十大詞類和八種句子成分串講學(xué)案高一英語初高銜接課程

十大詞類（詞性）一句話記住十大詞類Wow!Thebeautifulgirlgavetwokissestotheboyandsherunsawayquickly!口訣助記十大詞類:________________________________________實詞可以____________________，虛詞不可以____________________分類名稱縮寫意義重要考點實詞名詞n.命名萬事萬物：分為專有名詞和普通名詞。普通名詞可分為__________和__________可數(shù)名詞變復(fù)數(shù)、常見不可數(shù)名詞、名詞所有格、抽象名詞的具體化動詞v.表動作或狀態(tài)：包括__________、_________、__________和_________謂語動詞的時態(tài)、語態(tài)、主謂一致及虛擬語氣；非謂語動詞形容詞adj.修飾__________或__________形容詞變副詞；形容詞、副詞的比較級和最高級；動詞、名詞變形容詞；易混形容詞副詞辨析副詞adv.修飾__________、__________、__________或__________代詞pron.代名詞：__________、________、____________________等各種代詞的用法；it的用法數(shù)詞num.表數(shù)量/順序：分為__________和__________基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞的用法虛詞介詞prep.介詞是一種虛詞，不能單獨使用，需用在__________、_________、__________和__________的前面介詞的用法及搭配連詞conj.分為__________和__________并列連詞和從句連詞的用法冠詞art.用于__________前或“形容詞修飾的名詞”幫助說明名詞含義的一種虛詞冠詞的用法及搭配感嘆詞int.表語氣了解練習(xí)Young_______(child)satunderatreewithgreen______(leaf)andtalkedabouttheirdreams.Some_________(student)dreamwasthattheyhopedtheywouldbecamegreat__________(music).Mr.Zhangis__________(we)Englishteacherandhealwayshelps__________(I)learnEnglishpatiently.Hetaught______(he)whenhewasyoung.Iconsiderhimafriendof________(I).Theboy’sfather_____(pass)awaytwoyearsago,_______(leave)himagreatsumofmoney.Inthepastfewyears,greatchanges__________(take)placeinourtown.________(unlucky),theoldmanwas______(serious)hurtintheaccident.Butdoctorswere_______(amaze)thatthemanrecoveredmuch_______(quickly)thanexpected..__________(hundred)ofguestsgatheredtocelebratetheoldman’s_______(ninetynine)birthday.Althoughtheoldmanwasinhis__________(ninety),hewasingoodhealth.______acoldmorning,agroup_____policemensearchedtheforest____themurderer（殺人犯）.Theysearchedeverywhere________stillcouldn’tfindthemurder__________killedthewoman.As________universitystudent,Iwasmovedby________movieMypeople,Mycountry.英語句子成分句子成分的定義構(gòu)成句子的各個部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分：主語和謂語次要成分：表語、賓語、定語、狀語、補足語、同位語一句話搞懂英語八大句子成分：IsawmyfriendJackdancingintheroomandhewashappy.口訣助記八大句子成分:________________________________________（一）主語（subject）主語是一個句子所敘述的主體，是動作的發(fā)出者，一般位于句首，動詞之后。主語可以是名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、動詞不定式、動名詞、從句等。Janeisgoodatplayingthepiano.（專有名詞）Shewentoutinahurry.（代詞）Fourplusfouriseight.（數(shù)詞）TogoforatravellingtoParisismydream.（不定式）Smokingisbadforhealth.（動名詞）Theyoungshouldrespecttheold.（名詞化的形容詞）Whathehassaidistrue.（句子）ItwasinterestingtolearnabouttheWolongReserve.（It形式主語，主語從句是真正主語）找出句中主語（下劃線）并說出類型：1.Thesunrisesintheeast.

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2.Twentyyearsisashorttimeinhistory.

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3.Thepoorarenowlivingintheshelter.（）4.Seeingisbelieving.

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5.TogoforatravellingtoParisismydream.（）

6.Helikesdancing.

（）7.Whatheneedsisabook.（）（二）謂語（predicate）是對主語加以陳述，說明主語的動作、狀態(tài)和特征（說明主語“做什么”、“怎么樣”或“是什么”），一般由動詞充當,放在主語之后（有時態(tài)、人稱等變化，是英語句子的靈魂）簡單謂語:由動詞或動詞詞組組成。Isawtheflagonthetopofthehill?Helookedaftertwoorphans.Heisanexcellentteacher.復(fù)合謂語：由情態(tài)動詞或助動詞+動詞;HecanspeakEnglishwell.Shedoesn’tseemtolikedancing.找出句中謂語（下劃線）并說出類型：1.Weetoschoolfivedaysaweek.（）2.Ihavehomeworktodotoday.（）3.Annekeptadiary.（）4.Doesheworkhardeveryday?（）5.Iwillgototheparttomorrow.（）（三）賓語（object）謂語動作所涉及的對象,它是動作的承受者,賓語可以由名詞或起名詞作用的成分擔(dān)任，一般放在謂語后面。有些及物動詞可以有兩個賓語，分為直接賓語和間接賓語.直接賓語指物或事,間接賓語指人或動物，合稱雙賓。例如：例：Ourteachertoldusaninterestingstory.間接賓語直接賓語例：Hegavemesomebooks.間接賓語直接賓語Showyourpassport,please.（名詞）Shedidn'tsayanything.(代詞）Howmanydoyouwant?Iwanttwo.(數(shù)詞)Theysenttheinjuredtohospital.(名詞化的形容詞)Theyaskedtoseemypassport.（不定式）Ienjoyworkingwithyou.（動名詞）Didyouwritedownwhathesaid?（句子）找出句中賓語（下劃線）并說出類型：Hewrotealettertome.（）Iwanttovisitthemuseum.（）Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.（）Ithinkthatheisfitforthejob.（）IfindithardtolearnEnglish.（）Weshouldhelpthepoor.（）Idon’tknowwheretogo.（）IfinditdifficulttostayawakewhenI’mreallysleepy.（）（四）表語（predicative）主語補足語用來說明主語的性質(zhì),身份,特征和狀態(tài)。表語須和連系動詞一起構(gòu)成句子的復(fù)合謂語。表語一般放在系動詞之后。表語可以由名詞,形容詞或起名詞和形容詞作用的詞和短語擔(dān)任。Thewarwasover.（副詞）Theyseemtoknowthetruth.（不定式）Timeisprecious.（形容詞）I’mnotquitemyselftoday.（反身代詞）Thatremainsapuzzle.（名詞）Idon’tfeelatease.（短語）找出句中表語（下劃線）并說出類型：I’mafreshmanatseniorhighschool.（）Thefoodtastesgood.（）Themachineisunderrepair.（）MydreamistobeanEnglishteacher.（）Myhobbyisplayingfootball.（）Theproblemisthatwedon’thaveenoughmoney.（）Thewarwasover.（）定語（attribute）用于描述名詞,代詞,短語或從句的性質(zhì),特征范圍等情況的詞叫做定語,定語可以由名詞,形容詞和起名詞和形容詞作用的詞,短語擔(dān)任。定語分為：前置定語和后置定語前置定語–單個的定語一般放在所修飾詞前

后置定語–短語，句子一般放在所修飾詞后前置定語：Heisacleverboy.(形容詞)Hisfatherworksinasteelwork.(名詞)Thereare54studentsinourclass.(數(shù)詞)DoyouknownBetty’ssister?(名詞的所有格)Heboughtsomesleepingpills.(動名詞)Thereisasleepingbabyinbed.(現(xiàn)在分詞)Hisspokenlanguageisgood.(過去分詞)后置定語：Thegirlinredishissister.Wehavealotofworktodo.Thegirlstandingunderthetreeishisdaughter.Doyouknowthemanwhospokejustnow?（定語從句）找出句中定語（下劃線）并說出類型：1.Shelikesredcoatsbest.（）2.Therearehundredsofteenagers.（）3.Haveyouevenheardoftherunningstar?（）4.ThedogrunningafterthecatbelongstoMissLi.（）5.ThisistheschoolthatIwanttogo.（）6.Theboycryingoverthereismysister.（）7.Themanwhovisitedourclassyesterdayisanexpert.（）(六）狀語（adverbial）修飾動詞、形容詞、另外一個副詞或整個句子。說明事物發(fā)生的時間、地點、原因、目的、結(jié)果方式、條件或伴隨情況、程度等情況的詞叫狀語。狀語可以由副詞、短語以及從句來擔(dān)任。分類：地點狀語、時間狀語、原因狀語、目的狀語、結(jié)果狀語、讓步狀語、條件狀語、程度狀語、方式狀語和伴隨狀語。狀語在句子中的位置很靈活，常見情況為：通常在句末，強調(diào)時在句首；修飾形容詞或副詞時，通常位于被修飾的詞之前；表示時間、地點、目的的狀語一般位于句子兩頭，地點狀語一般須在時間狀語之前；程度副詞狀語通常位于be動詞、助動詞、情態(tài)動詞之后，動詞之前。Iwillbebackinawhile.（介詞短語—時間狀語）Theyareplayingontheplayground.（介詞短語—地點狀語）Hewaslatebecausehegotuplate.（從句—原因狀語）HegotupsolatethatImissedthetrain.（從句—結(jié)果狀語）Heoftenwenttoschoolbybus.（方式狀語）Hisparentsdied,leavinghimanorphan.（分詞短語—伴隨狀語）Pleasecallmeifitisnecessary.（從句—條件狀語）Thisbookisveryinteresting.（副詞—程度狀語）Hewenttoschoolinspiteofhisillness.（介詞短語—讓步狀語）Tomakehisdreametrue,Tomworksharder.（不定式—目的狀語）找出句中狀語（下劃線）并說出類型：Theboyneedsapentodohishomework.（）Wealwaysgetpunishedifwemakemistakes.（）OnSaturdays,thereisnostudentintheclassroom.（）Hestandsthere,askingforhelp.（）Theboyneedssomuchthepenboughtbyhismother.（）Now,Chinaisdifferentfrombefore.（）Hecriedandcriedbecauseofthesadendingofthestory.（）Hedoeshishomeworkcarefullyeverymorning.（）Feelingtired,hewenttobedwithoutsupper.（）Annahadaterribleaccidentwhenshewassix.（）Theboyisverystrongandrunsextremelyfast.（）(七）賓語補足語有些及物動詞除了有一個直接賓語以外，還要有一個賓語補足語，說明賓語的身份和狀態(tài)以補充其意義不足，使句子的意義完整。這類常用的及物動詞有：make,ask,see,find,call,get,have,let,tell,help,keepWecallherXiaoLi.賓語賓語補足語Youmustkeeptheroomcleanandtidy.賓語賓語補足語JohnaskedmetohelphimwithhisChinese.賓語賓語補足語Iwillhavemyhaircuttomorrow.賓語賓語補足語Wesawtheboyplayingbasketballontheplaygroundjustnow.賓語賓語補足語找出句中賓語補足語（下劃線）并說出類型：HisfathernamedhimJack.（）Thenewsmakeshimsad.（）Whathesaidmakesuscry.（）Wesawherenteringtheroom.（）Ifoundmymoneystolen.（）Ifoundthebookinteresting.（）Sheaskedmetolendherahand.（）Imakemystudentsinterestedinmyclass.（）Sheaskedmetolendherahand.（）Wemadehimmonitorinourclass.（）Wefoundhimintroublenow.（）WefounditnecessarytostudyEnglish.（）同位語（appositive）當兩個指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置時，一個句子成分可被用來說明或解釋另一個句子成分，前者就叫做后者的同謂語.這兩個句子成分多由名詞（代詞）擔(dān)任，同謂語通常皆放在其說明的名詞（代詞）之后。同位語是在名詞或代詞之后并列名詞或代詞，對前者加以說明的成分，近乎于后置定語。Weyoungpeopleshouldrespecttheold.（名詞）Hehimselfwilldotheexperiment.（代詞）Heistheoldestamongthemfour.（數(shù)詞）Hetoldmethenewsthatourteamwonthegame.（從句）找出句中同位語（下劃線）并說出類型：Mr.Zhang,myEnglishteacher,isveryhandsome.（）Hetoldmethenewsthatourteamwonthegame.（）【題組訓(xùn)練一】根據(jù)句子成分和基本句型知識，選擇正確答案。1.Sheneverlies.A.賓語 B.謂語 C.狀語 D.定語2.Itisagoodjobforme.A.表語 B.狀語 C.定語 D.主語3.Hesattherequietly.A.表語 B.狀語 C.定語 D.主語4.Inthesentence"Everymorning,Ihearthebirdssinginthepark",theunderlinedpartis____.A.表語 B.賓語補足語 C.間接賓語 D.直接賓語5."Theypaintedthewallswhite."Theunderlined(畫線的)partis________.A.表語 B.直接賓語 C.間接賓語 D.賓語補足語6.Tellhimtogetonthebusatonce.A.狀語 B.賓語 C.定語 D.表語7.Youshouldtakeanumbrellawithyouwhenyougoout.A.謂語 B.表語 C.賓語 D.定語8.Thefoodtastesdelicious.A.主語 B.表語 C.賓語 D.狀語9.IsawherchattingwithNancy.A.表語 B.定語 C.賓語 D.賓補10.Thereisagirlwaitingforyoudownstairs.A.定語 B.主語 C.狀語 D.謂語11．WeallstudyhardatEnglish.A.主語B.謂語C.賓語D.表語12．Bettylikeshernewbikeverymuch.A.主語B.謂語C.賓語D.表語13．Mybrotherisapoliceman.A.主語B.謂語C.賓語D.表語14．Wereyouathomelastnight?A.定語B.狀語C.賓補D.表語15．Winteristhecoldestseasonoftheyear.A定語B.狀語C.賓補D.表語16．Heoftenwalksinthepark.A.定語B.狀語C.賓語D.表語17．Maryaskedmetohelpheryesterday.A.定語B.狀語C.賓補D.表語18．Heboughtmeanicepresentlastweek.A.賓語B.直接賓語C.間接賓語D.賓補19．Hisparentsaredoctors.A.賓語B.表語C.謂語D.定語20．I’llgetyousometeanow.A.賓語B.直接賓語C.間接賓語D.賓補21．Mymothertoldusaninterestingstorylastnight.A.表語B.直接賓語C.間接賓語D.賓補22．Hehasreadthebooktwice.A.主語B.謂語C.表語D.賓語23．Theyseemedunhappywhentheyheardthenews.A.表語B.謂語C.賓語D.定語24．Doyouhavesomethingtoeat?A.狀語B.定語C.賓語D.賓補25．Wemadehimourmonitor.A.賓語B.定語C.狀語D.賓補二、分析下列句子的各個成分。Mybrotherhasn'tdonehishomework。Theoldmansaidhewasill.IfoundtheclassroomemptySheorderedherselfanewdress.Thewarmadehimasoldier.TheboyyouwillknowisTom.Thedaysgetlongerandlongerwhensummeres.Doyouusuallygotoschoolbybus?Tomdidn'tdohishomeworkyesterday.Themandownstairswastryingtosleep.三、分析劃線部分的句子成分并把句子翻譯成漢語。1.RecentlyIhavecarriedoutasurveyamongthestudentsinourclass.2.Onedaysomeofmystudentsweretalkingaboutwhattheywouldliketobeinthefuture3.Musiccanmakeourmindpeacefulafterawholedayoftiringwork.4.Themeetingheldyesterdaywasimportant.5.Everydayhewasforcedtoworkfrommorningtillnight.6.Wordcamethatthemayor(市長)wouldpayavisittoourschoolnextweek.【題組訓(xùn)練二】分析下列的句子成分并嘗試翻譯1.(2019課標全國Ⅰ閱讀B)Whatyouneedisagreatteacherwholetsyoumakemistakes.分析:句子的主干是結(jié)構(gòu)。其中Whatyouneed是語;is是語;agreatteacherwholetsyoumakemistakes是語,其中wholetsyoumakemistakes是從