Unit+5+Into+the+Unknown+Starting+out +Understanding+ideas+課件【知識精講精研】高中英語外研版選擇性必修第四冊

Unit5Period1Startingout&Understandingideas新課導(dǎo)入Somenaturalphenomenaarereallyamazing.Whatnaturalphenomenaareyoufamiliarwith?thunderandlightningtheearthquakethesolareclipsethemirageWatchthevideoandanswerthequestions.1

Whatnaturalphenomenaarementionedinthevideo?2

Howweretheseexplainedinthepast?Whatarethescientificexplanationsbehindthem?1課堂學(xué)習(xí)Startingout1.Whatnaturalphenomenaarementionedinthevideo?Thenaturalphenomenathatarementionedinthevideoinclude:theearthquake,thesolareclipse,thunderandlightning,andthemirage.2.Howweretheseexplainedinthepast?Whatarethescientificexplanationsbehindthem?Fortheearthquake:NativeAmericansused

tobelievethatearthquakeswerecausedbyastrugglebetweenalargebird,calledthe

Thunderbird,anda

whale.AnancientJapanesebeliefwasthatearthquakeswerecausedby

themovementsofagiantcatfishthatcarriedtheworldonitsback.Scientistsnowknowthatearthquakesareactuallycausedbythemovementoftectonicplates.

Forthesolareclipse:Inmanycultures,therewereancientbeliefsthatsolareclipseswerecausedbyacreatureeatingtheSun.InVietnam,thatcreaturewasagiantfrog,inNorway,a

wolf,andinChina,itwasahugedog.Infact,solareclipseshappenwhentheMoonpassesbetweenEarthandtheSun,temporarilyblockingtheSun’slight.Forthunderandlightning:

InMedievalEurope,peoplethoughtthatsupernaturalforcescausedthunderandlightning.Itwasasignofbadtimesahead.Modernsciencetellsusthatlightningisanelectricchargemovingbetweenclouds,orbetweencloudsandtheearth.Thunderisashockwaveofsoundcausedbylightning.Forthemirage:InAncientChina,peolplebelievedthatthiswasactuallycausedbythebreathofadragon.Thesedays,peopleknowthata“mirage”happenswhenlayersofairwithvaryingtemperaturescauselighttobend.Lookatthepicturesandanswerthequestions.21Whatdoyouknowaboutthesemysteries?2Whatotherunsolvedmysteriesdoyouknowof?3Whichofthesedoyoumostwanttoinvestigate?AtlantisAtlantisisalegendarycity,whichisdescribedintheworkoftheGreekphilosopherPlato.ThestoryofAtlantiswithitsfabulouslywealthyandadvancedcivilisationwhichwassweptintotheseatobelostforeverhascapturedtheimaginationofreadersforovertwomillennia.NazcalinesTheNazcaLinesareacollectionofgiantgeometricpatternsandanimalshapes.DrawnintothelandscapesofsouthernPeru,themajorityofthelinesarebelievedtobetheworkoftheNazcapeoplearound1ADto700.DesignatedaUNESCOWorldHeritageSitein1994,numerousstudiesandtheorieshavesofarnotexplainedthereasonwhythelineswerecreated.【背景知識】TunguskaeventTunguskaevent,enormousexplosionthatisestimatedtohaveoccurredat7:14amplusorminusoneminuteon30June1908,atanaltitudeof5-10kilometres,flatteningsome2,000squarekilometresandcharringmorethan100squarekilometresofpineforestnearthePodkamennayaTunguskaRiverinCentralSiberia,Russia.BlackholeA

blackholeisaregionofspace-timeexhibitinggravitationalaccelerationsostrongthatnothing,notevenlight,canescapefromit.1Lookatthepicturesandanswerthequestions.Dofurtherresearchifnecessary.Understandingideas1Whatdoyouknowabouttheseancientcivilisations?2Whatmightbethereasonsbehindtheircollapse?3

Whatotherancientcivilisationsdoyouknowof?Sharewhatyouknowwiththeclass.AncientGreeceAncientBabylonAncientEgypt1.Whatdoyouknowabouttheseancientcivilisations?AncientGreecehasalonghistorywhichwasmadeupofmanyGreekcity-states.TheancientGreeksbelievedingods,goddesses,andmagicalcreatures.TheGreeksbuilttemplestohonortheirgods.Theytoldwonderfulmythsabouttheirgods.AncientBabylonwasamassivewalledcity,andeveryonelivedinsidethewalledcity.

LawsofBabylonwerefamous.Toensurethatthelawswerefollowedbyeveryone,oneofthekingsofBabylonhadthelawswrittendownonstonesothateveryonewouldbetreatedequallyunderthelaw.AncientEgypthadadvancedscienceandtechnologyforthetime.AncientEgyptiansbuiltalotofgrandPyramids,whichwerethetombsoftheirkings.

AncientEgyptiansleftmanyworksofart,whichreflectedthecollectiveeffort.Thecolorsofthepaintingsintherocktombslookedfreshandvivid.2.Whatmightbethereasonsbehindtheircollapse?3.Whatotherancientcivilisationsdoyouknowof?Sharewhatyouknowwiththeclass.Itmightbethewarsthatledtotheircollapse.Theywereconqueredbyotherempires.TheMayanIndianslivedinMexicoforthousandsofyears.TheMayabelievedinmanygods.Theybuiltlargetemplestohonorthem.ReadthepassageandfindoutthepossiblereasonsforthedisappearanceofMayacivilisation.TheMysteriesofTheMAYA1

IntriguedbyMayacivilisationfromaveryyoungage,

15-year-oldCanadianWilliamGadourythoughthe

hadmadeanincrediblediscoveryfromhisstudyof

ancientstarcharts.Throughcomparison,hefound

thatthelocationsofthe117knownMayacities

correspondtothepositionsofthestars.Basedonthis,

hebelievedhehadspottedanunknownMayacity

burieddeepinthejungle.________________________________________________________22Itisn’tdifficulttoseewhy.ExtendingsouthfrompartsofwhatwenowknowasMexicointoCentralAmerica,___________________________TheMayabuiltimpressivepalacesandtemples,incudingtheirrepresentativesteppyramids.Whatismostextraordinaryaboutthesecomplexstructuresishowtheywerebuiltwithouttheuseofwheels,metaltoolsorevenanimalpower.TheMaya’sunderstandingofmathematicsandastronomywasalsoquiteamazing.TheyappliedthisunderstandingtotheMayacalendar,whichwasaccuratetowithin30secondsperyear.OntopofallthiswasanachievementuniqueintheAmericasatthattime:atruewritingsystem.Itcontainedmorethan800characters,withsomesignsrepresentinganimals,peopleandobjectsandothersrepresentingsyllables.Itwasawritingsystemsocompliatedthat,sofar,noonehasbeenabletointerpretitcompletely.3ThefactthatMayasocietywastechnologicallyprimitivemakesitsachievementsallthemoreincredibleandmysterious._________________________________By700AD,Mayacvilisationwasatitspeak.Yet,withinjustacoupleofgenerations,itbegantomysteriouslydecline.Thecitieswerelefttobetakenbackbythejungle.WhenEuropeansarrivedinCentralAmericaintheearly16thcenturytoclaimitsriches,theremainingMayapeoplewerelivinginsmallsettlements.4WhyMayacivilisationcollapsedremainsamystery.Wasitanaturaldisaster?Adeadlydisease?Conflictsbetweencities?Orwasitacombinationofseveraldifferentfactors?_____________________________________________Theyhadturnedwetlandsintofieldsforgrowinggrains,andhaddughugecanalsystems.Astheirpopulationexpanded,yetmorelandwasneededforagricultureandmoretreesforconstruction.Bychangingthelandscapeinthisway,itispossiblethattheMayapeopleunknowinglyreducedtheirabilitytodealwithnaturaldisasters.5_________________________________________________________________Somerecentstudieshavefoundthattherewerefarfewertropicalcyclonesthanusualbetween700ADand1000AD.Thisislikelytohaveledtoaseriesofdroughts,eachlastingforacoupleofyears,inchudinga“megadrought”around900AD.ManyscientistsbelievethatthesedroughtswerethemainreasonwhyMayacivilisationbegantocollapseatdifferentratesindifferentplaces.Thesedroughtswouldhaveledtofoodshortages,conflictsand,ultimately,thedownfallofthecities.6Whateverthereasons,Mayacivilisationlargelydisappearedwithinthedeepjungle.Itsoncegreatcitiesfellintoruin,leavingvariousmysteriesforlaterpeopletosolve.___________________________________________________Nowcheckyourfindings:ThewaythattheMayapeoplechangedthelandscapearoundthemmayhavebeenoneofthereasonsbehindthedisappearanceoftheircivilisation.Turningwetlandsintofieldsforgrowinggrains,digginghugecanalsystemsandcuttingdownmoretreesfor

constructionreducedtheirabilitytocopewithnaturaldisasters.Whenthosenaturaldisasters,suchasdroughts,struck,theMayawouldhavefacedfoodshortages,conflictsand,eventually,thedownfalloftheircities.Choosethetopicsentencesandwritethemonthelinestocompletethepassage.3aMayacivilisationhasbeensurroundedbymysterysinceitsrediscoveryinthe19thcentury.bButthegreatestmysteryofalliswhatcausedtheMayatoabandonmostoftheirgreatcities.cAlthoughhistheoryhasbeendismissedbyscholars,itshowshowpowerfulthesecretsofAncientMayacivilisationareamongpeople.dResearchalsosuggeststhatthosenaturaldisastersmayhaveledtothedeclineoftheMaya.eMeanwhile,theriseandfallofthiscivilisationmustalsoleaveusthinkingaboutourownpast,presentandfuture.fSomeresearchseemstoindicatethattheMayapeoplethemselvesmayhaveplayedapartintheirdownfall.1-c2-a3-b4-f5-d6-e

Trytofigureoutthestructureofthepassage.PartsPara.(s)MainideaPart1Part2Part3Part4Part5Para.1Para.2Para.3Para.s4-5Para.6IntroducethetopicTheachievementsofMayacivilizationThedeclineofMayacivilizationThereasonsforthecollapseofMayacivilizationThemysteriesofMayacivilizationremaintobesolvedOrganiseinformationfromthepassageandcompletethefileofMayacivilisation.4MAYACIVILISATIONTimeLocationPossiblereasonsforcollapsearound1800BCto1100ADfrom1__________to2_______________1humancauses-reducedtheabilitytodealwith3_________________4___________________________5___________________________hugeexpansionofthe6____________2naturalcauses-aseriesof7__________between700ADand1000AD,each8________________________________.

Mexico

CentralAmerica

naturaldisastersturningwetlandsintofields

digginghugecanalsystems

population

droughts

lastingforacoupleofyearsCompletetheculturalcomparisonwithinformationfromthepassage.5Comparingthehighly-sophisticatedcivilisationsoftheMayaandAncientChinarevealssomesurprisingsimilarities.Theybothpossessedadetailedunderstandingof1___________andastronomy,whichhelpedthemmaintainanaccurate2__________andacomplex3____________thatusedsignstorepresentsoundsandmeanings.mathematicscalendarwritingsystemItcanthereforebedifficulttoexplainwhy,despitetheirexcellentconstructionskills,theMayaneverlearnttouse4___________________________________,whiletheancientChinesedid.FactssuchastheseaddtothemysterysurroundingMayacivilisation,drivingpeopletofindoutwhyit5___________whileothers,suchasAncientChina,survivedandthrived.wheels,metaltoolsorevenanimalpowerdisappeared1Whatistheauthor’spurposeinstartingthepassagewiththestoryaboutWilliamGadoury?2Whatotherthingsdoyouthinkcoulddestroyacivilisation?Shareanexamplewiththeclass.3WhatlessonscanyoulearnfromthecollapseofMayacivilisation?Howcanthisinformationhelpthedevelopmentoftoday’ssociety?4Whichoftheargumentsinthepassagedidyoufindthemostconvincing?Giveyourreasons.ThinkShare1.Whatistheauthor’spurposeinstartingthepassagewiththestoryaboutWilliamGadoury?ThestoryaboutWilliamGadouryshowshowthesecretsofAncientMayacivilisationhavecapturedpeople’simaginations.2.Whatotherthingsdoyouthinkcoulddestroyacivilisation?Shareanexamplewiththeclass.Maybethewars.AncientGreecewasconqueredbytheRomanEmpire.3.WhatlessonscanyoulearnfromthecollapseofMayacivilisation?Howcanthisinformationhelpthedevelopmentoftoday’ssociety?Wecan’tdestroythebalanceoftheecosystem.Humansshouldliveinharmonywithnature.Onlyifwecarefornaturecanwebetterprotectourlivingenvironment.4.Whichoftheargumentsinthepassagedidyoufindthemostconvincing?Giveyourreasons.Megadrought.Itmightcausefoodshortage,conflictsandthedownfallofthecities.1.IntriguedbyMayacivilisationfromaveryyoungage,15-year-oldCanadianWilliamGadourythoughthehadmadeanincrediblediscoveryfromhisstudyofancientstarcharts.十五歲的加拿大少年威廉.加杜里自幼便對瑪雅文明著迷，他認(rèn)為自己通過研究古老星象圖有了驚人發(fā)現(xiàn)。Paraphrase:Fifteen-year-oldCanadianWilliamGadourywasfascinatedbyMayacivilisationfromaveryyoungage，andhethoughthehaddiscoveredsomethingamazingwhilestudyingancientstarcharts.本句中的intriguedby是過去分詞短語作原因狀語，表示“被……所吸引”。e.g.Intriguedbytheheateddebate,hekeptwatchingfortwohours.

他被這場激烈的辯論吸引住了，一直看了兩個(gè)小時(shí)。Languagepoints2.Throughcomparison,hefoundthatthelocationsofthe117knownMayacities

correspondtothepositionsofthestars.通過比較，他發(fā)現(xiàn)117個(gè)已知瑪雅城市的位置與星星的位置相對應(yīng)?！練w納拓展】correspondto與……相符；相當(dāng)于correspondwith與……通信；與……相符incorrespondencewith與……通信；與……一致3.Basedonthis,hebelievedhehadspottedanunknownMayacityburieddeepinthejungle.據(jù)此，他相信自己發(fā)現(xiàn)了一座隱藏于叢林深處的未知瑪雅城市的位置。【歸納拓展】bury...in...把……埋到……里buryone’sface/headinsth.把臉/頭埋在某物里面beburiedin/buryoneselfin埋頭于……，專心于……4.ExtendingsouthfrompartsofwhatwenowknowasMexicointoCentralAmerica,Mayacivilisationhasbeensurroundedbymysterysinceitsrediscoveryinthe19thcentury.瑪雅文明從我們現(xiàn)在所知的墨西哥向南延伸到中美洲，自19世紀(jì)被重新發(fā)現(xiàn)以來，瑪雅文明一直被神秘所包圍。【詞匯拓展】expand(...)into（把……）擴(kuò)展/發(fā)展成……expansionn.擴(kuò)大；增加；膨脹contract(反義詞)vi.收縮【易混辨析】expand指范圍、體積的擴(kuò)大、膨脹；enlarge指面積、體積的擴(kuò)大extend指長度、寬度的延伸及時(shí)間的延長spread指物種、疾病、思想、文化等的傳播、延伸。

5.Whatismostextraordinaryaboutthesecomplexstructuresishowtheywerebuiltwithouttheuseofwheels,metaltoolsorevenanimalpower.這些復(fù)雜建筑最不同尋常之處在于，在沒有使用機(jī)輪、金屬工具甚至畜力的情況下，瑪雅人是如何建造它們的?！揪涫椒治觥縒hatismostextraordinaryaboutthesecomplexstructures由what引導(dǎo)的主語從句;howtheywerebuiltwithouttheuseofwheels,metaltoolsorevenanimalpower由how引導(dǎo)的表語從句6.Theyapplied

thisunderstandingto

theMayacalendar,whichwasaccuratetowithin

30secondsperyear.他們將這一認(rèn)識應(yīng)用到了瑪雅歷中，該歷法精確程度極高，每年誤差不超過30秒?！練w納拓展】applyto...適用于……apply

(tosb.)forsth.（向某人）申請某物applyoneselfto

(doing)...致力于……，專心于……e.g.Thisruleappliestoeveryone.

這條規(guī)則適用于每個(gè)人。7.OntopofallthiswasanachievementuniqueintheAmericasatthattime:atruewritingsystem.除此之外，還有一項(xiàng)當(dāng)時(shí)美洲獨(dú)有的成就：一個(gè)真正的文字系統(tǒng)。Paraphrase:Inadditiontoallthis,theMayaestablishedatruewritingsystem,whichwasanachievementuniqueintheAmericasatthattime.句子中Ontopofallthiswasanachievement為介詞短語位于句首引起的完全倒裝。ontopofsth.意思是“除……之外（還）”。e.g.Hegetscommissionontopofhissalary.

他除了薪金之外還拿傭金。e.g.Amongthesepeoplewashisfriend,Jim.他的朋友吉姆就在這些人當(dāng)中。8.ThefactthatMayasocietywastechnologicallyprimitive

makesitsachievementsallthemore

incredibleandmysterious.瑪雅社會的科技水平十分原始，這一事實(shí)使得瑪雅的種種成就更加令人難以置信、神秘莫測。(1)allthemore更加，愈加（用于強(qiáng)調(diào)）e.g.Severalpublishersrejectedherbook,butthatmadeherallthemoredetermined.幾家出版商拒絕了她的書，但這讓她更加堅(jiān)定了決心。(2)【句式分析】Mayasocietywastechnologicallyprimitive

同位語從句;在makesitsachie