高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解之掌握主旨大意

掌握主旨大意《全日制普通高級(jí)中學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)大綱〔試驗(yàn)修訂版〕》明確規(guī)定，高中英語(yǔ)教學(xué)目的之一是“側(cè)重提高閱讀能力”。據(jù)此，歷年全國(guó)高考英語(yǔ)試題都把閱讀能力作為主要考查項(xiàng)目。閱讀能力通常指兩個(gè)方面：理解和速度。閱讀速度快、理解正確率高是閱讀能力強(qiáng)的標(biāo)志。提高閱讀能力要注重閱讀速度，更要注重閱讀理解率。只有閱讀速度而沒(méi)有閱讀理解率就達(dá)不到閱讀的目的。提高閱讀理解率，不僅需要大量的閱讀實(shí)踐，而且需要掌握閱讀的基本技巧。高考閱讀理解題要求考生掌握下面六種閱讀技巧：1，掌握主旨大意2。理解具體信息3。推測(cè)詞語(yǔ)意義4。推斷深層含義5。理解文章結(jié)構(gòu)6。理解作者的意圖和態(tài)度這六種技巧提供了解答以多項(xiàng)選擇為考查形式的閱讀理解題的思路。這樣，就可明確考題的考查目的，掌握閱讀技巧，從而提高解答閱讀理解題的正確率。掌握主旨大意主旨大意題考查對(duì)一個(gè)段落或一篇文章的主題思想的理解。一個(gè)段落或一篇文章通常是圍繞一個(gè)主題展開(kāi)的，作者會(huì)從不同的角度，圍繞這個(gè)主題進(jìn)行闡述、論證和分析。閱讀時(shí)僅僅注意對(duì)句子的理解而忽視從語(yǔ)篇上對(duì)文章或段落的整體理解和把握是不夠的。如果只理解了各個(gè)單句的意思而沒(méi)有抓住文章或段落的主題，其結(jié)果只能是獲取了凌亂而不系統(tǒng)的信息，因而也就無(wú)法解答有關(guān)主旨大意題型的閱讀理解題。理解一個(gè)段落的主題思想首先要學(xué)會(huì)尋找主題句。一般說(shuō)來(lái)，在英語(yǔ)篇章中，主題句在段落中的位置是有規(guī)律可循的?！惨弧持黝}句在段落中常見(jiàn)的表現(xiàn)形式1。主題句在段首在有主題句的段落中，主題句往往置于段首。英語(yǔ)文章的段落通常用演繹法撰寫(xiě)，遵循從概括到具體的寫(xiě)作程序，即以概述開(kāi)始，隨之詳細(xì)解說(shuō)，以支撐段落的主題。例⒈Insectscomeinmanysizes．Somearebigandsomearesmall．Thesmallestonesaresosmal1thatittakesonehundredofthemtoformoneinch．Thebiggestinsectsarenotbig，buttheyareonethousandtimesasbigasthesmallest．Theyareaboutteninchesinlength！第一句即為主題句，概述本段的主題思想“昆蟲(chóng)的大小不同”。接著，在主題句后面的句子里，作者為闡述這個(gè)主題，指出昆蟲(chóng)有大有小，并對(duì)最小的昆蟲(chóng)和最大的昆蟲(chóng)分別加以陳述。例⒉（NMET2002）Undergroundsystemsarealreadyinplace．Manycitieshaveundergroundcarparks．Insomecities，suchasTokyo，SeoulandMontreal,therearelargeundergroundshoppingareas，The“Chunnel”，atunnel（隧道）connectingEnglandandFrance；isnowcomplete．第一句為主題句，本段中的其他句子都是用未說(shuō)明“地下設(shè)施”是以何種形式在地球上“已經(jīng)存在”的具體實(shí)例。2。主題句在段尾與主題句位于段首的情況相反，主題句位于段尾時(shí)，段落是采用歸納法撰寫(xiě)的。表述細(xì)節(jié)的句子在前，概述性的句子在后，并以此結(jié)尾。位于段尾的主題句往往是基于上文細(xì)節(jié)得出的結(jié)論或建議，歸納出的要點(diǎn)或共性，得到的印象或結(jié)果等。例3：Oneofthemostimportantusesofgoldisformoney．Goldcanbeusedtomakerings，earings，andotherthings，Goldisalsousedtomakeagoldleaf,averyflatribbonofgoldthatisoftenusedonpictureframes．Cupsanddishescanalsobemadefromgold.Goldhasmanyuses.本段共有五句。前四句主要列舉了金子的一些用途。根據(jù)上述細(xì)節(jié)，段落的最后一句給出結(jié)論，即金子有多種用途。這種帶結(jié)論性的句子應(yīng)視為主題句。3。主題句在段中主題句位于段中時(shí)，段首句往往是段落主題的引言，而主題則由隨之引出的句子來(lái)表達(dá)。為闡明主題思想，在主題句之后，仍有一些句子陳述細(xì)節(jié)，或做合乎邏輯的引申。這一類(lèi)的段落包括三個(gè)層次：引題——主題——解釋?zhuān)蛱釂?wèn)——回答——解釋。例4Peoplewholiveincountrieswithmanydoctorsandmodernhospitalsareworld’shealthiestpeople--right？Notnecessarily.Somegroupsofpeoplewhohavenodoctorsorhospitalsatallareamongtheworld’shealthiest.Forexample，peoplewholiveonsmall,farawayislandsgetveryfewdiseasesbecausetherearenooutsiderstobringingermsornewillness.本段的三個(gè)層次比較明顯。第一句以設(shè)問(wèn)的方式提出該文段要討論的主題：生活在有許多醫(yī)生和現(xiàn)代化醫(yī)院的國(guó)家中的人是世界上最健康的人嗎？此句起到了引出主題的作用。第三句對(duì)前面的提問(wèn)做出籠統(tǒng)的回答：許多生活在沒(méi)有大夫和醫(yī)院環(huán)境中的人也是世界上最健康的人。此句起到了陳述主題思想的作用，應(yīng)枧為主題句。段落的最后則舉例對(duì)主題做進(jìn)一步的解釋。例5Joeishappyaboutbeingonabowlingteamthatbowlsonceaweek.Healsoenjoysplayingbasketballtwiceamonth.Duringthesummer，hetriestoplaybaseballonweekends.Joereallydoesenjoyallsportsactivities.Hegoesswimmingasoftenashecan.Wheneverhecan’tparticipatedirectly，helovestowatchafootballgameoragolfortennismatch.本段的主題句為第四句Joereallydoesenjoyallsportsactivities.前三句引述了他喜歡的幾種體育活動(dòng)，主題句后面的兩句對(duì)中心思想做了進(jìn)一步的解釋和支撐。段落結(jié)構(gòu)包括三個(gè)層次：引出主題——呈現(xiàn)主題——解釋主題。4．主題句在段首和段尾在一些文段中，作者為了突出主題思想，采用了前后呼應(yīng)，兩次點(diǎn)題的寫(xiě)作手法。值得注意的是，表述同一主題思想的兩個(gè)主題句，在句型結(jié)構(gòu)和措辭方面往往不盡一致，而且在內(nèi)容上后者也不是前者的簡(jiǎn)單重復(fù)，往往有所引申或順應(yīng)其細(xì)節(jié)的鋪敘而有所側(cè)重。例6Goodmannersareimportantinallcountries，butwaysofexpressinggoodmannersaredifferentfromcountrytocountry.Americanseatwithknivesandforks；Japaneseeatwithchopsticks.Americanssay“Hi”whentheymeet；Japanesebow.ManyAmericanmenopendoorsforwomen；Japanesemendonot.Onthesurface，itappearsthatgoodmannersinAmericanarenotgoodmannersinJapan，andinawaythisistrue.Butinanycountry，themamersthatareimportantarethoseinvolvingoneperson’sbehaviortowardanotherperson.Inallcountriesitisgoodmannerstobehaveconsideratelytowardothersandbadmannersnotto.Itisonlythewayofbehavingpolitelythatdiffersfromcountrytocountry.本段主要說(shuō)明“禮貌在所有國(guó)家都很重要，然而各國(guó)表達(dá)禮貌的方式卻不同”。文段的第一句明確陳述了這一看法。接著作者列舉了美國(guó)人和日本人在表達(dá)禮貌上的不同方式，即不專(zhuān)項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練一閱讀下面短文，從各題所給的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)（A、B、C和D）中，選出最佳選項(xiàng)。AWouldn’titbeterribleifwedidn’thavegrass？Wewouldhavetowalkonbaresoil.Canyouguesswhatourplaygroundswouldlooklike？Onarainyday,wewouldgetallmuddy.Onadrydaywewouldbreathecloudsofdust.1.Theshorttextmainlydealswith.A.whyweneedrain C.howgrasshelpsusB.howgrassiskeptgreen D.whywebreathedustBThewordWaterloohasbecomeaSynonymfordefeat----totaldefeatandcompletedisaster.Waterloo,atowninBelgium,wasthesceneofabattlein1851thatbroughtoverwhelmingdefeattoNapoleonBonaparte,sFrenchArmy.AtstakewerethewholecontinentofEuropeandNapoleon’sdreamofanempire.Inafewdays,overfortythousandFrenchsoldiersdied.Withtheirdeathsanewwordfordisasterwasborn---Waterloo.l.Thesubjectofthetextis.A.whereWaterlooisB.whonamedWaterlooC.whyNapoleonwasdefeatedD.howWaterloocametomeandefeatCWhatarethetallestplantsintheworld?ManypeoplewouldsaythatgiantredwoodtreesofCalifornia.Actually,thetallestplantsareintheoceans.Theseareseaweedsthatgrowalmostsevenhundredfeettall.Comparedtothisheight,thegiantredwoodsarepygmiesofonlyfourhundredfeet.Togetsomeideaoftheseheights,considertheStatueofLiberty.Thishugefigurerisesonlythreehundredfeet.3.ThetextcanbeentitledA.TheTallestPlantsB.TheStatueofLibertyC.PlantsinOceansD.RedwoodsinCaliforniaDWethinkofaf1oodoranearthquakeasanaturaldisaster.Tomanyofnature’sanimals,however,thegreatestdisasteristhecomingoflargenumbersofhumans.WhensettlerscamefromtheEasttoAmerica’sgreatwesternplains,theykilledmillionsofbison,poisonedtheprairiedogs,andshotthecoyotes.Allthisupsetthearea’sbalanceofnature.Fortheanimals,itwasworsethanafloodorearthquake.4.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?A.FloodsandEarthquakeB.Humans--DisastertoNatureC.AmericanSettlersD.NatureBalanceItselfEWhenapieceofpaperburns,itiscompletelychanged.Theashthatisleftbehinddoesnotlookliketheoriginalpieceofpaper.Whendull-redrustappearsonapieceoftinware,itisquitedifferentfromthegleamingtin.Thetarnishthatformsonsilverwareisanewsubstanceunlikethesilveritself.Animaltissueisunlikethevegetablesubstancefromwhichitismade.Achangeinwhichtheoriginalsubstanceisturnedintoadiferentsubstanceiscalledachemicalchange.5.Theauthorwritesthistexttotellus.A.howpaperburnsB.howdull-redrustappearsC.whatanimaltissueisD.whatachemicalchangeisF“Evenwhenamanissaidtobeabestfriend,”Rubinwrites,“thetwosharelittleabouttheirinnermostfeelings.Whereasawoman’sclosestfemalefriendmightbethefirsttotellhertoleaveafailingmarriage.Itwasn’tunusualtohearamansayhedidn’tknowhisfriend’smarriagewasinserioustroubleuntilheappearedonenightaskingifhecouldsleeponthesofa”6.Whichofthefollowingstatementsisbestsupportedbythelastparagraph?A.Menkeeptheirinnermostfeelingstothemselves.B.Womenaremoreseriousthanmenaboutmarriage.C.Menoftentakesuddenactiontoendtheirmarriage.D.Womendependonothersinmakingdecisions.GRatsarestillalmostasbigadangertopeop1eastheywerelongago.Theystillspreaddiseaseandeatcrops.Muchofthehungerwehavetodayiscausedbyrats.Theyeathalfofthegrainharvestedintheworld.Thisparagraphmainlytellsus.A.thatweareshortofgrainbecauseofratsB.whyratsarestillanenemyofpeopleC.howratsdestroyourfoodD.whyratscausediscaseHAnewspaperinHelsinki，F(xiàn)inland，recentlypublished