自考 綜合英語二 作文

自考綜合英語二作文

LITwelvethingsIwishtheyteachatschool

Q:Whydoestheauthortellusnottobeafraidtoaskstupid

questions?

A:Theauthorthinksthatmanyapparentlynaiveinquirieslikewhy

grassisgreen,orwhythesunisround,orwhy

weneed55.000nuclearweaponsintheworldarereallydeep

questions.Hesayswhenyoutrytogettheanswers,you

youdon'tknow,andwillgaindeepunderstandingofthethings.

It'salsoimportanttoknow,aswellasyoucan,whatitisthat

askingquestionsistheway.Healsotellsusthattoask“stupid”

questionsrequirescourageonthepartoftheaskerand

n'tconfineyourlearningtoschoolwork.Discussideasindepth

knowledgeandpatienceonthepartoftheanswerer.Anddo

withfriends.It'smuchbravertoaskquestionsevenwhenthere，sa

prospectofridiculethantosuppressyourquestionsand

becomedeadenedtotheworldaroundyou.

ListtwoofthethingsCarlSaganmentionsinhisarticleuTwelve

thingsIwishtheyteachat

schoolvandexplainwhyyouthinkthemimportant.

OfthethingsCarlSaganwishedhehadlearnedinhighschool,I

thinkthat"Don?tbeafraidtoask?stupid?

questions"and"Everyonemakesmistakes”aremoreimportantthan

others.

Ifweareeagertolearn,wearesuretofindalotofthingswe

don'tunderstand.Askingquestionisawayoflearning.Questions

regardedas“stupid“maybeintelligentandprofoundones.They

mayleadtoimportantdiscoveries,andwhiletryingtogetanswerswe

maygaininsightsintomattersofimportance.

Itisalsoimportanttoknowthatourunderstandingislimitedand

thatwecan'tavoidmakingmistakes.Whatisimportantisto

learnfromourmistakes.Inotherswords,wemustthinkhardandtry

tofindoutwhywemakemistakessothatwewillnotmakethesameor

similarmistakesagain.Thisthinkingprocessisanimportantaspectof

learning.

L2ICONQ:whatarethefactorsshiftfromhero-worshiptothe

celebrity-worship?

A:Thenewformsofmedia-photography,movingpictures,radioand

televisionarethemainfactors.

Thereproductionofphotosinnewspapersturnedfamouspeopleinto

celebritieswhosedress,appearance,andpersonalhabitswerewidely

commentedupon.Slowly,thefocusofpublicattentionbegantoshift

awayfromknowingwhatsuch

peopledidtoknowingwhattheylookedlike.

Theshiftwasacceleratedbythearrivalofmovingpictures.

Between1901and1914,74percentofthemagazinearticlesabout

famouspeoplewereaboutpoliticalleaders,inventors,professionals,

andbusinessmen.Afterl922,however,mostarticleswere

aboutmoviestars.

Withthearrivaloftelevision,thefacesofthestarsbecameas

familiarasthosewesawacrossthebreakfasttable.Wecameto

knowmoreaboutthelivesofthecelebritiesthanwedidaboutmost

ofthepeopleweknowpersonally.Lessthan

seventyyearsaftertheappearanceofthefirstmovingpictures,the

shiftfromhero-worshiptocelebrity-worship

wascomplete.

Whatarethedifferencesbetweenheroesorheroinesandcelebrities?

Therearethreedistinctionsbetweenheroesorheroinesand

celebrities.Thedistinctionsareclassifiedonthebasesofquality,

originandsocialeffect.

First,heroesorheroinesaremenandwomendistinguishedby

uncommoncourage,achievements,andself-sacrificeforthe

benefitofothers.Theyarefamousfortheirenduringachievements.

Celebritiesarepeoplewell-knownfortheirwell-knownness,whobecome

famousbecauseofmuchpublicityandnotofanyenduringachievements.

Second,tobecomeaheroorheroine,oneneedsaccomplishment;tobecome

celebrity,oneneedsluck.Heroesorheroinesare

distinguishedbytheiraccomplishment;celebritiesbytheirimageor

trademark.Heroesorheroinescreatethemselves;

celebritiesarecreatedbythemedia.Heroesorheroinesarebigmen

andwomen;celebritiesarebignames.

Third,heroesorheroinesinspirerespect.Theyarepeopleagainst

whomwemeasureothers.Celebritiesinspireenvy.Except

fortheattentioncelebritiesgetfromthemedia,theyareexactly

likecommonpeople.

1

L3Go-GoAmericanQ:what?stheAmerican?sattitudetowardstime?

A:IntheUnitedStates,manypeoplekeenlyfeeltheshortnessof

eachlife-time.Theyareawarethatonceadayin

theirlifeisgone,itwillnevercomeback.AndAmericansbelieveno

onestandsstill.Ifyouarenotmovingahead,youare

fallingbehind.Sotheyvaluetimeandwanteveryminutetocount.

Thisattitudetowardstimeisshowninthefastpaceoflifeinthe

country.Whatevertheydotheyalwaysseemtobeina

rush.Youfindpeoplehurryingtogetwheretheyaregoing.They

hurrytoeatingplacesforamealandfinishitasquickly

aspossible.

AlsoAmericansdowhattheycantosavetime.Theyproducealotof

labor-savingdevicessuchasclothes-anddish-washers;theyrapidly

communicatethroughphonecalls,telexande-mailandcutdownon

personalcontacts.

SummarizesomestrikingcharacteristicsofAmericanlife.Givesome

examplestoillustratethecharacteristics

“Timeismoney,“sayAmericans,sinceyouareallowedonlythis

muchoftimeinyourlife,you,dbettermakethe

bestuseofit."IntheUnited-Stated,highlyefficientandwell-

organizedpeopleareadmired.Thesepeoplewilllistallthethingsthat

theyaregoingtodo,drawupplansandcarrythemoutonebyone.In

thiscountry,anidealpersonturnsupat

meetingontime,fulfilsanappointmentpunctually按時anddoesnot

wasteotherpeople?stime.

Fast-foodchains,suchasMcDonald,s,KentuckeyFriedChicken(KFC)

andPizzaHut(PH),canbefoundeverywherein

America,andareverypopularamongAmericanpeople,sincemany

peopletrytospendlesstimeincookingandeating.Americanslike

electroniccommunication,too.Theydotheirbusinessbyusingthe

telephone,theE-mailandtheinternet,theyholdteleconferencesto

settleproblem,andtheyobtainvariouskindsofinformationonthe

internet.Inshort,they

wanteveryminutetocount

L4TakeoverBoson

Q:CanyouimagewhatdidBarrettthinkofwhenheheardSnyder?s

whisper“takeoverboson”?

A:Becauseofthirst,Barnetwasalmostoutofmind.Heroseseveral

timesandwasaconstantthreat.Butwhenhe

heardSnydersaid“Takeoverboson”,hehadastrangefeeling

suddenly.Hecametorealizehewouldandmust

takeoverthetaskandberesponsiblefortherest.Aslongashe

stoppedothersfromthelittlewater,theywouldalwayshavehopesand

wouldn'tdiesoon.SohepickedSnyder'sgunupanddecidedtoholdoff

theotherfromthe

wateruntilnightwhenashipsavedthem.

Haveyoueverfoundyourselfsuddenlyinapositionofleadership?

Describeyourexperience.

L5AreyougivingyourkidtoomuchQ:Whyparentsoverindulgetheir

children?Thereareseveralreasonstoexplainwhyparentsoverindulge

theirchildren.Onefairlycommonreasonisthat

parentsoverindulgetheirchildrenoutofasenseofguilt.Parents

whobothholddownfull-timejobsmayfeelguiltyabouttheamountof

timetheyspendawayfromtheirchildrenandmayattempttocompensate

by

showeringthemwithmaterialpossessions.Otherparentsoverindulge

becausetheywanttheirchildrentohave

everythingtheyhadwhilegrowingup,alongwiththosethingsthe

parentsyearnedforbutdidn'tget.Stillothers

areafraidtosaynototheirchildren'sendlessrequestsfortoys

forfearthattheirchildrenwillfeelunlovedorwillberidiculedif

theydon'thavethesameplaythingstheirfriendshave.

2

L6Cultureshock

Q:Whatarefourstagesthatpeoplegothroughwhentheyexperience

situationsthatarevery

differentfromthosetowhichtheyareaccustomed?

A:Stageoneisahoneymoonphase,duringwhichthenewexperience

isperceivedtobeinteresting,picturesque,

entertaining,andcharming.Youmaynoticeseveralsuperficial

differencessuchasmusic,food,andclothing,andthefreshappealof

thenewexperiencekeepsyoufeelinginterestedandpositive.Whenyou

stayinanewenvironmentforawhile,youmovetostagetwo-thecrisis

stage-inwhichtheshinewearsoffandday-to-dayrealitiessinkin.In

relationship,younoticeannoyinghabits;inanewcountry,youfind

barrierstoestablishingconnectionsortolearningthelanguagebeyond

afewpolitephrases.Ifyoustickwiththeexperienceandtrytodeal

withitrealistically,youwillprobablymovetothethird

phase:recovery.Inrecovery,youlearnthesystems,procedures,

languageornonverbalbehaviorsofthenewenvironmentsothatyoucan

copewithitonthebasisofsomemastery,competence,andcomfort.

Finally,whenyoufeelthatyoufunctionwellandalmostautomatically

inthenewculture,youwillmovetothefourthphase:adjustment.

Haveyoueverexperiencedcultureshock?Didyoufinallyadjustto

thenewenvironment?

Studyingabroadgreatlyappealstoyoungpeople.Itisreallya

brand-newexperiencewhichprovidesuswiththeopportunitiesto

discovernewthings.Butwehavetobementallypreparedforthe

problemswithwhichwemaybeconfronted.Owingtothedifferencesin

socialsystem,belief,valuesandwayoflife,wemaysufferculture

shockanditishardforustobeadaptedtothenewenvironment.

Usually,weneedtogothroughfourstagestogetaccustomedtoa

newplace.Thefourstagesarehoneymoon,crisis,recoveryand

adjustment.Onarrivinginaforeigncountry,wemayfeelexcited,and

everythingappearswonderful.Butwhenweenterthesecondstage,we

feelthatthingsarenotsogoodaswehaveexpected.Webegintomiss

ourhomesandtendtogiveitup.However,aslongaswestickwithit,

wecanovercomethiscultureshock,beadaptedtoandfinallyget

benefitfromthisnewculture.

Howdopeopleadjustthemselvestoanewenvironment?

Inanewenvironmentpeoplewillgothroughfourstageswhenthey

experiencesituationsthatareverydifferentfromthosetowhichthey

areaccustomed.Stageoneisahoneymoonphase,duringwhichthenew

experienceisperceivedtobe

interesting,picturesque,entertaining,andcharming.Youmaynotice

severalsuperficialdifferences,andthefreshappealofthenew

experiencekeepsyoufeelinginterestedandpositive.Stagetwoisthe

crisisstage,inwhichtheshinewearsoff

andday-to-dayrealitiessinkin.thedifficultiesand

unpleasantnessofrealityreplacethecharmingandpicturesque

“honeymoon”.Stagethreeisarecoverystage.Inwhichtheylearnthe

systems,procedures,languageornonverbal

behaviorsofthenewenvironmentsothatyoucancopewithitonthe

basisofsomemastery,competence,andcomfort.Stagefour,the

adjustmentstage,occurswhentheyfeelthattheyfunctionwelland

almostautomaticallyinthenewculture.Agreaterenjoymentofthenew

experienceisnowpossible,andtheymayregainsomeoftheinitial

positiveregardtheyhadinthehoneymoonstage.

3

L7ModelMillionaireI

Q:Supposeyouarethemillionaire.Explainhowyougettoknow

HughieErskineandwhatyoudoinreturnforthepoundbegaveyouwhen

youfirstmet?-

A:rmBaronHusberg.Ihaveenoughmoneytobuythewholeof

London.Oneday,onawhimIaskedmyartist

friendAlanTrevortopaintmeasabeggar.Alanhadalmostfinished

thepicturewhenaverycharmingyoung

manwalkedintohisstudio.Isupposehemusthavebeenvery

sympatheticwithme,forwhenAlanwasawayaminute,theyoungman

quicklyputapoundintomyhat.Iwasstartledforamoment,butIwas

pleasedwhenIrealizedthathetookmeforarealbeggar.LaterI

learnedfromAlanallaboutthisyoungman:hewaspoor,andcould

notmarrythegirlhelovedbecauseherfatherwouldn,tletthem

unlesshehad10,000pounds.Touchedbythe

youngman,sspiritofkindness,Idecidedtohelphim.Thenextday

Ihadachequefor10,000poundsdeliveredtohimasaweddinggift.

L8ModelMillionaireII

Q:Retellthestory“themodelmillionaire,,.

A:HughieErskinewasacharmingyoungmanwhowasinlovewitha

nicegirlcalledLauraMerton.Laura,sfather

madeitcleartoHughiethathewouldnotmarryhisdaughtertohim

untilHughiehadthethousandpounds.Oneday,Hughiewenttoseehis

artistfriendAlanTrevorinhisstudio.Therehefoundhisfriend

paintingabeggar,who

wasanoldmaninrags.Hughiefeltsosorryforthepoormodelthat

hegavehimtheonlypoundhehad.Theoldmodelwasactuallya

millionaire.WhenheheardallaboutHughieandLaura,andtheirproblem,

hehada

chequefortenthousandpoundsdeliveredtohimtheverynextday.

Thecouplewerehappilymarried,andthe"beggar”

attendedtheirwedding.

Thestoryshowsthatagenuinemillionaireisnotonewhohas,but

whogives.

Whichismoreimportanttoyou:amorecomfortablelifeora

meaningfulone?

L9Onlythreemoredays

Q:Theauthorgotasolutionfinally.Whatwasthesolution?Wasit

risky?

A:Helaidoutthediariesintwobigsteelsuitcases.Overthemhe

placedanumberofhisbroadcastscripts,eachpageofwhichhadbeen

stampedbythemilitaryandciviliancensorsaspassedforbroadcast.On

topheputafewGeneralStaffmapshehadpickedupfromfriends.Then

hephonedtheGestapoHeadquarterstosayhehadacoupleofsuitcases

fullofhisdispatches,broadcastsandnotesthathewantedtotakeout

ofthecountry.Ashewasflyingoffearlythenextday,therewouldbe

notimeforGestapoofficialsattheairfieldtogooverthecontents.

Couldtheytakealooknow,ifhebroughtthemover;andifthey

approved,putaGestaposealonthesuit-casessohewouldn，tbeheldup

attheairport?

Yes,itwasrisky.HethoughtlifeintheThirdReich(raik)had

alwaysbeenrisky.Itwasworthatry.

HowdidtheauthorspendhislasttwodaysinBerlin?

4

LIOThewashwoman

Q:DescribethesituationthatIsawtheoldwomanforlasttime.

A:Oneevening,whileMotherwassittingneartheoillampmendinga

shirt,thedooropenedandasmallpuffof

steam,followedbyagiganticbag,enteredtheroom.Irantoward

theoldwomanandhelpedherunloadherbag.

now,morebent.Herheadshookfromsidetosideasthoughshewere

sayingno.ShecouldnotShewaseventhinner

utteraclearword,butmumbledsomethingwithhersunkenmouthand

palelips.

Aftertheoldwomanhadrecoveredsomewhat,shetoldusthatshehad

beenillbadly.Butassoonasshewasabletostandonherfeetonce

more,shebeganherwashing.Shesaid〃Icouldnotresteasyinmybed

becauseofthewash.Thewashwouldnotletmedie."Idon，twanttobe

aburdenonanyone!”

Whatdoyouthinkisthemostadmirablequalityoftheoldwomanin

thetext“Thewashwomanv

Theoldwashwomanhadaverystrongsenseofduty.Everypieceof

laundryshedidwascleanandneatlyironed.Oneharshwinter,shefelt

illaftershecollectedagreatdealoflaundry.Shewassosickthata

doctorandsomeneighborsthoughtshewasdying,andapriestwassent

for.However,sherecovered,andassoonasshewasabletostandonher

feetoncemore,shebeganherwashing.Shecouldn,tallowherselfto

stayinbedbecauseofthewash.Supportedbyastrongsenseofdutyand

drivenbyanindomitablewill,shefinallyfinishedthewash,and

returnedittoitsowners.Herstorytellsusthattoberespected

person,whatworkyoudoisnotsoimportant.Whatcountsisyour

attitude.Awashwomanandaneconomistshouldbothberespectedbecause

theybothdoworksocietyneeds.

LilHowIservedmyapprenticeship

Q:whywasAndreCarnegiesoproudoftheonedollarandtwenty

cents一thefirstpayhe

broughthome?

A:Carnegiewasveryproudoftheonedollarandtwentycentshe

earnedforthefirsttimeinhislifewhenhewasonlytwelve.The

money,thoughsmallinamount,meantagreatdeal(

First,whenhegothisfirstpayhefeltthathehadgrownup(He

wasnolongeraboywhohadtodependonhisparents;

hehadbecomeamanwhowasabletohelpsupportthefamily,a

contributingmember.Thiswasimportantbecauseatthat

timelifewashardforthefamilyanditwasdifficultforhis

parentstomanagealone(

Alsohethoughtthemoneywasthedirectrewardofhonestmanual

labor.Itrepresentedaweekofveryhardwork.Thismoneygavehimthe

greatestsatisfactionofbeingrewardedforwhatliehaddone.

Whatisyourviewofpoverty?

L12Afriendforenvironment

Q:WhydidRachelCarsonwritethesilentspring?What?sthecontent

ofit?

A:BecauseshefeltthatthewondersofNaturearepreciousand

permanent,andmuchofNaturewasforeverbeyondthedestructionofman.

Butthenshediscoveredshewaswrong.Shelearnedwithsadnessthat

littleinNatureistrapbeyondthe''tamperingreachofman”.Then,she

wrotethebookSilentSpringtosoundastartlingwarningtomankindand

thebookshowedquiteclearlythatmanwasendangeringhimselfand

everythingelseonthisplanetbyhisindiscriminateuseofchemical

pesticides.Ashertitlesuggests,MissCarsonwassayingthatthere

mightcomeaspringtimethatwouldindeedbesilentbecausethebirds,

aswellasothercreatures,andplantswouldhavebeendestroyedbythe

man-madepoisonsusedtokillcrop-threateninginsects.

5

CarsonandherSilentSpring

RachelCarsonwasascientistdevotedtoenvironmentprotection.She

learnedwithsadnessthatlittleinNatureistrulybeyondthe

utamperingreachofman”.ShestruggledfortheharmonybetweenNature

andman.In1962,shepublishedSilentSpring,amasterpiecein

environmentprotection.Inthisbookshepointedoutclearlythatman

wasendangeringhimselfandeverythingelseonthisplanetbyhis

indiscriminateuseofchemicalpesticides.Asthetitlesuggests,there

mightcomeaspringtimethatwouldindeedbesilent.Itwouldbesilent

becausethebirds,aswellasothercreatures,andplantswouldhave

beendestroyedbytheman-madepoisonsusedtokillcrop-threatening

insects.Shediscoveredthateverythingonthisplanetisconnectedto

everythingelse.Becausethechemicaldonotbreakdowninthesoil,

theytendtobeendlesslyrecycledinthefoodchainsonwhichbirdsand

animalsandmanhimselfarecompletelydependent.Bypollutingthe

environmentanddestroyingtheanimalsandplants,manisdestroying

himself.SilentSpringexplodedintothepublicconsciousnessand

createdtheenthusiasmforuenvironmentprotectionJ,.

L13Whoshalldwell

Q:Inthestory,howdidthefather?sattitudetowardstheneighbors

change?Whatbrought

aboutthechange?

A:Whenthebombalertcame,thefatherwasclearthathehadbuilt

theshelterforhisownfamily,andthathewouldnotletanybodyelse

in.Sowhenhisneighborscameandaskedtosharetheshelterhe

rejectedthemflatly.Whenamotherbeggedhimtotakeherlittlegirl

in,hedidnotknowwhattodo.Atthatmomenthiswifedashedoutside

andpushedthegirlin.Heractsethimthinkinghard.Justamoment

beforethefirstbombstruckhemadeabigdecision.Aftergivinghis

eldersonafewinstructions,hesteppedoutandshovedtwochildren

intotheshelter.Hestoodbesidehiswife,readytospendthelast

minute

withher.Hischangeseemedsudden,butwasactuallyquitenatural.

Helovedhischildren,sohewasgreatlyaffectedbythemother，splea

andgavethechanceofsurvivaltothetwochildren.Alsohislovefor

hiswifeledhimtofollowherexample.

Whatkindofpersondoyouthinkthefatherwasinthestory"Who

ShallDwell?”

Themanwasalovingandresponsiblefatherandhusband.Hebelieved

thataman,sfirstChristiandutywastoprotecthis

family.Hebuiltasheltersothattheycouldsurviveanuclear

attack.Whenabombalertcame,thefamilyimmediatelygotintotheir

shelter.Thentheneighborscameandaskedtosharehisshelter.He

rejectedthematfirst.Heseemedselfish,butdeepdownhefeltbad.

Laterafterhiswifewalkedoutandpushedalittlegirlin,hemadea

bigdecision.Hetoldhiseldestsontotakecareofalltheyounger

childrenintheshelter.Thenhewalkedoutandpushedtwoother

childrenin.hewasabletogivethechanceofsurvivaltoothers

becausehewasbynatureagood,responsibleman.

L14Cipherinthesnow

Q:DescribeCliffEvan?slifebeforehissuddendeath.

HowCliffEvansBecomeaZero?(Thetextyoushouldbaseyour

compositiononisaCipherin

thesnow.”

A:CliffEvanslivedwithhismother,stepfatherandfiveyounger

half-brothersandhalf-sisters.

Hisstepfatherhadneverlegallyadoptedhim,nordidheshowany

affectionforhim.AthomeCliffdidn，ttalkmuchandhadnevertoldhis

familyabouthisproblems.

Whenhefirstbeganschool,hewastimidbuteagertolearn.Andhis

I)Q)wasprettygood.Theninhisthirdyeara

teacherwroteintheschoolrecordthathewasuuncooperativeand

slow”.Sincethenhehadnevergotanencouragement

fromhisteachers.Gradually,thechildhadnomoreconfidenceleft.

Heneversmiledortalkedmuch.Hehadnofriends;heneverbelongedto

aclub,neverplayedonateamandneverheldanoffice.Hecometo

schoolbyhimselfandleftbyhimself.Inclass,hewouldsitbackin

thelastseat.Finally,hebecamesilentandlonely.Hebecamenothing/a

zero.

6

L15Bribery-aninevitableevil?

Q:whatarethemajorformsofbribery?

A:Briberycanbeclassifiedintothreebroadcategories.Thefirst

categoryconsistsoflargeamountofmoneypaidforpoliticalpurposes

ortosecuremajorcontracts.Forexample,acertainAmericancompany

offeredbigsumsofmoneytosupportaU.S.presidentialcandidatewhen

itwasunderinvestigation.Alsoinordertogetbigcontracts,such

paymentsareoftenmadetorulingfamiliesortheircloseadvisers.

Thesecondcategorycoverspaymentsmadetoobtainquickerofficial

approvalofsomeproject.Insuchcases,themoneyisoftenpaidtokey-

governmentofficialsconcerned.

Thethirdcategoryinvolvespaymentsmadeincertaincountriesto

makeabusinessdealeasytogetapproved.Forinstance,aforeign

companymaypaytogetpermissiontoimportequipment.Acommontypeof

thiscategoryisthe^facilitatingpaymentz，toclearcargoes.Theseare

smallersumsofmoneypaidtocustomsofficials.

IsBriberyanInevitableEvil?

Briberyinbusinesscanbeclassifiedintothreebroadcategories.

Thefirstcategoryconsistsofsubstantialpaymentsmadefor

politicalpurposesortosecuremajorcontractsandalsolargepayments

madetorulingfamiliesortheircloseadvisersinordertosecurearms

salesormajorpetrochemicalandconstructioncontracts.Thesecond

categorycoverspaymentsmadetoobtainquickerofficialapprovalof

someproject,tospeedu