楊四軍武科大教授單元四汽車底盤(課件)-《汽車專用英語 第三版》同步教學(xué) （人交版）

汽車商標(biāo)汽車及其歷史汽車發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)汽車底盤單元一單元二單元三單元四汽車電氣設(shè)備汽車車身汽車使用說明書及維修手冊(cè)汽車檢測(cè)與維修設(shè)備單元五單元六單元七單元八汽車維護(hù)汽車檢測(cè)與維修新能源汽車概述汽車商務(wù)接待單元九單元十單元十一單元十二

單元四

活塞連桿組故障診斷與修復(fù)汽車底盤

學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)

完成本學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù)后，你應(yīng)該能：1.了解汽車底盤的基本結(jié)構(gòu)與性能;2.掌握汽車底盤各結(jié)構(gòu)術(shù)語的英語表達(dá)；3.對(duì)相關(guān)內(nèi)容進(jìn)行閱讀和翻譯；4.對(duì)汽車實(shí)物上英文單詞或詞匯進(jìn)行辨認(rèn)；5.正確完成課后練習(xí)。建議學(xué)時(shí)4

學(xué)時(shí)Text

Theautomobilechassisisusedtosupportandinstalltheautomobileengineanditsvariouscomponentsandassemblies,formingthecartheoverallstyling,andacceptingtheenginepowertoproducemovementtoensurethenormaldriving.Theautomotivechassis(Fig.4-1)canbecommonlydividedintofoursystems:thetransmissionsystem,thesuspensionsystem,thesteeringsystemandthebrakingsystem.AnOverviewofAutomobileChassisFig.4-1AutomotiveChassisText

TransmissionSystemThebasictaskoftransmissionsystem(Fig.4-2)istotransmitthepowerfromtheenginetothedrivingwheels.Itmainlyconsistsoftheclutch,transmission(gearbox),propellershaft(universaljoint),differentialanddrivingaxle,etc.AnOverviewofAutomobileChassisFig.4-2TransmissionSystemText

TransmissionSystemClutchisinstalledbetweentheengineandtransmission.Itisafrictiondeviceattachedtotheenginedirectlyinthedriveline.Itspurposeistoprovidesmoothengagementanddisengagementfortheengineandmanualtransmission.Itcontainsapressureplate,clutchdrivenplate,clutchcover,separationlever,releaseyoke,pressurespringandoperatingleversystem.Atransmissionisaspeedandpowerchangingdeviceinstalledatsomepointbetweentheengineanddrivingwheelsofthevehicle.Itisusedtochangetheratiobetweenenginerotatingspeedanddrivingwheelrotatingspeedtobestmeeteachparticulardrivingcondition.AnOverviewofAutomobileChassisText

TransmissionSystemTherearetwotypesoftransmissions：themanualtransmissionandtheautomatictransmission.Inacarwithamanualtransmission,adrivershiftsthegearsmanually,whileinacarwithanautomatictransmission,thegearsshiftautomatically.Thepropellershaft,orthedriveshaft,transmitsthedrivefromthegearboxmainshafttothefinaldrivepinion.Thedifferentialisadevicethatsplitstheenginetorquetwoways,allowingeachoutputtospinatadifferentspeed.Ithasthreefunctions:toaimtheenginepoweratthewhUnitFourAutomobileChassiseels;toactasthefinalgearreductioninthevehicleshowingtherotationalspeedofthetransmissiononefinaltimebeforeithitsthewheels;andtotransmitthepowertothewheelswhileallowingthemtorotateatdifferentspeeds.AnOverviewofAutomobileChassisText

SuspensionSystemThesuspensionsystem(Fig.4-3)coversalltheframestructureswhichareusedtoconnectthewheelsandthebody.Itsupportstheweightoftheengine,transmission,carbodyandwhateverthecarbodyiscarrying.Itsfunctionistoabsorbtheroadshocksandtopreventthemfrombeingtransmittedtotheothercomponentsofthevehicle.Duetothisprovision,othercomponentsbecomesafeduringworkingandtheirlifeisincreased.Thus,thesuspensionsystemmaintainsthestabilityofthevehicleduringpitchingorrollingwhileinmotion.AnOverviewofAutomobileChassisText

SuspensionSystem

AnOverviewofAutomobileChassisFig.4-3SuspensionSystemText

SuspensionSystemTherearetwobasicsuspensionsystemsusedinvehiclestoday.Oneistheintegralaxlswithleafspringtype,theotheristheindependentsuspensionwithlongandshortswingingarms.Therearevariousadaptationsofthesesystems,butallmeetthesamebasicprinciple.Theintegralsuspensioninstallsaleafspringinaone-pieceframesupportshaft(donotturnwiththewheel)ateachside.Thewheelsswiveloneachendviaapivotarrangementbetweentheaxleandthewheelspindle.Withindependentsuspension,eachfrontwheelisfreetomoveupanddownwithaminimum(leastattainable)effectontheotherwheel.Thereisalsofarlesstwistingmotionimposedontheframe.Andalmostallmodernfrontsuspensionsystemsareindependent,whiletherearsuspensionmaybeofthesolidaxleorindependentdesign.AnOverviewofAutomobileChassisText

SuspensionSystem

Mostsuspensionsystemshavethesamebasicparts—springsandshockabsorbersandoperatebasicallyinthesameway.Theydiffer,however,inthetypeandartgementoflinkageusedtoconnectthesepartstotheframeandwheelsandinstallationlocations.AnOverviewofAutomobileChassisText

SteeringSystem

Thesteeringsystem(Fig.4-4)isusedtochangeormaintainthedirectionofdriving.Thedirectionoftheautomobileunderwayischargedbyturningthefrontwheelswiththeaidofthesteeringsystem.Thesteeringsystemincludesasteeringgearandasteeringcontrollinkage.Therotationofthesteeringwheelisimpartedtotheleversandrodsofthelinkagebywhichthesteerablewheelsareturned.Thepurposeofthesteeringsystemisguidingthecarwherethedriverwantsittogo.Itconsistsofsteeringwheel,steeringshaft,worm,gearsector,pitmanarm,draglink,steeringknucklearm,kingpin,steeringarms,tierod,frontaxleandsteeringknuckle.Theyenablethecartochangethedirectionbymeansofturningandmovingforthandback.AnOverviewofAutomobileChassisText

SteeringSystem

AnOverviewofAutomobileChassisFig.4-4SteeringSystemText

SteeringSystem

Therearetwotypesofsteeringsystems:manualsteeringsystemsandpowersteeringsystems.Inthemanualtype,thedriverdoesalltheworkofturningthesteeringwheel,steeringgear,wheels,andtires.Inthepowertype,hydraulicfluidassiststheoperationsothatthedriver'seffortisreduced.AnOverviewofAutomobileChassisText

BrakeSystem

hebrakesystem(Fig.4-5)playsthemostvitalpartduringrunningandcontrolofthemodernvehicles.Inordertobringthemovingvehicletorestorslowdowninashortestpossibletime,theenergyofmotionpossessedbythevehiclemustbeconvertedintosomeotherformofenergy.Brakesystemisinfactanenergyconversiondevice.Whenthedriverforcedtopressdownthedrumbrakes,Thebrakeshoesmadeupoffrictionalmaterialconvertsthekineticenergyofvehiclemotionintothermalpower.AnOverviewofAutomobileChassisText

BrakeSystem

AnOverviewofAutomobileChassisFig.4-5BrakeSystemText

BrakeSystem

Therearetwocompletelyindependentbrakesystemsusedonanautomobile:theservicebrakesystemandtheparkingbrakesystem.Intermsoftheirpowersources,brakesarebasicallyoftwotypes:themechanicallyactuatedbrakesandthehydraulicbrakes.However,thehydraulicbrakeshavebeenuniversallyusedintheservicebrake.Themechanicalbrakesaremainlyusedintheparkingbrake.Mostcarsusedrumbrakesontherearwheels.Inbothdrumanddiscbrakes,ahydraulicsystemappliesthebrakes.Thehydraulicsystemconnectsthebrakepedaltothebrakepartsateachwheel.AnOverviewofAutomobileChassisText

BrakeSystem

Itiswillknownthattheautomobileengineisthepowersourceofanautomobile.Itburnsfuelwithinthecylindersandconvertstheexpandingforceofthecombustionintorotaryforcetopropelthecar.Whereaschassisjustreceivesenginepower,makesitmoveandrunproperlyunderdriver'soperation.Soautomobilechassiswhichiscomposedoftheabovefoursystemsisthemajorconstituentpartofavehicle.AnOverviewofAutomobileChassis參考譯文汽車底盤用于支承、安裝汽車發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)及其各部件、總成，形成汽車的整體造型，并接受發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的動(dòng)力，使汽車產(chǎn)生運(yùn)動(dòng)，保證正常行駛。汽車底盤（圖4-1）一般可以分為四大系統(tǒng)：傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)、行駛系統(tǒng)、轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)和制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)。汽車底盤概述圖4-1汽車底盤參考譯文

傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)（圖4-2）的基本功用是將發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)發(fā)出的動(dòng)力傳給汽車的驅(qū)動(dòng)車輪。傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)一般由離合器、變速器、萬向傳動(dòng)裝置、主減速器、差速器和半軸等組成。汽車底盤概述圖4-2傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)參考譯文

傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)離合器安裝在發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)與變速器之間，是傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)中與發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)直接連接的一個(gè)摩擦裝置。它的作用是為發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)和手動(dòng)換擋變速器提供平緩的嚙合和分離。它包括壓盤、從動(dòng)盤、離合器蓋、分離杠桿、分離叉、壓力彈簧和操縱桿系等。變速器是安裝在汽車發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)和驅(qū)動(dòng)輪之間某個(gè)位置控制速度和動(dòng)力的變化裝置。它用以改變發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速與驅(qū)動(dòng)輪轉(zhuǎn)速間的比率關(guān)系使之盡可能地適應(yīng)各種特定的行車條件。變速器主要有兩種類型：手動(dòng)變速器和自動(dòng)變速器。在裝有手動(dòng)變速器的汽車上，駕駛員手動(dòng)操縱擋位，而在裝有自動(dòng)變速器的車上，擋位自動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)換。傳動(dòng)軸，又叫驅(qū)動(dòng)軸，它的作用是將變速器主軸的轉(zhuǎn)矩傳遞到主動(dòng)齒輪上。差速器是把發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)傳來的力矩分成兩部分，允許每個(gè)輸出端以不同的速度轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的裝置。它要完成三大任務(wù)：將發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)動(dòng)力傳遞給車輪；汽車的最后一級(jí)減速，將變速器的輸出速度再次減速，然后傳給車輪；傳動(dòng)到車輪時(shí)，允許車輪以不同的速度轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。汽車底盤概述參考譯文

行駛系統(tǒng)行駛系統(tǒng)涵蓋了用于連接車輪和車身的所有框架結(jié)構(gòu)。它支撐發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)、變速器、汽車車身和一切車身所承載的各總成的質(zhì)量。它的功用是吸收路面振動(dòng)并阻止振動(dòng)傳遞給汽車的其他零部件。正是由于這種保護(hù)作用，其他零部件在工作中才會(huì)使用安全從而延長(zhǎng)使用年限。因而，行駛系統(tǒng)能使汽車在前進(jìn)的顛簸或搖晃狀態(tài)下保持汽車行駛的穩(wěn)定性。汽車懸架裝置（圖4-3）主要有兩種。一種是使用鋼板彈簧的整體式車橋，另一種是使用長(zhǎng)短擺臂的獨(dú)立懸架。雖然分類方式各異，但運(yùn)用的基本原則卻一致。整體式懸架是將鋼板彈簧安裝在一根整體式的車架支撐軸（不隨車輪轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)）兩端。通過裝在車橋和輪軸之間的驅(qū)動(dòng)軸，兩端的車輪可以轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。對(duì)于獨(dú)立懸架來說，前輪可以自由上下顛簸行駛而對(duì)后輪產(chǎn)生最小的（至少可以承受的）作用，而且車架的扭動(dòng)也會(huì)大大減少?，F(xiàn)在幾乎所有前懸架系統(tǒng)均為獨(dú)立式，而后懸架系可為整體式設(shè)計(jì)也可為獨(dú)立式設(shè)計(jì)。汽車底盤概述參考譯文

行駛系統(tǒng)大多數(shù)行駛系統(tǒng)均采用兩種相同的部件——彈簧和減振器，并且工作原理基本一致，但它們用于連接車架和輪胎間各部件的型號(hào)以及安裝位置上有所差異。汽車底盤概述圖4-3懸架裝置參考譯文

轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)（圖4-4）用以改變和維持汽車行駛的方向。汽車行駛方向的變化是通過轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)改變前輪的偏轉(zhuǎn)角度實(shí)現(xiàn)的。它包括轉(zhuǎn)向裝置和轉(zhuǎn)向控制聯(lián)動(dòng)裝置。通過旋轉(zhuǎn)轉(zhuǎn)向盤，將偏轉(zhuǎn)角度經(jīng)聯(lián)動(dòng)裝置的操作桿傳遞給轉(zhuǎn)向輪從而改變轉(zhuǎn)向輪的方向。轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)的作用就是在駕駛員的操縱下控制汽車行駛的方向。它由轉(zhuǎn)向盤、轉(zhuǎn)向軸、萬向節(jié)蝸桿、轉(zhuǎn)向器、轉(zhuǎn)向搖臂、直拉桿、轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)臂、轉(zhuǎn)向主銷、轉(zhuǎn)向臂、橫拉桿、前軸和轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)構(gòu)成。通過這些部件的前后移動(dòng)或轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，汽車就可以改變行駛方向。汽車的轉(zhuǎn)向有兩種：機(jī)械轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)和動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)。其中機(jī)械轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)是完全通過駕駛員的體力轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)向盤、轉(zhuǎn)向器和輪胎完成的。而動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)通過液壓助力來幫助汽車的轉(zhuǎn)向操作從而減少駕駛員的體力消耗。汽車底盤概述參考譯文

轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)

汽車底盤概述圖4-4轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)參考譯文

制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)（圖4-5）是現(xiàn)代汽車行駛和控制過程中最重要的系統(tǒng)。為了使行駛的汽車在一段盡可能短的時(shí)間內(nèi)停止或減速，勢(shì)必要使汽車所具有的動(dòng)能轉(zhuǎn)化成其他形式的能量。制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)實(shí)際上就是一個(gè)能量轉(zhuǎn)換裝置。當(dāng)用力踩下鼓式制動(dòng)器時(shí)，由摩擦材料構(gòu)成的制動(dòng)蹄片就將汽車運(yùn)動(dòng)的動(dòng)能轉(zhuǎn)化為熱能。汽車底盤概述圖4-5制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)參考譯文

制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)汽車上使用兩套完全獨(dú)立的制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)：行車制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)和駐車制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)。而制動(dòng)器根據(jù)其能量來源的不同又可分為兩類：機(jī)械制動(dòng)器和液壓制動(dòng)器。其中液壓制動(dòng)器被廣泛運(yùn)用于各類汽車行車制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)中，而機(jī)械制動(dòng)器主要用在駐車制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)中。液壓制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)采用鼓式制動(dòng)器和盤式制動(dòng)器，它將制動(dòng)踏板和每個(gè)車輪的制動(dòng)器部件連在一起。眾所周知，汽車發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)是汽車的動(dòng)力裝置，它的作用是使燃料燃燒而產(chǎn)出動(dòng)力。而底盤則接受發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的動(dòng)力，使汽車產(chǎn)生運(yùn)動(dòng)，并能在駕駛員的操作下正常行駛。因此，由以上四大系統(tǒng)組成的底盤是汽車最主要的構(gòu)成部分。汽車底盤概述ReadingMaterialTheanti-lockbrakeisconsideredtobethelatestinnovationandtechnologicalrevolutioninthefieldofamodernautomobilebrakesystem.ABSasitiscommonlyknown,functionswiththehelpofanautomatedandspecializedcomputertoactivatethebrakepumpsatthetimeofpowerfuldecelerationofthewheels.Duringthistime,thewheelswillnotgetlockedandautomobiledriverwillbeabletodrivesafelyandsecurely.Thistypeofsystemfunctionsextremelywellinwet,slipperyoricyconditions,preventingskidsandlossofdirectionalcontrol.Anti-lockBrakeSystem(ABS)ReadingMaterialTheanti-lockbrakesystemcomprisesfourchiefcomponentsnamelywheelspeedsensors,ABSelectroniccontrolunit(ECU),brakepressureregulatingdeviceandbrakecontrolcircuit.Thespeedsensorsaregenerallyinstalledateachwheelandsometimesinthedifferential.TheroleoftheABSECUistocontrolbrakepressureregulatoronthebasisofthespeedsensorsignal.Brakepressureregulatorisinstalledinthebrakemastercylinder,whichisbasedontheinstructionsoftheABSECU,automaticallyadjuststhesizeoftheenginesothatthewheelisinthebestbrakestatus.Brakecontrolcircuitreferstheconductorlinkingwheelspeedsensors,ABSECU,brakingpressureregulator.Anti-lockBrakeSystem(ABS)ReadingMaterialAtpresent,theautomobilemarketisfloodedwiththreebasictypesofABSsuchasfour-channelfour-sensorABS,three-channelthree-sensorABSandone-channelone-sensorABS.Themainfunctionofallofthethreesystemsistopreventwheelsfromgettinglockedupandoffertheshorteststoppingdistanceonslipperyareas.Inordertoenjoythemaximumadvantageofanti-lockbrakesystems,itismandatorytoknowhowtheyoperate.Keepinmindthatwheneveryouaredrivin