自學考試復(fù)習題國際商務(wù)英語

./自學考試復(fù)習題國際商務(wù)英語全真模擬演練〔一I.Translatethefollowingwordsandexpressions:<20%>1.percapitaincome人均收入2.compoundduties混合稅3.countertrade對銷貿(mào)易,反向貿(mào)易4.goldstandard金本位制5.correspondentbanlck往來行,關(guān)系行6.taxholiday免稅期7.forcemajeure不可抗力8.economicintegration經(jīng)濟一體化9.capitalmarket資本市場10.securities有價證券11.關(guān)稅區(qū)Customsarea12.東道國hostcountries13.借方debit14.折扣discount15.追溯到betracedbackto16.貿(mào)易慣例tradingpractices17..光票信用證cleancredit18.免責條款escapeclauses19.初級產(chǎn)品primarycommodities20.貨物原產(chǎn)地港口portoforigin全真模擬演練〔二Translatethefollowingwordsandexpressions:<20%>1.legalentity法人實體2.confirmedcredit保兌信用證3.counteroffer還盤4.goldtranche黃金份額5.termsoftrade貿(mào)易條件6.tariffschedule稅率表,稅則7.partialshipment分批裝運8.hyperinflation極度通貨膨脹9.intellectualproperty知識產(chǎn)權(quán)10.long-termcapital長期資本11.〔匯率間接標價indirectquote12.中間產(chǎn)品intermediateproduct13.反傾銷anti-dumping14.共同市場commonmarket15.大路貨staplegoods16.絕對利益absoluteadvantage17.遠期信用證usancecredit18.價格條件termsofsale19.受票人drawee20.結(jié)關(guān)customsclearance全真模擬演練〔三I.Translatethefollowingwordsandexpressions:<20%>1.comparativeadvantage比較利益2.negotiabletransportdocument可轉(zhuǎn)讓裝運單據(jù)3.netpositions實際頭寸4.most-favoured-nationtreatment最惠國待遇5.incomedistribution收入分布6.billofexchange匯票7.openingbank開證銀行8.exchangerate匯率9.balanceofpayment國際收支10.parentMNC跨國公司母公司11.無形貿(mào)易invisibletrade12．商品交易會tradefairs．13.非貿(mào)易結(jié)算non-tradesettlement14.嘜頭shippingmarks15.產(chǎn)品自然領(lǐng)域naturalproductprovinces16.風險轉(zhuǎn)移risktransfer17.配額限制quotarestrictions18.客戶流動customermobility19.關(guān)稅配額tariffquota20.無差別待遇原則non-discriminationprinciple全真模擬演練〔四I.Translatethefollowingwordsandexpressions:<20%>1.Irrevocablecredit不可撤銷信用證2.parvalue平價3.tradepolicy貿(mào)易政策4.graceperiod優(yōu)惠期,寬限期5.equityinvestment股權(quán)投資6.marketfloor交易場地7.shareholders股東8.nationaltreatment國民待遇9.preferentialcustomstariffs特惠稅10.portfolioinvestment證券投資11.關(guān)稅壁壘tariffbarriers12.詢盤enquiry13.競爭性貶值competitivedevaluation14.提單billoflading15.通知行advisingbank16.簽字signature17.即時庫存just-in-timeinventory18.代位追償subrogation19.基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施infrastructure20.規(guī)模經(jīng)濟economiesofscale全真模擬演練〔五I.Translatethefollowingwordsandexpressions:<20%>1.advaloremduties從價稅2.centrallyplannedeconomies中央計劃經(jīng)濟國家3.tariffrates關(guān)稅稅率4.dirtyfloat骯臟浮動5.jointverttne合資企業(yè)6.listedmarket掛牌證券交易市場7.GeneralizedSystemofPreferences普惠制8.transferoftechnology技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)讓9.freetradearea自由貿(mào)易區(qū)10.endowmentofnature自然的賦予11.締約方contractingparties12.付款交單documentsagainstpayment13.保兌行confirmingbank14.起運港portofshipment15.退稅drawback16.寄售consignment17.歐洲支付聯(lián)盟EuropeanPaymentUnion18.財務(wù)狀況financialstanding19.全球化globalization20.保險單insurancepolicy全真模擬演練〔六I.Translatethefollowingwordsandexpressions：<20%>1.policyobjectives政策目標2.documentcollection跟單托收3.specialdrawingright特別提款權(quán)4.gilt-edgedstocks金邊證券5.rollon-rolloff滾裝滾卸的6.expertise專門知識7.creditworthiness資信可靠狀況8.usancedraft.遠期匯票9.cleandraft光票10.certificateoforigin產(chǎn)地證書11.關(guān)稅同盟customs.Union12．關(guān)稅減讓themost-favorednationclause13.最惠國條款themost-favorednationclause14.從量稅specificduties15.貨號articlenumber16.可撤銷信用證revocahlecredit17.傭金commission18.公共承運人commoncarrier19.中間人middJeman20.儲備貨幣reservecurrency全真模擬演練〔七>I.Translatethefollowingwordsandexpressions:<20%>Documentsagainstacceptance承兌交單2.Businessline業(yè)務(wù)范圍3.barter易貨貿(mào)易4.costeconomies節(jié)約成本〔成本節(jié)約5.cleanfloat清潔浮動6.investmentreturns投資回報7.documentarydraft跟單匯票8.standingcommittee常務(wù)委員會9.institutionalstrength制度〔行政力量10.newinternationaleconomicorder國際經(jīng)濟新秩序11.金融市場Financialmarket12.貼現(xiàn)率discountrate13．反補貼措施counter-veilingmeasures14.進口關(guān)稅importduties15.循環(huán)貸款證revolvingcredit16.空運收據(jù)airwaybill17.所得稅incometax18.差別待遇differential[treatment19.有形貿(mào)易visibletrade20.外匯儲備foreigncurrencyreserves全真模擬演練〔八Translatethefollowingwordsandexpressions:<20%>1.clearingsystem清算系統(tǒng)2.counterpurchase反向購買,互購3.idlefunds游資4.thegreenfieldstrategy綠地戰(zhàn)略5.practitioner開業(yè)者6.nationalincome國民收人7.sovereignstate主權(quán)國家8.salescontract銷售合同9.beneficiary受益人10.cashinadvance預(yù)付現(xiàn)金11．充分就業(yè)Fullemployment12.非關(guān)稅壁壘Non-tariffbarrier13.海關(guān)發(fā)票custoroinvoice14.制成品finishedproducts15.董事會boardofdirectors16.自然資源16.naturalresources17.裝船通知17shippingadvice18.面值facevalue19.貨物保險cargoinsurance20.可保利益insurableinterest考前深度密押<一>I.Translatethefollowingwordsandexpressions:<20%>1.titletothegoods貨物所有權(quán)2.entrepreneur企業(yè)家3.directquote直接標價4.stockexchange證券交易所5.creditorcountry債權(quán)國6.multi-polarizatio多極化7.XeroxCorporation施樂公司8.processingtrade加工貿(mào)易9.debtor債務(wù)人10.capitalturnover資金周轉(zhuǎn)11.補償貿(mào)易compensationtrade12.古跡placesofhistoricalinterest13.領(lǐng)事發(fā)票consularinvoice14.期權(quán)options15.生活standardsofliving16.合同正文contractproper17.主要銀行l(wèi)eadingbank18.可轉(zhuǎn)讓信用證transferablecredit19.保險公司underwriters20.借款權(quán)borrowingpower考前深度密押〔二I.Translatethefollowingwordsandexpressions:<20%>1.middlerate中間價2.secondarycapitalmarket二級資本詐場3.tradecreditaccounts貿(mào)易信貸往來賬戶4.VAT<ValueAddedTax>增值稅5.signatory簽字人,簽字國6.economiesofscale規(guī)模經(jīng)濟7.tradeterms貿(mào)易術(shù)語8.validityperiod有效期9.firmoffer實盤10.protectionism貿(mào)易保護主義11.運輸工具meansoftransport12.自給自足self-sufficient13.雙部長會議Dual-MinisterialMeeting14.農(nóng)產(chǎn)品farnnprodu15.進口關(guān)稅importduties16.租賃貿(mào)易leasingtrade17.分階段付款periodicpayments18.貨物收據(jù)cargoreceipt19.價格條款priceterms20.即期信用證sightcredit.2014年4月全國高等教育自學考試試題I.TranslatethefoIlowhewortlb,ndexlrQsKD,8fromEnglishintoChinese.<10%>1.Economicglohalization經(jīng)濟全球化2.politicalentity政治實體3.freetradearea自由貿(mào)易區(qū)4.banknotes鈔票5.Legalobligationss,法律責任〔P1536.BOT建設(shè)、經(jīng)營、移交7.trademark商標8.staplegoods大路貨9.councilofministers部長理事10.parentcompany母公司11.貨號articlenumber12.初級產(chǎn)品primarycommodities13.銷售合同Salescontract14.混合關(guān)稅compoundduties15.貨艙cargocompartment16.匯款Remittance17.紅利bonus18.仲裁arbitration19.遠期匯票usancedraft‘tenordraft/termdraft20.證券投資portfolioinvestment2014年10月全國高等教育自學考試試題L.Transl9CthefollowingwordsandexpressionsfromEnghshintoChinese.<10%>1.Foreigncurrencyreserves外匯儲備2.customsclearance結(jié)關(guān)3.foreignexchangeshortage外匯短缺4.documentarycredit跟單信用證5.utmostgoodfaith最大誠信6.Legalentity法人實體7.hedge套期保值8.escapeclause免責條款9.EuropeanCommission歐盟委員套10.portfolioinvestment證券投資11.基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施infrastructure12.專業(yè)化specialization13.集裝箱container14.金融市場financialmarket15.商業(yè)風險commercialrisk16.貼現(xiàn)率discountrate17.所得稅incometax18.反傾銷anti-dumpins19.產(chǎn)地證書certincateoforigin20.關(guān)稅待遇tarifftreatment2015年4月全國高等教育自學考試試題I.TuuslatethefollowingwordsandexpressionsfromEnglishintoChinese.<10%>1.Primarycommodities初級產(chǎn)品2.Exchangeratefluctuationl匯率波動3.Insurancepolicy保險單4.Economicconflict經(jīng)濟摩擦5.Voluntaryexportrestriction自動出口限制6.marketfloor交易場地7.counter-vailingmeasures反補貼措施8.consumpreference消費偏好9.bulkgoods大宗貨物10.EuropeanParliament歐洲議會11.預(yù)付現(xiàn)金cashinadvance12.報價quotationoffer13.嘜頭shippingmarks14.儲備貨幣resenecurrency15.并購Acquisition16.長期資本Iong-termcapital17.關(guān)稅區(qū)customsarea18.雙邊貿(mào)易DilUera.X84e19.即期匯票sightdraft20.工業(yè)化industrialization全真模擬演練〔一ThetermTriadreferstothethreerichestregionsoftheworld.TheUnitedStates,theEuropeanUnionandJapanthatofferthemostimportantbusinessopportuities.Anyinternationalenter-prisemustbearTriadinmindiftheywanttobesuccessfuJintheincreasingljcompetitivewurldmarket.術(shù)語Triad是指世界上最富有的三大市場：美國,歐盟和日本.這些市場提供著最重要的商業(yè)機會.任何跨國企業(yè)要想在競爭日益激烈的世界市場上成功,都應(yīng)當密切關(guān)注這三大市場.Inchoosingatransportationmodeforaparticularproduct,shippersconsiderasmanyassixcriteria:speed,frequency,dependability,capability,availabilityandcost.Thusifashipperseeksspeed,airandtruckaretheprimecontenders.Ifthegoalislowcost,thenwaterandpipelinearetheprimecontenders.Shippersareincreasinglycombiningtwoormoretransporta-tionmodes,thankstocontainerization.Containerizationconsistsofputtingthegoodsinboxesortrailersthatareeasytotransferbetweentwotransportationmodes.Eachcoordinatectmodeoftransportationoffersspecificadvantagestotheshipper.為了給某種產(chǎn)品選定一種運輸方式,貨主要考慮六個問題：速度、頻率、可靠性、能力、便利性和成本.這樣,若貨主要求速度,空運和汽車運輸是首要選擇.如果目標是低成本,那么水運和管道運輸最好.由于集裝箱化的發(fā)展,貨主越來越多地將兩種或更多的運輸方式結(jié)合在一起；集裝比是指將貨切裝入便于在兩種運輸方式間互換的箱子里或拖車上.每種聯(lián)運都為貨主提供了某些便利.52.經(jīng)濟聯(lián)盟的成員不僅要在稅收、政府開支、產(chǎn)業(yè)政策等方面保持一致,而且還要使用統(tǒng)一的貨幣.Themembersdaneconomicunionarerequirednotonlytoharmonizetheirtaxation,govemmentexpendi-ture,industrypolicies,etc.,butalsousethesamecurrency.53.包裝需按運輸?shù)囊筮M行,在大多數(shù)情況下,賣方明確地知道把貨物安全地運到目的地所需要的特定包裝類型.Packingshouldbemadeaccordingtotherequire-mentoftransportation.Inmostcases,thesellerknowsclearlytheparticulartypeofpackingrequiredIortransportingthegoodssafelytodestination.54.在國際貿(mào)易中已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)了為解決不同情況下付款問題的各種各樣的付款方式.Variousmethodsofpaymentna,ebeer婁乙qcdtocopewithdifferentsituationsininternationaltrade.55.保險是一種風險轉(zhuǎn)移機制.通過保險個人或企業(yè)可以將生活中一些不確定因素轉(zhuǎn)移給其他人.Insuranceisarisktransfermechanism,bywhichtheindividualorthebusinessenterprisecanshiftsormeoftheuncertaintyoflifetotheshouldersofothers.56.事實上,較不發(fā)達國家的目標在于建立一種他們所說的"國際經(jīng)濟新秩序".Infact,thetargetatwhichtheless-developedcoun-iesareaimingiswhattheydescribeas"anewinternationaleconomicorder".全真模擬演練〔二Itshouldbenoted,however,thattheexistenceofaletterofcreditisnotaguaranteeofpaymenttoanyone.ItsexistenceonlyaSSUrespaymenttothebeneficiaryifthetermsandcondi-tionsoftheletterofcreditarefulfilled.Inaddition,aletterofcrecHtdoesnotinsurethattheaterialspurchasedwillbethoseinvoicedorshipped.然而應(yīng)該注意,有了信用證并不能保證對任何人付款,信用證只保證在其條款得到滿足的情況下對受益人付款.另外,信用證不擔保發(fā)票載明的貨物或?qū)嶋H裝運的貨物就是所購貨物.AllowingforeignbankstoentertheChinesemarketwillexertapositiveinfluenceondomes-ticbanks,makingChinesebanksmorecompetitive,introducingnewtechnologyandinformationandprovidingadditionalfunds.Butintheshortandnot-so-longtermfutureafterforeignbanksentertheChinesemarket,thesebankswillbeablerouselowerpricesandefficientservices,in-cludmgsuchservicesastele-banking,towinoveralargenumberofcustomersfromdomesticbanks,especiallyprizedcustomers.Thiswillresulrinacutintheamountoffundsinthehandstoughestchallengethegovernmentwillfacewillbetoeliminatebaddebts,implemertcautiousandstandardriskmanagementmodels,andtightenupbankadminis-trationsothatdomesticbankscanadapttointernationalcompetition.允許外國銀行進入中國市場將對國內(nèi)銀行產(chǎn)生積極影響,使其更具競爭力,引進新技術(shù)、新信息,并提供更多資金.但是在短期和不太長的時期內(nèi),外國銀行進入中國市場將能利用低廉的價格和高效的服務(wù),包括遠程銀行服務(wù),從國內(nèi)銀行拉走大量客戶,尤其是受重視的客戶.這將導(dǎo)致國內(nèi)銀行手中掌握的資金減少.政府面臨的最嚴峻的挑戰(zhàn)是消除壞賬,執(zhí)行謹慎、規(guī)范的風險管理模式,加強對銀行的管理,以使國內(nèi)銀行能適應(yīng)國際競爭.52.國際貿(mào)易一般指不同國家的當事人進行的交易,它涉及許多因素,因而比國內(nèi)貿(mào)易復(fù)雜得多.Internationalbusinessreferstotransactionbetweenpartiesfromdifferentcountries.Ninvolvesmorefactorsandthusismorecomplicatedthandomesticbusiness.53.盡管母公司的日常管理工作下放到跨國企業(yè)的子公司,但重要決策,如有關(guān)公司目標和新投資等都由母公司束決定.Althoughtheday-to-dayrunningofcorporateopera-tionsmaybedecentralizedtotheaffiliateMNCs,themajordecisions,sucha3thoseoncorporategoalsandnewinvestmentsaremadebytheparentcompany.54.對銷貿(mào)易據(jù)稱是發(fā)展中國家和中央計劃經(jīng)濟國家廣泛使用的一種特殊形式的交易.Countertradeisapeculiwformoftransactionallegedlypopularinless-developedcountriesandincentrallyplannedeconomies.55.根據(jù)商品性質(zhì)及各國具體規(guī)定不同,可能需要各種證書.Variouscertificatesmayberequireddependingonthenatureofthecommodityandthestipulationsofthespecificcountries.56.一旦發(fā)盤或還盤被接受,使認為是達成了交易.TransactionisconsideredconcludedoncooKeroracounterofferisaccepted.全真模擬演練〔三Documentarycollectionisameansofpaymentensuringthatthegoodsareonlyhandedovertothebuyerwhentheamountshownonabillofexchangeispaidorwhenthecustomeracceptsthebillasacontracttopaybyaspecifieddate.Theexportersendsthebillofexchangeandtheshippingdocumentstohisbank,whichfor-wardsthemtoabankinthecustomer’scountry.Thisbank,ortheexporter’sagentsinthecountryconcerned,takesthedocumentstothecusomer.Ifitisasightbill,thecustomerpaystheamountdirectly.Ifitisatimebill,hesignsthebill,whichmeanshehas"accepted"itforpaymentwithinacertainspecifiedtime.Inreturnforeitherpaymentoracceptanceofpayment,thecustnerishandedtheshippingdocumentswhichgivetitletothegoods.跟單托收是一種付款方法,當匯票所示金額付清后,或客戶承兌匯票作為指定日期付款的契約時,貨物才交給買方.出口商把匯票和貨運單據(jù)交給他的銀行,該銀行再將匯票和單據(jù)交給客戶所在國的銀行.該銀行或出口商在有關(guān)國家的代理把單據(jù)交給客戶.如果是即期匯票,客戶便直接支付.如果是遠期匯票,他在匯票上簽字,意思是承兌該匯票,在指定的時間內(nèi)付款.無論已付款或承兌付款,此時客戶便可獲取貨運單據(jù),借此擁有貨物.UNCTADistheintergovernmentalbodywithintheUNsystemforcomprehensive‘reviewoftrade,developmentandotherrelatedissues.UNCTADisdesignedtopromotetradeandeconomicdevelopmentofallcountries,particularlythedevelopingcountries.Overthe40-plusyearssinceitsfounding,UNCTADhasplayedanimportantroleinfosteringNorth-Southdialogueandcooperation,promotingtradeandeconomicdevelopmentofthedevelopingcountriesandassistingtheminspeedingupintegrationintothemultilateraltradingeconomy.聯(lián)合國貿(mào)易與發(fā)展會議是聯(lián)合國系統(tǒng)內(nèi)政府間的機構(gòu),它的設(shè)立是為了全面回顧、發(fā)展貿(mào)易并進行其他有關(guān)事項.貿(mào)發(fā)會議旨在促進所有國家,尤其是發(fā)展中國家經(jīng)濟和貿(mào)易的發(fā)展.它自成立40多年來,在促進南北對話和合作、促進發(fā)展中國家經(jīng)濟貿(mào)易發(fā)展、幫助這些國家加快步仿融人多邊貿(mào)易經(jīng)濟體系上都起到了重要的作用.52.高收入國家和地區(qū)是高檔消費品的主要市場,在吸引外資和對外投資方面都處于有利地位.High-incomecountriesandregionsofferprimemar-ketsforexpensiveconsumergoodsandarebothattractivesourcesanddestinationsofinvestment.53.在復(fù)雜的經(jīng)濟世界中,沒有一個國家可以完全自給自足.Inthecomplexeconomicworld,nocountrycanbecompletelyself-sufficient.54.在國際貿(mào)易中進出口雙方都面臨風險,因為總存在對方不履約的可能.Ininternationaltrade,boththeexporterandimporterfacerisksasthereisalwaysthepossibilitythattheotherpartymayfailtofulfillthecontract.55.信用證不能給締約雙方提供絕對的安全.theletterofcreditcannotprovideabsolutesecurityforthecontractingparties.56.合同是在雙方所達成的協(xié)議的基礎(chǔ)上觸定的,而協(xié)議又是雙方進行商務(wù)談判的結(jié)果.Thecontractisbasedonagreement,whichistheresultofbusinessnegotiations.全真模擬演練〔四5o.Acontractisanagreementbywhichtwopartiesmutuallypromisetobuyorsellsomeproducts.Inpractice,someinformalcontractsmaybereachedorally.Thisisunderstandable,butmayleadtounfortunateconsequences.Areasonableexportershouldatleastinsistonstrictobservanceofthelegalrequirementsincaseofordersthatarenotroutinetransactions.Whenthegoodsorderedrepresentaconsiderablevalue,aformalcontractembodyingalltermsoftheagree-mentshouldbepreparedinduplicate;eachcopyshouldbesignedbybothparties,andeachpartyshouldretainacopyofthecontract.一份合同是買賣雙方共同保證買賣某些產(chǎn)品的協(xié)定.在商業(yè)行為中,有些非正式合同是口頭達成的.這是可以理解的,但可能釀成嚴重后果.乚個明智的出口商至少應(yīng)在遇到非同尋常的訂貨時堅持嚴格要求按法規(guī)履約.當訂購貨物金額較大時,應(yīng)準備體現(xiàn)所有協(xié)議條款的合同一式兩份,在每份合同上雙方均需簽字,然后每方保留一份.51.Thereisageneralmisconceptionthatmarket-seekingFDIindomesticsectorssuchasretailyieldslittledevelopmentimpact.Theoppositeistrue.FDIinretailhasbeenakeydriverofpro-ductivitygrowthinBrazil,Poland,andThailand,resultinginlowerpricesandhigherconsump-lion.Large-scaleforeignretailersarealsoforcingwholesalersandfoodprocessorstoimprove.Andtheyarenowbecomingimportantsourcesofexports:TescoinThailandandWal-MartinBrazilareincreasinglyturningtolocalproductstofeedtheirglobalsupplychains.Retailalsohappenstobeapillarofthetourismindustry.一般有一種誤解,認為尋找市場的外國直接投資進入零售業(yè)等國內(nèi)行業(yè)對發(fā)展起不了多少推動作用.事實正好相反,巴西、波蘭、泰國零售業(yè)中的外國直接投資是促進三國生產(chǎn)發(fā)展的主要因素,使價格下降,消費上升.大型外國零售商還促使批發(fā)商和食品加工商加快發(fā)展.現(xiàn)在,它們正成為重要的出口來源.進入泰國的特斯科,進人巴西的沃爾瑪正越來越多地把當?shù)禺a(chǎn)品納入他們的全球供應(yīng)鏈.零售業(yè)還正好是旅游業(yè)的支柱.52.技術(shù)、資本和現(xiàn)成的市場是跨國企業(yè)組織帶給不發(fā)達國家的利益.technology,capUalandreadymarketsaresortofbenefitsMNEsbringtoless-developedhostcountries.53.貿(mào)易可能產(chǎn)生于規(guī)模經(jīng)濟,即大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)的成本優(yōu)勢.Trademayoccuroutofeconomiesofsthatis,thecostadvantagesoflarge-scaleproduction.54.你不能為鄰居的車投保,因為它如果損壞,你不會受到任何損失.Youcannotmsureyourneighbor’scar,forifitisnagedyouwillnotsufferanyloss.就出口商的利益而言,即期付款交單比遠期付款交單有利.Sofarastheexporter’sinterestisconcerned,D/PatsightismorefavourablethanD/Paftersight.56.比較利益學說在這個問題上提供了一個令人滿意的答案.Thetheoryofcomparativeadvantagehasofferedasatisfactoryanswertothisquestion.全真模擬演練〔五Thetransferablecreditisdesignedtomeettherequirementsofinternationaltrade.Itenablesamiddlemanwhoisreceivingpaymentfromabuyerunderadocumentarycredittotransferhisclaimunderthatcredittohisownsupplier.Inthiswayhecancarryouttraanmsssactionswith’onlyalimitedoutlayofhisownfunds.Atransferablecreditmayonlybetransferredonce.lhesecondbeneficiarymaynotfurthertransferitunlessthereisanexpressprovisiontothiseffectintheoriginalcredit.Thislimitontransferabilityisintendedtopreventabuse.可轉(zhuǎn)讓信用證是為適合國際貿(mào)易的需要而設(shè)計的.它使在跟單信用證項下從買方收取貨款的中間商能夠把自己信用證項下的權(quán)利轉(zhuǎn)讓給他的供貨商.這樣,他就可以只憑開支有限的資金而進行交易.可轉(zhuǎn)讓信用證只可轉(zhuǎn)讓一次.除非原信用證有明確規(guī)定,第二受益人不可以再轉(zhuǎn)讓信用證.這種對轉(zhuǎn)讓作出的限制是為了防止濫用轉(zhuǎn)讓.TheIFCwasestablishedin1956.Itsfunctionistoassisttheeconomicdevelopmentofless-developedcountriesbypromotinggrowthintheprivatesectoroftheireconom,esandhelpingtomobilizedomesticandforeigncapitalforthispurpose.MembershipintheIBRDisaprerequisiteformembershipintheIFC.國際金融組織成立于1956年,其宗旨是通過促進私營企業(yè)的經(jīng)濟增長并為此目的幫助調(diào)動國內(nèi)外資本,從而援助不發(fā)達國家的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展.參加國際金融組織的會員必須是國際復(fù)興開發(fā)銀行的會員.APEC建立于在澳大利亞首都召開的一次部長級會議,當時有12個成員國出席.APECwassetupattheMinisterialMeetinghelddintheAustraliancapitalattendedby12membersofcountries.53.貿(mào)易不是建立在兩個國家生產(chǎn)能力的差異上,而是建立在不同的消費愛好上.Illbebasednotondifferencesinthepro-ductioncapabilitiesofthetwocountriesbutondif-con’sumptionpreferences.54.要么因為信用證金額太大,要么因為對開證行不完全信任,出口商有時可能需要保兌信用證.Eitherbecausethecreditamountistoolarge,orbecausehedoesnotfullytrusttheopeningbank,theexportermaysometimesrequireaconfinrmroedletterofcredit.55.《國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋通則》的目的在于為外貿(mào)業(yè)務(wù)中使用最普遍的貿(mào)易術(shù)語提供一套國際解釋通則.ThepurposeofIncotermsistoprovideasetofinter-nationalrulesfortheinterpretationofthemostcommonlyusedtradetermsinforeigntrade.56.合同依法實施,未能履行合同義務(wù)的一方可能受到起訴,并被強制作出賠償.Acontractisenforceablebylaw,andthepartythatfailstofulfillhiscontractualobligationsmaybesuedandforcedtomakecompensation.全真模擬演練〔六Astraightbillofladingismadeoutsothatonlythenamedconsigneeisentitledtotakedeliveryofthegoodsunderthebill.Thisconsigneeisdesignatedbytheshipper.Thecarrierhastohandoverthecargotothenamedconsignee,nottoanythirdpartyinpossessionofthebill.Thiskindofbillofladingisnottransferable.Theshippercan’tpassthebilltoathirdpartybyendorsement.Becauseofthelimitedfunctions,thisbillisinveryrestrictedapplicatiS.Whengoodsareshippedonanon-commercialbasis,suchassamplesorexhibits,orwhenthegoodsareextremelyvaluable,astraightbillofladingisgenerallyissued.記名提單是為了只讓規(guī)定的收貨人提取該提單項下的貨物.收貨人是由托運人指定的.承運人必須把貨物交給指定的收貨人,而不能交給任何持有該提單的第三方.這種提單是不可轉(zhuǎn)讓的,托運人不能通過背書將其轉(zhuǎn)給第三方.由于作用受到限制,這種提單使用很有限,一般是?運輸樣品、展品之類的非贏利目的的籮物,或特別貴重商品時使用記名提單.Thepracticaladvantagesexistduetothepeculiarenvironmentwithinwhichcountertradeusuallytakesplace.Theyquitelikelydisappearwhentheenvironmentchanges-asishappeningnowinmanycountries.Restructuringandthedevelopmentofmarketsmaythereforemeanthattheenvironmentwithinwhichcountertradeusuallytakesplaceischangingsoastoreduceitsfrequency.Reducedownershiprestrictionsarelikelytoshifttheorganizationalformstowardjointventuresandwholly-ownedenterprises毛ich,possessproductionfacilities.Improvedknowledge,experience,andlegalenforcementofconraractualobligationswilllikelymeanincreasinguseoflongertermandmoresophisticatedexplicittransactioncontracts.實際好處的存在是因為對銷貿(mào)易所產(chǎn)生的特殊環(huán)境.當這種環(huán)境改變時,這種好處?可能不復(fù)存在——就像目前許多國家的情況一樣.經(jīng)濟結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整和市場的發(fā)展也許意味著產(chǎn)生對銷貿(mào)易的環(huán)境正在變化從而減少了對銷貿(mào)易產(chǎn)生的頻率.對所有權(quán)限制的減少有可能將組織形式朝著合資企業(yè)和擁有生產(chǎn)設(shè)施的獨資企業(yè)方向改變.對合同責任認識的提高、經(jīng)驗的豐富和依法實施的改善將有可能意味著越來越多地使用更長期、更復(fù)雜詳細的交易合同.52.在當今世界,跨國企業(yè)是,種可以跨越邊界轉(zhuǎn)移資源的非常重要的途徑.Inourworldtoday,themultinationalenterprisesareveryimportantvehiclesforthetransferofresourcesareveryimportantvehiclesforthetransferofresourcesacrossnationalboundaries.53.絕對利希理診認確二釉商黑熄在首拓輯資源成本低的國家進行生產(chǎn).thetheoryofabsoluteadvantageholdsthatacorn-moditywillbeproducedinthecountrywhereitcostsleastintermsofresources.54.還盤可以針對發(fā)盤中的價格、付款條件、裝運時間或其他條款提出.Acounter-offermaybemadeinrelationtotheprice,termsofpayment,timeofshipmentorothertermsandconditionsoftheoffer.55.清潔提單指貨物在表面狀況良好的情況下裝船,這意味著提單上未加任何有關(guān)包裝或貨物外表不良的批注.Acleanbillofladingreferstoonethatindicatesthegood8havebeenshippedinapparentgoodorderandcondition.Itmeansthatthedocumentisdevoidofanyqualifyingremarksconcerningthepackingandtheouterappearanceofthegoods.56.國際股票交易所提供了一種途徑,使人們的存款能夠為那些需要資金的人所利用.TheInternationalStockExchangeprovidesaacachcha-nelthroughwhichthesavingscanreachthosewhoneedUnance.全真模擬演練<七>Proposalformsarenotcustonuuyincargoinsurance,butmanyfirmBdousea.transitappli-cationformwhichliststheinformationtheyrequire.Sincethe-fullestinformationreducesthepos-sibilityofanybreachofutmostgoodfaith,itisbettertosupplyfulldetailsthantorestrictoneselftothebareruinimurn.Everymaterialcircumstancemustbedisclosedandwhatis"material"willdependuponthefactsofeveryconsignment.貨物保險習慣上雖不使用建議書,但許多公司的礁使舟過渡性的申請書列出他們所需的信息.因為信息越詳細就越有可能減少違反最大減信原則,因此最好是提供充分的信息而不要只局限于提供最低限度的情況.必須公開每個實質(zhì)性的事項并根據(jù)每一批貨物的情況來決定"實質(zhì)性的"事項是什么.Mostmultinationalcorporationsarema&!upofvastnumbersofforeignsubsidiaries,cornpa-niesinwhichover50percentisownedbytheparentcompany.Likeallcorporations,MNCsareorganizedaccordingtothegoalstheysetforthemselves.Theystrivetoretainaccesstotheneces-saryresources:rawmaterial,rnanpower,andcapital.Furthermore,theytrytogrowthroughglobalcooperationbyincreasingtheiraccesstoworldresources.Thisleadsthemtoexpandtheirforeignmarketposition,inotherwords,toincreasetheirmarketshare.MNCsgrewintostrongentitiesbyreinvestingtheirprofitsprudentlysoastofurtherincreaseaccesstoresources.Theyhadtohiremoreandmoretalentedlocalpeopleabroad,andtheyhadtopurchaserawmaterialsinforeigncountries.多數(shù)跨國公司都是由很多國外子公司組成的,母公司擁有子公司50%以上的股份.如所有公司一樣,跨國公司也是按照它們的目標來組織的.它們努力得到必需的資源：原料、勞動力和資金,而且它{rf通過在世界范圍內(nèi)獲得更多資源,通過全球范圍內(nèi)的合作獲得發(fā)展.這使它們不斷提高自己在國外市場的地位,即增加它們的市場份額.通過將利潤謹慎地再進行投資以獲取更多資源,跨國公司發(fā)展成強大的實體.它們不得不雇用更多的當?shù)厝瞬挪耐鈬徺I原料.52.固定匯率制降低了國際貿(mào)易中的風險,并且是抑制通貨膨脹的重要手段.Thefixedexchangeratesystemreducestheriski-nessofinternationalbusinessandisalsoanimportantmeasuretocurbinflation.53.商業(yè)發(fā)票,一般稱"發(fā)票"-搜赫照抿?qū)ω浳锏馁|(zhì)量和數(shù)量以及單價和總價進行概括性描述.Thecommercialinvoice,generallycalledtheinvoicemakesageneraldescriptionofthequality,quantity,unitprice,andtotalpriceofthegoods.54.很大一部分政府支出是誦討所得稅-增值稅、企業(yè)稅和其他稅收來籌集的.Alargeproportionofthegovernmentspendingisraisedthroughincormt’tav-,VAT,corporationtaxandothertaxes.55.反傾銷調(diào)杏顯示,中國是貿(mào)易保護措施的最士辱率若.這些貿(mào)易保護措施目前仍在一些國家盛行.Asshownintheanti-dumpinginvestigations,Chinaisthelargestvictimoftheprotectionistmeasureswhichareprevalentinsomecountries.56.直接在國外經(jīng)營提高了一個公司產(chǎn)品的能見度,使當?shù)乜蛻魧λ麄兯徺I的商品更加放心.Operatingdirectlyabroadenhancesthevisibilityofafirm’sproducts,makinglocalcustomersfeelmoreassuredaboutthethingstheybuy.全真模擬演練〔八Internationalbusinessisbusinessconductedinmorethanonecountry,includingbuyingandsellinggoodsandservices.Otherinternational.Businessactivitiesincludemarketing,manu-ring,mining,andfarming.Insum,internationalbusinessisallthepracticesabusinessinasinglecountrydoes,.butattheinternationallevel.國際商務(wù)是兩國或更多國家間進行的商務(wù)活動,包括買賣貨物和服務(wù).其他國際商務(wù)形式還包括營銷、制造、采礦和農(nóng)業(yè).總之,國際商務(wù)包括一個國家內(nèi)進行的所有的商務(wù)活動,只不過這些活動是在國際間進行的.51.Utmostgoodfaithisaveryimportantprinciple.Thepeoplewhodecidewhatpremiumisfairforaparticularcoverdosoonthebasisofwrittenstatementsmadeinaproposalform.Ifthisstatementisuntrue,thenthepremiumagreedonwillnotbeafairone.SupposeIsaythatacratecontainscopper,