伐牧場(chǎng)濟(jì)分析

?DeLaval2003PresentationName/Ref05/02/202420:501牧場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)分析

?DeLaval2003PresentationName/Ref05/02/202420:502動(dòng)物管理程序與制度

飼料與質(zhì)量

技術(shù)，人員及其工作表現(xiàn)

牛奶質(zhì)量和產(chǎn)量

奶牛舒適牛群的性能?DeLaval2003PresentationName/Ref05/02/202420:503?DeLaval2003PresentationName/Ref05/02/202420:504?DeLaval2003PresentationName/Ref05/02/202420:505?DeLaval2003PresentationName/Ref05/02/202420:506?DeLaval2003PresentationName/Ref05/02/202420:507?DeLaval2003PresentationName/Ref05/02/202420:508?DeLaval2003PresentationName/Ref05/02/202420:509?DeLaval2003PresentationName/Ref05/02/202420:5010牛奶生產(chǎn)牛奶生產(chǎn)取決于幾個(gè)方面：牛的基因牛舍，管理系統(tǒng)，奶牛舒適擠奶班次奶牛健康吸收大量干物質(zhì)的能力營(yíng)養(yǎng)需求，針對(duì)不同的泌乳階段——泌乳期必須增加攝取量?DeLaval2003PresentationName/Ref05/02/202420:5011土建成本?DeLaval2003PresentationName/Ref05/02/202420:5012牛奶生產(chǎn)的運(yùn)營(yíng)費(fèi)用?DeLaval2003PresentationName/Ref05/02/202420:5013牛奶生產(chǎn)

大部分牧場(chǎng)的最終經(jīng)營(yíng)目標(biāo)是最大化從每頭牛獲得的回報(bào)一般來(lái)說(shuō)，主要通過(guò)提高產(chǎn)量，但控制飼喂成本也十分關(guān)鍵運(yùn)營(yíng)成本一般是持續(xù)性經(jīng)營(yíng)所需的支出，主要因素如下：1–

飼喂成本2–

勞動(dòng)力成本3–

后備牛4–

繁殖

管理好這些方面，對(duì)牧場(chǎng)的盈利至關(guān)重要?DeLaval2003PresentationName/Ref05/02/202420:5014飼喂管理的經(jīng)濟(jì)分析

飼料不能只被視作成本，它還是一項(xiàng)投資投入少，產(chǎn)出高是不符合邏輯的不光每公斤飼料的費(fèi)用需要考慮，每公斤飼料中的營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)含量同樣需要計(jì)算把奶料比作為一個(gè)指標(biāo)來(lái)衡量飼喂管理的水平?DeLaval2003PresentationName/Ref05/02/202420:5015飼喂

奶牛的營(yíng)養(yǎng)需求在不同的生產(chǎn)階段，對(duì)營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的要求是不一樣的:干奶早期階段干奶后期階段泌乳早期階段泌乳高峰期階段泌乳高峰期過(guò)后的階段泌乳后期至干奶期之間有效滿足奶牛在不同階段的營(yíng)養(yǎng)需求是很大的挑戰(zhàn)?DeLaval2003PresentationName/Ref05/02/202420:5016飼喂管理產(chǎn)犢至產(chǎn)乳高峰期間的飼喂是一個(gè)很大的挑戰(zhàn)，因?yàn)檫@時(shí)能量需求位于最高值，但飼料的攝入量并不能跟上奶牛依靠攝取的能量，加上自身的代謝來(lái)滿足營(yíng)養(yǎng)需要，這不能有出錯(cuò)的空間。奶牛在這個(gè)時(shí)候通常都會(huì)出現(xiàn)問(wèn)題，因?yàn)轱暳系臄z取量和產(chǎn)奶量都達(dá)到高峰。

?DeLaval2003PresentationName/Ref05/02/202420:5017飼喂效率的幾個(gè)指標(biāo)

奶料比–牛奶收入/綜合飼喂成本典型數(shù)值為2.5至3.0干物質(zhì)效率

–產(chǎn)奶量/干物質(zhì)攝取量.每Kg干物質(zhì)能轉(zhuǎn)化為多少Kg的奶全群-1.3至1.5泌乳初期–1.5至1.6泌乳中期–1.4至1.6泌乳晚期–1.1至1.4?DeLaval2003PresentationName/Ref05/02/202420:5018NewYork,monthlydairycostsofproductionpercwtofmilksold,========================================================================================================JanRFebRMarRAprRMayRJunRJulRAugRSep========================================================================================================$/cwtOperatingcosts:Feed--Feedgrains1.161.261.311.331.301.291.181.121.03Hayandstraw1.031.031.031.071.161.161.111.111.10Completefeedmixes1.791.781.821.771.741.731.811.661.53Liquidwheyandmilkreplacer0.040.040.040.040.040.040.040.040.04Silage1.221.221.221.281.381.381.331.321.30Grazedpastureandcropland0.060.060.060.070.070.070.070.070.07Otherfeeditems1/0.950.950.920.890.880.850.840.820.80Total,feedcosts6.276.346.406.466.586.526.386.145.87Veterinaryandmedicine0.730.720.720.690.690.710.720.730.75Beddingandlitter0.250.250.250.250.240.250.250.260.26Marketing0.650.640.650.640.650.660.660.660.66Customservices0.560.560.550.540.530.540.550.550.57Fuel,lube,andelectricity0.490.490.510.490.510.500.540.580.61Repairs0.570.570.570.560.550.560.570.580.59Otheroperatingcosts2/0.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.00Interestonoperatingcapital0.080.080.080.080.080.080.080.080.08Totaloperatingcosts9.599.659.739.719.829.829.759.589.39美國(guó)牛奶生產(chǎn)的成本-紐約州(P1)奶價(jià)$16.50/cwt(100kg)Source:AgriculturalResourceManagementSurveyofmilkproducers?DeLaval2003PresentationName/Ref05/02/202420:5019Allocatedoverhead:Hiredlabor1.191.241.231.171.141.171.171.191.22Opportunitycostofunpaidlabor5.085.295.244.984.895.025.025.085.20Capitalrecoveryofmachineryandequipment3.543.533.753.663.563.663.683.733.81Opportunitycostofland(rentalrate)0.060.060.060.060.060.060.060.060.06Taxesandinsurance0.220.220.210.210.200.210.210.220.22Generalfarmoverhead0.770.770.780.760.750.770.780.790.80Total,allocatedoverhead10.8711.1011.2710.8310.6110.8910.9311.0711.31Totalcostslisted20.4620.7421.0020.5420.4320.7120.6820.6520.70===============================================================================================================Source:AgriculturalResourceManagementSurveyofmilkproducers.R=revisedusingnewlyavailableupdateddata.1/Cottonseedmeal,proteinsupplements,proteinby-products,alfalfacubesorpellets,greenchop,cornstalks,andantibioticsandothermedicatedadditives.2/Manuredisposalfees,permits,andlicenses,andodorcontrolcosts.紐約州的成本(P2)奶價(jià)$16.50/cwt(100kg)?DeLaval2003PresentationName/Ref05/02/202420:5020California,monthlydairycostsofproductionpercwtofmilksold========================================================================================================JanRFebRMarRAprRMayRJunRJulRAugRSep========================================================================================================$/cwtOperatingcosts:Feed--Feedgrains1.281.371.421.451.451.421.311.231.11Hayandstraw1.721.691.681.771.971.931.871.841.79Completefeedmixes2.512.472.522.462.492.432.562.332.10Liquidwheyandmilkreplacer0.050.050.050.050.050.050.050.050.05Silage0.800.780.780.820.920.900.870.860.83Grazedpastureandcropland0.050.050.050.050.050.050.050.050.05Otherfeeditems1/0.770.750.730.710.720.690.680.650.63Total,feedcosts7.187.177.227.317.657.477.397.016.56Veterinaryandmedicine0.460.450.450.430.440.450.460.460.47Beddingandlitter0.050.050.050.050.050.050.050.050.05Marketing0.190.190.190.190.190.190.190.190.19Customservices0.460.450.440.430.440.440.450.450.45Fuel,lube,andelectricity0.420.410.430.420.450.420.460.490.51Repairs0.400.390.390.380.390.390.400.400.40Otheroperatingcosts2/0.010.010.010.010.010.010.010.010.01Interestonoperatingcapital0.070.070.070.070.070.070.070.070.07Totaloperatingcosts9.249.199.259.299.699.509.499.148.72美國(guó)牛奶生產(chǎn)的成本-加州（P1)?DeLaval2003PresentationName/Ref05/02/202420:5021Allocatedoverhead:Hiredlabor1.191.221.211.151.161.171.181.191.19Opportunitycostofunpaidlabor0.950.970.960.920.930.940.940.940.95Capitalrecoveryofmachineryandequipment2.132.102.222.172.182.202.232.242.25Opportunitycostofland(rentalrate)0.010.010.010.010.010.010.010.010.01Taxesandinsurance0.140.140.140.140.140.140.140.140.14Generalfarmoverhead0.300.300.300.300.300.300.310.310.31Total,allocatedoverhead4.734.744.844.684.724.774.814.834.85Totalcostslisted13.9713.9314.0913.9814.4114.2714.3013.9713.56===============================================================================================================Source:AgriculturalResourceManagementSurveyofmilkproducers.R=revisedusingnewlyavailableupdateddata.1/Cottonseedmeal,proteinsupplements,proteinby-products,alfalfacubesorpellets,greenchop,cornstalks,andantibioticsandothermedicatedadditives.2/Manuredisposalfees,permits,andlicenses,andodorcontrolcosts.加州的成本(P2)?DeLaval2003PresentationName/Ref05/02/202420:5022?DeLaval2003PresentationName/Ref05/02/202420:5023牛數(shù)No.ofcows銷量：鎊（英）Poundsmilksold銷量：鎊/牛Lbsmilksold/cow牛數(shù)/擠奶員Cowsperworker銷量：磅/擠奶員LbsMilksoldperworker95722,198,44625,404591,256,95347110,590,57823,680491,032,9133076,481,81422,82044907,8712153,100,32021,77040815,5101552,222,88219,59137747,6051191,682,01418,31434673,029不同牛群規(guī)模的生產(chǎn)效率

?DeLaval2003PresentationName/Ref05/02/202420:5024不同牛群規(guī)模的生產(chǎn)效率

牛數(shù)No.ofcows銷售量kg銷量kg/牛Lbsmilksold/cow牛數(shù)/擠奶員Cowsperworker銷量Kg/擠奶員LbsMilksoldperworker95710,069,2154,567,39659570,1544714,803,8862,179,04349468,5293072,940,1511,333,65244411,8102151,406,305637,90040369,9151551,008,299457,36537339,114119762,962346,07934305,286?DeLaval2003PresentationName/Ref05/02/202420:5025工作程序，舉例：一個(gè)東德栓式牧場(chǎng)

工作時(shí)間：小時(shí)/年300cows600cowsmilking11.40321.338feeding3.9615.124manurehandling1.8253.140cleaning+desinfection474617cowcare/animalhealth/breeding5.4428.951Total23.10539.770workingtimepercow+year77,0166,28workingtimepercow+day0,210,18numberofworkers(2100manhours/year)1119cowsperman2732?DeLaval2003PresentationName/Ref05/02/202420:5026?DeLaval2003PresentationName/Ref05/02/202420:5027Source:Hoard'sDairyman?DeLaval2003PresentationName/Ref05/02/202420:5028生產(chǎn)成本

(每公斤原奶歐分,奶價(jià):大約.38歐分)

東德,800頭牛,單產(chǎn)9200kg/牛飼料10,3(精料6,0)后備牛5,8獸醫(yī)、獸藥等1,0人工受精0,4能源，水1,0機(jī)械成本可變1,3土建0,4其他1,3人工5,2折舊5,0