities(yeast,prokaryotes,

Chlamydomonas,paramecium,etc.)

Multicellularorganisms:relyonavarietyofdifferentiated

cellstoworkcloselytogethertoaccomplishcomplexlife

activities(mosteukaryotes)

(link:exchange/proliferation/differentiation/genetic

variationofmatter/energy)

Structurehierarchyoflifesystem

Systemconcept

Thestructuralhierarchyoflifesystems(population,

community,ecosystemconceptsandtheirrelationships)

Thediversityandunityofthesecondcell

Observedcell

Experiment:useahighpowermicroscopetoobserveseveral

cells(purposes,materials,methods)

Highpowermicroscopefeatures

Prokaryoticcellsandeukaryoticcells

Theunityofthecell:cellmembrane(membranestructureand

function,extraction,membranetransport,membrane

fluidmosaicmodel,animalcellmitosis,cellsenescence,

characteristicsoflatecellcarcinogenesis:glycoprotein

decrease)

Cytoplasm(thefunctionandstructureoforganellesinthe

cytoplasm,andtheconcentrationdifferenceandwall

separationofthecellsduringtransmembranetransport

ExperimentswithsmallamountsofDNA,mostoftheRNA,

protoplasm,andaerobicrespirationofthecytoplasmicmatrix

Nucleus(structure,function,proliferation,senescence

characteristics)

Cellulardiversity:eukaryoticdifferentiation,prokaryotic

differentiation,andeukaryoticeukaryoticdifferentiation

(expressedinmorphology,structure,function)

Classificationofprokaryoticcellsandeukaryoticcells

Prokaryoticcells(focusesoncyanobacteria,includingliving

organisms,howtosurvive,prokaryoticcellstructures,

similaritiesanddifferencesbetweenprokaryoticand

eukaryoticcells)

Establishmentofcelltheory

Content,meaning,people,country

Theprocessofestablishingacelltheory

Thesecondchapteristhemoleculethatmakesupcells

Firstelementsandcompoundsinacell

Elementsthatmakeupcells

Alargenumberofelementsandtraceelementsinthecell(there

areninekindsandsixkindsoftraceinthebook)

Elementsource

Theunityanddifferencebetweenthebiologicalandnon

biological

Thefirstfourelementsthatconstitutethebody,sfreshweight

anddryweight

Thebasicelementsandbasicelementsofhumancells

Compoundsthatmakeupcells

Inorganic:water,inorganicsalt,organic:carbohydrate,lipid,

protein,nucleicacid(itsmassfraction)

Experiment:thedeterminationofcarbohydrates,fatsand

proteinsinbiologicaltissues(purpose,principle,

requirements,materials,methods,experimentalresultsand

conclusions)

Thesecondsectionismainlyresponsiblefortheactivitiesof

life,scienceandhistoryoftheworld:protein[birth/first

artificialproteinscience:InternationalHumanProteome

Project]

Aminoacidsandtheirspecies

Themeaningandstructureofaminoacids

Essentialaminoacidsandnonessentialaminoacids

Structureanddiversityofproteins

Proteinbindingpattern

Causesofproteindiversity

Denaturationofproteins

Proteinfunction

Fivefunctionsandeffects(enzymes:enzymesthatreducethe

activationenergyofchemicalreactions,respiration,

photosynthesis,lysosomes,cellsenescence,apoptosis)

Summary:allactivitiesoflifeareinseparablefromprotein,

proteinisthemainundertakeroflifeactivities

Thirdcarriersofgeneticinformation-nucleicacids

Distributionofnucleicacidsincells

Themeaningandclassificationofnucleicacids

Experiment:ToobservethedistributionofDNAandRNAincells

(purpose,principle,requirements,materials,methods,

experimentalresults,conclusions)[thisexperimentisdonein

eukaryotic,prokaryoticDNA,innucleus,andinplasmids]

Nucleicacidsarelongchainsthatarejoinedbynucleotides

Thecomposition,classification,andimageofnucleotides

Theformationanddiversityofnucleicacids(genetic

informationofviruses)

Basesofnucleotidesandnucleotides

Fourthsectionsofsugarsand1ipidsincells

Sugarsincells

Carbohydratefunction,alternativename

Thetypeandcompositionofsugars(glucose:monosaccharide),

Respiration,photosynthesis,Fehlingreagent/glycogen:

animalpolysaccharide/cellulosepolysaccharide,cellwall/

starchiodineblue,enzymecatalysis,themainenergyplant)

Lipidsincells

Fattyphospholipids(biofilms),sterols(sexhormones,

cholesterol,vitaminD)

Thebiologicalmacromoleculetakesthecarbonchainasthe

skeleton(component)

Polymerconcept

Theinorganicsubstanceinfifthcells

Waterincells

Theroleofwaterandtheamountofwaterindifferentorganisms

andthewatercontentofthesamespeciesatdifferenttimes

Combinetheconceptofwaterandfreewater

Inorganicsaltsincells(transmembranetransport,

photosynthesis,magnesiumions)

Theexistingformsofinorganicsalts

Morecationsandanions

Thefunctionandexampleofinorganicsalt

Theelementsinthecellandtheactionofthecompound

Designexperiments:severalinorganicsaltsnecessaryforthe

growthanddevelopmentofaplant

Thethirdchapteristhebasicstructureofcells

Thefirstcellmembrane-theboundaryofthesystem

Componentsofcel1membranes

Experiment:themethod,purpose,principle,requirement,

materialselection,method,experimentresultandconclusion

ofthepreparationofcellmembrane[differential

centrifugation]

Thecompositionofthecellmembrane(themostabundant

phospholipidin1ipids,followedbysterols)[thefunctionof

cellmembranesandproteins]

Malignantproliferationandmetastasisofcancercells

(changesincomposition,formationofalphafetoprotein,

careinoembryonicantigen,etc.)

Cellmembranefunction

Thecellsareseparatedfromtheexternalenvironment(to

maintainarelativelystableinternalenvironment)

Controlsubstancespassinandoutcells(controlactionis

relative,membraneselective,permeable)

Tocommunicatebetweencells(signalingmoleculesthatbindto

thereceptoronthesurfaceofthetargetcellmembranein

responsetothebodyfluid/adjacenttwocellmembranes/

adjacenttwocells,suchasplasmodesmatabetweencellsof

higherplants)

Cellwall(wallseparation,plasmalayer,cellmembrane

extractionbyplantcells,cellproliferation,cellmembrane,

cellulosepectin,support,protection,Golgiapparatus)

Trypanbluestainingwasusedtodeterminethefateofthecells

(live,unstained,deadstainedblue)

Secondorganelles-divisionoflaborwithinthesystem

Divisionoflaborbetweenorganelles

Theconceptandfunctionoforganelle

Amethodofseparatingorganelles(differential

centrifugation)

Bilayerorganelles:mitochondria(shape,distribution,

structure,composition,function,respiration,productionof

ATP,andchloroplastsaredoublemembranescontainingDNAand

RNAenzymes)

Chloroplasts(shape,distribution,structure,composition,

function,photosynthesis,synthesisofsugars,thylakoid,DNA

andRNA,enzymes,grana,biomembranesystems)

Organellesofthemonolayerstructure:endoplasmicreticulum

(roughsurface,smoothsurface,morphologicalstructure,

physiologicalfunction,distribution,modemap,mainproteins

and1ipids)

Golgi'sbody(morphologicalstructure,physiologicalfunction,

distribution,modemap,mainsyntheticproteins,synthetic

polysaccharides,syntheticwaterofplants,biomembrane

system)

Vacuoles(morphological,structural,physiological,

functional,distribution,andpattern)containanthocyanins,

sugars,inorganicsalts,proteins,andvacuolesthatkeepplant

cellsstrong

Lysosomal(morphological,structural,physiological,

functional,distribution,andmodemaps,thedisappearanceof

organellesandnucleiinmammalianblood)thelackofenzymes

intheenzymecausingdisease

Organelleswithnomembranestructure:centrosome(morphology,

structure,physiology,function,distribution,pattern,

mitosis)

Ribosome(morphology,structure,physiology,function,

distribution,pattern,mitosis)

Acytoplasmicmatrix(component);acytoskeleton

Experiment:theobservationofmitochondriaandchloroplasts

byhighpowermicroscope(purpose,principle,requirement,

materialselection,method,experimentalresultand

conclusion)

Coordinationbetweenorganelles

Thesynthesisandtransportofsecretedproteins(isotope

tracermethod),thedefinitionofsecretedproteins,and

hemoglobin,nonsecretedproteins

Howcancoordinationbetweenorganelles(mitochondrialenergy

supplyconsumeATP,theroleoftheGolgiapparatus)?

Thebiologicalmembranesystemofcells[scientists'stories:

threecasesofthecellworld]

Theconceptofbiomembranesystem

Theroleofthebiofilmsystem,threepoints

Theuseofbiofilmsystemsforthetreatmentofdiseases

Thirdsectionsofthenucleus-thesystemiccontrolcenter

Nuclearfunction

Whatisnuclearfunction:experimentandcrossfertilizedegg

salamanderSinonovaculaAcetabulariagraftingexperiment

Thefunctionofthenucleus(controlcenter,proliferation,

senescence)

Nuclearstructure

Nuclearmembrane:morphologicalaction(mitosis)

Chromatin:effects(sisterchromatid,oniontipdyeing,

chromosomereplication,proliferation)arerelatedtoDNA

proteins

Nucleolus:actionassociatedwiththesynthesisofRNAand

ribosomes

Nuclearpore:actionandmetabolism,materialexchange,

informationexchange

Overviewofnuclearfunction

Trytocreatethree-dimensionalmodelsofeukaryoticcells

(models,concepts,physics,concepts,mathematicalmodels,

modelfeatures)

Interpretdata

Thefourthchapteristhematerialinputandoutputofcells

Firstexamplesoftransmembranetransportofsubstances

Waterabsorptionanddehydrationofcells

Thephenomenonofcel1membranespreparedbymammalian

erythrocytes

Percolationdialysisphenomenonanditsprinciple,occurrence

condition

Thewaterlossandwaterabsorptionofplantcells(whatisthe

liquidenvironmentinthecell),thewaterabsorptionand

dehydrationofimmatureplantcells,mainly:thewater

absorptionanddehydrationofmatureplantcells,andthe

conceptionofprotoplasmlayer

Inquiryexperiment:waterabsorptionanddehydrationofplant

cells(purpose,principle,requirement,material,method,

experimentalresultandconclusion)

Plasmolysisofplantcellsandrestoration(protoplastlayer

equivalenttothesemipermeablemembrane,reasonsresultingin

thesephenomenaisusedtodeterminewhichconclusion)

Otherexamplesoftransmembranetransportofmatter

Characteristicsoftransmembranetransportofsubstances

(comparisonoftheuptakeofinorganicsaltsbytomatoandrice

byactivetransport)

Biofilmselection(permeability)(transmembranetransport)

Adrinkoflowconcentrationcanaddwateranddrinkmoreand

morethirst

Theprincipleofagriculturalrotationanditsapplication

Secondflowmosaicmodelofbiologicalmembrane

Theexplorationofthestructureofbiomembrane

Conclusion:NineteenthCenturyIrvingtonmembraneiscomposed

oflipidcomposition

IntheearlytwentiethCentury,themaincomponentsof

membraneswerelipidsandproteins.In1925,Hollandextracted

lipidswithacetone,andtiledtheairwaterinterface,which

wastwotimestheareaoftheoriginalcel1membrane.The

membranewasbilayerphospholipidmolecules

Hydrophilicandhydrophobicpropertiesofphosphoricacid

(hypothesis)

In1958,Robertsonprotein-lipid-proteinstatic

After1960s,therewerequestionsaboutthestatic,andthe

amoebacouldnotexplainthattheproteinwasembeddedinthe

membrane

In1970,fluorescentmaterialslabeledmousecellsandhuman

cellsweredistributedevenlyoveraperiodoftime

1972SangerandNickersonfluidmosaicmodel

Thebasiccontentofflowmosaicmodel

Phospholipidbilayerconstitutesthebasicscaffoldofthe

membrane

Aproteinmoleculepartiallyorwhollyembeddedinabilayer

orembeddedinitssurface

PhospholipidsaremobileandproteinsaremostlyMobile

Is(concept)

Extracurricularproduction:makingbiofilmmodelwithwaste

material

Thethirdsectionisthemodeoftransmembranetransport

Passivetransportation

Whatismeantbypassivetransport?

Implicationsforfreediffusionandassisteddiffusion

Glycerol,ethanol,andbenzenearealsofreetodiffuseinto

andoutofthecell

Activetransport(ATPhydrolysisintoADP,Pirelease)

Example[frontiersofScience:thestudyofchannelproteins

conferringtheNobelprizeinchemistry]

Meaning

Theactionofcarrierprotein

Implicationandapplicationofendocytosis

Recognitionofcysticfibrosis

Thefifthchapteristheenergysupplyandapplicationofcells

Firstenzymesthatreducetheactivationenergyofchemical

reactions

Thefunctionandessenceofenzymes

Theroleofenzymesincellularmetabolism

Themeaningofcellmetabolism

Experiment:comparisonofhydrogenperoxidedecomposition

underdifferentconditions(purpose,principle,requirements,

materialselection,methods,experimentalresults,

conclusions)

Controlvariables:independentvariables,dependentvariables,

conceptsofcontrolledtrials,followedbyexperimental

principles

Themeaningofactivationenergyandtheactivationenergyof

enzyme

Enzymeessence

Theexplorationofthenatureofenzymes(someRNAalsohave

biocatalyticfunctions)

Enzymecharacteristics

Enzymeefficiency

Theenzymeisspecific

Explore:theconditionsaffectingtheenzymeactivity(purpose,

principles,requirements,materialsselection,methods,

experimentalresults,conclusions)

Enzymesactinmilderconditions(conditions,images,and

socialties)

ForthelifeofTimcolorfulenzyme(lysozyme,pectinase,

enzymecontainingtoothpaste,detergentenzyme,Multienzyme

Tablets)

Secondcellenergy“currency"-ATP

ATPmoleculeshavehigh-energyphosphatebonds

TheabbreviationofATPmoleculeanditsmeaning

ATPandADPcanbetransformedintoeachother

ThemeaningofADP,thesourceofenergy

TheuseofATP

FoodinthedigestivetractdoesnotrequireATP,respiration

TheroleofATPincells

ThethirdmainsourceofATP-breathing

Thewaycellsbreathe

Themeaningofcellularrespiration

Toexplorethewayinwhichyeastcellsbreathe(purpose,

principle,requirements,materials,methods,results,

conclusions)

Contrastexperiment

Aerobicrespiration

Themajorsiteofaerobicrespiration-mitochondria

Responseequation

Threestagesofaerobicrespirationandtheirequations

Themeaningandfunctionofreducinghydrogen

Themeaningandcharacteristicsofaerobicrespiration

Anaerobicrespiration

Anaerobicrespirationisthetwostageofthewholeprocess

Twoequationsforanaerobicrespiration

Theapplicationofcellularrespirationprinciple

Theapplicationoftheprincipleofcellularrespiration

Thefourthsourceofenergylightandphotosynthesis

Pigmentsandstructuresthatcapturelightenergy

Pigmentsthatcapturelightenergy

Whatisphotosynthesis

albinoseedling

Experiment:extractionandseparationofpigmentfromgreen

leaves(purpose,principle,requirement,materialselection,

method,experimentresult,conclusionandnotice)

Carotenoidandchlorophyll(theirproportion)

Thedifferencesinlightabsorptionbetweenthefourpigments

(similaritiesanddifferences)

Wheredothepigmentsthatcapturelightexistincells?

StructureofChloroplast

Thestructureofchloroplasts(meaning,function)of

chloroplasts

Thechloroplastfunction(usgraceFoglemanSpirogyraand

aerobicbacteriaconclusion,experiment,conclusion)

Principlesandapplicationsofphotosynthesis

Theexplorationprocessofphotosynthesis

Themeaningofphotosynthesis

1771BritishscientistPlesterLeigh

In1779,HollandscientistMoorhouse

In1845,GermanscientistMeyer

1864GermanbotanistSax

In1941,AmericanscientistsLubinandCarmen

Isotopelabeling(photosynthesis,secretoryprotein)

In1940s,AmericanscientistCalvin

Photosyntheticprocesses

Thelightreactionstage(meaning,howtocarrytheimage)

Darkreactionstage(meaning,how,image)

Applicationofprinciplesofphotosynthesis

Explore:environmentalfactorsontheintensityof

photosynthesis(purpose,principles,requirements,materials

selection,methods,experimentalresults,conclusions,

considerations)

Synthesisofenergy

Greenplants,nitrifyingbacteria

Thesixthchapteristhelifecourseof