豆腐綜合寫作答案

Thereadingpassageexplainsthenegativeeffectsofintroducingforeignspeciesintoalocalecosystem.Thelecture,ontheotherhand,offerscounterargumentsThereadingpassageexplainsthenegativeeffectsofintroducingforeignspeciesintoalocalecosystem.Thelecture,ontheotherhand,offerscounterargumentstoprovethatintroducedspeciesmanynotnecessarilybeFirst,accordingtothereading,importedspeciesmaydestroytheexistingbalancewithinanecosystem.However,thelecturerarguesthatthesespeciesdon’talwaysdoharmtothelocalecosystem.InsteadtheymaybringtolocalSecond,thereadingstatesthatimportedspeciesmaydestroytheusefulaspectsoflocalspecies.Yettheleturerpointsoutthatthisisnotalwaysthecase.Hepointsoutthatitdependsonlocalcircumstances.Forexample,thecanetoadsintroducedintothestateofFloridahavehelpedtoexterminatepeststhathaveinfestedlocalFinally,thereadingcontendsthatimportedspeciesmayaddtothelocaleconomicburden.Again,thelecturerrefutesthispointbysayingthattheimpactonlocaleconomyvariesfromplacetoplace.He/Sheusestheexampleofmesquitetoillustratethispoint.ThisplantimportedintoAfricahasbeenusedasfoodandfirewoodbythelocalpeople,ausefulcontributiontothelocal-1ThereadingpassageprovidesThereadingpassageprovidesthreepiecesofevidencetosupportauthorMenzies’sclaimthatitwasChinesewhofirstvisitedtheAmericas.However,thelecturerdismissesthisclaimasunfounded.First,astothemarkingsresemblingChinesecharactersdiscoveredonarockonBiminiRoad,thelecturerarguesthatthesemarkingsarenaturalformationratherthanhumanengraving.ItlooksasiftheywerecarvedbyhumansbutacloserexaminationbygeologistswouldimmediatelyrevealthattheyareformedbynaturalSecond,regardingthedonut-likeanchorfoundofftheCoastofBimini,whichseemstobemadebyChinese,thespeakersuggeststhatthisdoesnotnecessarilymeanChinesehadbeentherefirst,becausesimilaranchorshadlongbeenusedinnavigationbymanyotherFinally,thelecturerefusestoviewthestonetowersonBiminiIslandasevidenceofthearrivalofChinesesailorsearlierthanothers.HepointsoutthatalthoughthesetowerslooklikeaChineselighthousefromadistance,theyareinfactbuiltinanEnglisharchitecturalstyle.Furthermore,carbondatingtechniquehasindicatedthattheconstructionbyChinesesailorstookplacemuchlaterthanthe15th-2SomedinosaurfossilswereSomedinosaurfossilswerediscoveredinGhostRanchwhich,accordingtothereadingpassage,couldexplainthedeathofaheardofdinosaursinthatarea.Threepossiblehypothesesweregivenastowhythesedinosaursdied,butthelecturerchallengestheseThefirsthypothesisisthatthedinosaursmayhavebeenstuckinthemudandeventuallydiedtherebecausetheycouldnotescape.Thistheorywassupportedbyevidencethatmudwasfoundaroundthebones.However,thelecturerarguesthatifthedinosaursdidindeeddiestuckinthemud,theirbonesfoundatthesitewouldhavebeenfoundlyingdowninsteadofstandingThesecondhypothesisisthatthedinosaursdiedafterdrinkingpoisonedwatersincetherewerepoisonouschemicalsfoundintheirbodies.However,thelecturerpointstotheremainsoffishalsofoundinthesamesite,arguingthatthesefishshowednosignsofbeingpoisoned,indicatingthatpoisonedwatermaynothavebeenthecauseofThelasthypothesisisasuddenfloodwhichhaddrownedthedinosaurstodeath.Thisissupportedbyevidencethattheskeletonofthedinosaursremainedcomplete.Theopposingevidence,however,isthatthedinosaursappearedtohavediedwiththeirneckscurvedinward.Thispostureindicatesthattheirdeathoccurredbeforethe-3ThereadingpassageprovidesThereadingpassageprovidesthreereasonstoargueagainstpayingchargestonationalparks.However,inthelecture,theprofessorstatesthatadmissionchargesarereasonable.Thefirstpointinthereadingisthatmostnationalparksarebuiltandmaintainedbytaxpayers’money,sotheyshouldprovidefreeaccesstoeverytaxpayer.Theprofessor,ontheotherhand,pointsoutthatnoteverytaxpayerwouldpayavisittothenationalpark,soitwouldonlybefairifthosewhodovisittheparkarechargedwithsomeadmissionfees,andthosewhonevervisittheparkareSecond,thereadingclaimsthatthenumberofvisitorstonationalparkswilldeclineiftheyarenotfree.However,thelecturerdoesnotagreewiththis.Hearguesthat,onthecontrary,parksthatchargeadmissionwillreceiveevenmorevisitors.ThisisbecausepeoplewillthinkofparksthatchargehighadmissionfeesasmoreworthvisitingthanthoseparksthatchargelessorprovidefreeFinally,accordingtothereading,workrelatedwithticketsalesanddisposalmaydistractstaff’sattentionfromdoingmoreimportantthingssuchasprovidingsafetymeasuresandprotectingparkenvironment.Yetthelecturerregardssuchworkasbeneficialbecauseitgivesemployeesattheparkopportunitiestogetclosetovisitors,learnabouttheirneeds,andlistentotheirsuggestionsonhowtoimprovethe-4ThereadingpassagechallengesThereadingpassagechallengesaclaimthatacavediscoveredinAmericahasahistoryof20,000years.However,thelecturesupportsthisFirst,thereadingarguesthatcarbondatingdoesnotnecessarilyproduceconvincingdataaboutthetrueageofthiscave,becausethecarbonsamplesusedfordatingmighthaveoriginatedfromsomewhereelse.However,theprofessorquestionsthisargument.Hesaysthat,ifthesecarbonelementsindeedcamefromothersources,thereshouldhavebeensignsoferosion,orindicationsinthegroundwater.(由于機(jī)經(jīng)回憶不詳，無(wú)法還原更多答案細(xì)節(jié)，考試時(shí)請(qǐng)注意聽(tīng)Second,thereadingstatesthatthelasticeagewasabout20,000yearsago.Theplantsandhandicraftsexcavatedfromthiscavecouldnothavedatedsolongagobecausetheyrequirewarmconditionsforpreservation.However,theprofessorarguesthatthecavecouldhavesupportedawarmcondition,becauseitwaslocatedatloweraltitudes,andtemperaturestendedtoincreaseatsuchThird,thereadingpointsoutthathumanoranimalactivitiesovertheagesmighthavemovedlowerlayersofarchaeologicalobjectstoupperlayers,makinginterpretationoftheageoftheseobjectslessaccurate.However,thelecturerrefutesthistheorybysayingthathumanoranimalactivitiescouldonlyhaveaffectedstratificationsclosetothesurfaceofthesoil.Excavationofthecavewasdeepbeneaththesoil,sodestructionatthatdepthwaslessthan-5ManyfarmsintheUSsuffercropdamagefromhail.Cloudseedingisacommontechniqueusedtopreventsuchdamage.Cloudseedingworksbydispersingchemicalssuchassilveriodideintothecloud,turninghailintolightsnow.ThreepiecesManyfarmsintheUSsuffercropdamagefromhail.Cloudseedingisacommontechniqueusedtopreventsuchdamage.Cloudseedingworksbydispersingchemicalssuchassilveriodideintothecloud,turninghailintolightsnow.Threepiecesofevidenceinthereadingpassageprovethatcloudseedingisveryeffectiveinpreventinghaildamagetocrops.However,thelecturerefuteseachofFirst,thelecturerarguesthatsuccessinlabexperimentisnotsufficienttoprovethatcloudseedingisbeneficialinreality.Silveriodidenotonlyreduceshail,butalsoreducesnaturalphenomenonsuchassnowandrain,whichleadtodrought.ThisisevenworsefortheSecond,successinAsiacannotberepeatedinotherplaces.Asiancitieshaveahighlevelofpollutionsotherearelargeamountsofparticlesintheairwhichreactwithsilveriodideforcloudseedingtowork.However,intheUS,theskiesoverfarmlandsarenotpollutedanddonothavetheseparticles.SocloudseedingisnotlikelytoworkwellintheseFinally,localstudyisnotconvincingeither.Indeedlocalrecordsshowthatinsomeplacesthatusecloudseeding,occurrencesofhaildamagearereduced.Butinotherplaceswherecloudseedingisnotused,thereisalsoadecreaseinhaildamage.SotheimprovedsituationmaynotbetheresultofcouldTheymaybeduetootherenvironmental-6SomehighschoolsrequireSomehighschoolsrequirestudentstoparticipateinvolunteeractivitiesforatleast2hourseveryweek.Thereadingpassageclaimsthatsuchrequirementisnotmeaningful,whilethelecturearguesthatvolunteerworkisbeneficialtohighschoolstudentsandthereforeFirstly,thereadingsaysthatsomehighschoolstudentscaneasilyfulfilthisrequirementbyreportingthattheyhavedonesomeworkinplacesliketheirgrandparents’gardens.Thereisnowaytheschoolcanmonitortheirwork.However,thelecturersaysthatstudents’ownreportisonlypartoftheevaluation.Theschoolalsocheckswithrelevantlocalauthoritiesatthestudents’placeofwork,askingforofficialdocumentasproofofthestudent’srecordofvolunteerservice.Secondly,thereadingraisestheconcernthatvolunteerworkmandatedbytheschoolmayinstillaconceptinstudents’mindthatvolunteerworkisactuallytiedwithsomeformsofbenefits.Thismaypreventstudentsfromparticipatinginvolunteerworkinthefuturewhenthereisnosuchbenefit.Yetthelecturerexplainsthatmanystudentswhohavedonesometypesofvolunteerworksuchasworkinginthehospitalregardsuchexperienceasverypowerfulandrewarding.TheyfeelmotivatedtocontinuedoingvolunteerworkintheFinally,accordingtothereadingpassage,requiringstudentstodovolunteerworkisaviolationofstudent’freedomandrights,whichisillegal.Thelecturer,however,drawsananalogybetweenvolunteerworkandacademiccurricula.Hearguesthatifthereisnothingwrongwithschoolsrequiringstudentstotakeacademiccoursessuchasmath,thentheyarenotviolatinganystudent’srightwhentheydemandthestudenttodosomevolunteer-7ThereadingpassagestatesThereadingpassagestatesthatitisimpossibletoestablishpermanenthumanpresenceonVenus,duetosignificantchallengescausedbytheplant’shostilesurfaceenvironment.YetthelecturerarguesthattherearewaystoovercometheseThefirstchallengeispressure.TheatmosphericpressureonthesurfaceofVenusisfargreaterthanonEarth,soanyspacecraftthattriestolandonVenusformorethanonehourwouldinevitablycrush.[s-keygen-aswer-20110108]However,thelecturerarguesthat50metersabovethesurfaceofVenus,theatmosphericpressureissimilartothatonEarth,sohumansprobablyestablishfloatingstationsaboveVenuslikeFurthermore,waterandoxygen,bothessentialforhumansurvival,arealmostabsentfromVenus.Butthelecturerstatesthatwaterandoxygencanbeproducedbychemicalprocess.VenusprovidesplentyofrawmaterialstoallowsuchprocesssothereisnoneedtotransportwaterandoxygenfromEarthtoThefinalchallengeisthedenselayerofcloudsoverVenus,whichblockssunlight,makingnavigationbasedonsolarpowerunlikelyoverVenus.However,thelecturerexplainsthatsolarcellscanbeusedeffectivelybecausethereisplentyofsunlightabovethecloudsandthesecloudsalsoreflectsunlightdownbelow,providingabundantsourcesof-8ThedodobirdisThedodobirdisanextinctspeciesnativetotheislandofMauritius.readingpassageattributestheextinctionofthedodototheDutchsettlementontheisland.However,thelecturerejectsthisview.First,thereadingstatesthatthedodoisaflightlessandsodefenselessbird,buttheywereunafraidofhumans,makingiteasypreyfortheDutchsettlersontheisland.However,thelecturerarguesthattheDutchsettlersfoundthatthedodomeatwasunpleasanttoeat.Actually,theDutchcalledthedodo,intheirnativelanguage,thedisgustingSecond,thereadingclaimsthatwhentheDutchsettledontheisland,theyhaddestroyedtheforest,whichseverelyreducedtheterritoryinwhichdodoscouldliveandreproduce.Thelectureradmitsthattherewasdeforestationontheisland,buthearguesthatdeforestationdidnotcovertheentireisland.Healsopointstothefactthatmanyotherbirdspeciesdidnotbecomeextinctbecauseofdeforestation.Finally,incontrasttothereading’sargumentthatadiseasebroughtbytheDutchmayhavekilledthedodos,theprofessorsaysthedodopopulationmayalreadyhavebeendeclining.Hethenblamestheextinctionofthedodoonnaturaldisasterssuchasmassivecyclonesthatdestroyedtheirnestsand-9ThelecturerejectsviewsThelecturerejectsviewspresentedinthereadingpassageregardingeffectivenessofironfertilization.Contrarytowhatthereadingsays,thelecturerarguesthatironfertilizationisapromisingsolutiontoglobalwarning.First,thereadingcriticizesthatironfertilizationisanineffectivesolutionbecauseexperimentsshowthatonlyasmallamountofcarbondioxidecanbeabsorbed.Yetthelecturerrejectsthiscriticism,arguingthatexperimentslasttooshort(onlyamonth)fortheeffectofironfertilizationtobevisible.IncreasedCO2absorptionwouldonlybesignificantinthe2ndor3rdmonth.Second,thereadingwarnsusthattoxicchemicalsreleasedintheprocessofironfertilizationwillharmlocalfisheryaswellashumanswhoeatcontaminatedfish.However,thelecturerarguesthatcontaminationislimitedwithincertainareasonly.BypracticingironfertilizationinisolatedareasfromthefishpopulationwouldhelptoreducesuchFinally,regardingthereading’sworrythatironfertilizationmaycauseunpredictabledamagetoaregion’smarineeco-system,thelecturerarguesthatsuchriskisworthtakingbecauseironfertilizationaddressamoreimportantissue–globalwarming,whichcausesamuchhigherlevelofrisktotheoceanenvironmentacrosstheentireglobe.Soironfertilizationis-10ThereadingpassagepresentsThereadingpassagepresentsthreepiecesofevidenceformicroscopiclifeinmeteoritefromMars.However,thelecturerchallengesthisview,claimingthattheevidenceisflawed.First,microscopicimageofmeteoritefragmentsshowfossilsoftube-likeorganismswhichsuggeststhataprimitiveformoflifemayhaveexistedonMars.However,thelecturerarguesthatthesefossilsmayhaveappearedasaresultofchangesinthemeteoritesample’sshapeandcharacteristicfeatureasitwaspreparedformicroscopicscanning.Second,achemicalcompoundfoundonthemeteoriteisverysimilartoachemicalcompoundonEarthcalledboron硼anecessaryingredientforlife.Yetthisviewiscontestedbythelecturer,whostatesthatthischemicalsubstancedoesnotnecessarilyoriginatefromMars.ThemeteoritecouldhavecontainedthischemicalduetoitsimpactwithEarthduringperiodofvolcanicFinally,grainsofmagnetitewerefoundonthemeteorite,resemblingthoseproducedbybacteriaonEarth（類細(xì)菌生命體所產(chǎn)生的磁鐵礦顆粒）,whichcanbetakenassignsofbiologicalactivityonMarsHowever,thelecturersaysthatcomparedwithEarth,themagneticfieldonMarsistooweak,soit’sunlikelythatthesegrainsofmagnetitewereusedbymicrobesonMarstofollowitsmagnetic-11ThereadingpassagecriticizesThereadingpassagecriticizesfishfarmsforcausinganumberofproblemsthelocalenvironment.However,inthelecture,theprofessorarguesthatsolutionshavealreadybeenfoundtoaddresseachproblem.Thefirstproblemfishthatgrowinfishfarmsmayproducelargequantitiesofby-productsandwastesthatmaycontaminatethesurroundingwater.Inthelecture,theprofessorpointsoutthatakindofbacteria(marineanimal)hasbeenintroducedinfishfarmstoeffectivelybreakdown(eat)theThesecondproblemisthatwhenthefishescapefromthefarmsandbreedwiththeirwildrelatives,theycouldproduceoffspringwithgeneticweaknessandlowviability.However,accordingtothelecture,domesticationhasmadefishinthefarmsgeneticallydifferent,andtheirreproductiveabilitymuchlowerthanthatofthewildfish,sosuccessfulbreadingfortheescapedfishinthewildishighlyThethirdproblemconcernstheoverconsumptionoffreshwaterresourcesinfishfarms.Toaddressthisproblem,thelecturesays,scientistshaveinventedawaterrecyclingsystem,inwhichwateriscontinuousfilteredandrecycledsotheamountofwaterneededtorunalarge-scalefishfarmisminimized.Furthermore,atypeofplantcalled()canbegrowninsaltwatertohelpthecleaning-12MicrocreditisaformMicrocreditisaformoffinancialservicewhichprovidessmallloanstohelpthepoorstarttheirbusiness.Thereadingpassagepointstothreeinherentproblemswithmicrocredit.Thelecture,however,addresseseachoftheseThefirstproblemisthatreceiversofmicrocreditusuallydonotpossesstheknowledgeandskillsnecessarytorunabusiness,sotheirbusinessislikelytofail.However,accordingtothelecture,microcreditserviceismorethanjustprovidingloans.Borrowersarealsotaughtmanyusefulskillssuchashowtobudgetthebalanceandhowtolowertheircost.These,togetherwiththecredittheyaregiven,willhelpreceiverssuccessfullyruntheirThesecondproblemisthatmicrocreditwillincreasetheadministrativecostofthebank,andthereforeitisaninefficientpractice.Thelecturearguesthatthisisnotnecessarilythecase,sincethebankoftenlendsmicrocredittoasmallgroupof4to5peopleatatime,ratherthanjusttooneindividual,sotheadministrativecostinvolvedissignificantlyreduced,whichmeansmoreloanscanbeprovidedtoalargernumberofFinally,anotherproblemwithmicrocreditisthatittakesawaythevaluablefundswhichthegovernmentcouldhaveinvestedinmoreimportantareaslikeeducationandinfrastructure.Thelecture,however,contendsotherwise.Itexplainsthatmicrocreditisoftenfinancedbynon-governmentinstitutions.Soitdoesnotdecreasegovernmentfund.Onthecontrary,withsmallbusinessesbeingfinancedbymicrocredit,thegovernmentcouldfocusitslimitedbudgeonfinancinglargerprojects,suchastheconstructionofbridgesand-13ThereadingpassagepresentsthreepiecesofevidencetosupportthetheorythatthePermian–TriassicmassextinctionwastriggeredbyameteoriteimpactingEarth.ThereadingpassagepresentsthreepiecesofevidencetosupportthetheorythatthePermian–TriassicmassextinctionwastriggeredbyameteoriteimpactingEarth.However,thelecturerrejectsthistheorybypointingoutitsThefirstevidenceistherecentdiscoveryofmeteoritefragmentscontainingmineralgrainswhichdatedto250millionyearsago,thesametimewhentheextinctionoccurred.However,thelecturerrejectsthistheoryasunconvincing,arguingthatanysubstancewouldbetransformedcompletelyafter250millionyearsofgradualchemicalprocess,sothemineralsnowpreservedinthefragmentsmusthavebeenformedquiterecently.ThesecondevidenceisthescatteredmeteoritefragmentsinChina,Indiaand[],indicatingthemagnitudeofadisastrousmeteoriteimpactthatcouldwipeoutalmosttheentirespeciesonEarth.Yetaccordingtothelecture,thefactthatthefragmentswereonlyfoundinthreecountries,andnotintherestoftheworldsuchasEurope,wasactuallyproofthatthemeteoritecollisionwasnotstrongenoughtocausesuchamassiveThethirdevidenceisalargecraterfoundoffthecoastofAustralia.Itssizematchesthatofameteorite,indicatingthatitwasanimpactsiteforameteoritecollision.Nevertheless,thelecturerproposesadifferenttheory.HeexplainsthatthiscratermayhavebeencausedbyEarth’sinternalforcesasvolcanic-14GophertortoisesarelistedGophertortoisesarelistedasanendangeredspeciesintheUnitedStates.Thereadingpassageintroducesthreemeasuresthatareexptededtohelprestorethegophertortoisepopulation.However,thelecturerejectseachofthemeasuresasunlikelytoThefirstmeasurementionedinthereadingistheconservationoflongleafforest,avitalhabitatforgophertortoises.However,thelecturerarguesthattheabundanceoflongleafpinetreesmayactuallyhaveanegativeimpactontheecosystem,becausetheyblockthesunlightthatisnecessaryforthegrowthofatypeofgrassthatgophertortoisesdependThesecondmeasureistobringyounggophertortoisestoresearchlaboratorieswheretheyarefedandtheirdiseaseiscured,beforereleasingthemtothewild.However,thelecturerconsidersthisasariskypracticebecausegophertortoisesbroughtupinlaboratoryenvironmentismoresusceptibletodiseaseswhentheyarereleasedintothewild,andthesediseasesmayspreadveryquicklyamongthetortoiseThethirdmethodistotranslocategophertortoisestoothercarefullyselectedplaces.Thelecturerejectsthismeasureasevenmoredangerous.Gophertortoise,theprofessorargues,haveastronghominginstinctandwilltrytoreturntotheiroriginalhabitatnomatterwheretheyaretaken.Ontheirwayback,theymayrunintoaseriesofrisks,likebeingrunoverbyacarwhiletheytrytocrossabusy-15ThereadingpassagepresentthreeThereadingpassagepresentthreetheoriesaslikelyexplanationsforthemassextinctionofspeciesonEarth,whilethelecturerejectsthesetheoriesasThefirsttheoryisthatdecliningsealevelscausedtheextinctionofcoastallivingandeventuallymassextinctionofallspecies.However,thelecturersuggeststhatthesealevelflucuationwasagradualprocess,socoastallivesshouldbeabletoadapttosuchchange.Thistheory,therefore,isnotvalidbecauseitdoesnotexplainwhythemassextinctionwassorapid.Thesecondtheoryattributesthemassextinctiontovolcanicactivitieswhichproduceexcessiveamountofsulfurdioxide(SO2)inEarth’satmosphereandsubsequentlyinitiatedadropinglobaltemperature.YetthelecturerarguesthattheincreaseinSO2levelswasnotsosignificant,andthatanyincreasedamontwouldeventuallyfallbacktothegroundintheformofacidrain.Thethirdtheorylinksthemassextinctiontoanasteroidimpact.Agiantcraterwasformedandthedustanddebrisfromsuchimpactblockedthesunlight,causingplantsandanimalstodieout.However,thelecturerpointsoutthatapossibleasteroidimpactwasrecordedaround12millionyearsago,whichcametooearlytohavebeenthecauseof-16Thereadingpassagesupportsdeep-seaminingformineralsnearvolcanicventswhilethelectureThereadingpassagesupportsdeep-seaminingformineralsnearvolcanicventswhilethelectureraisesdoubtsaboutsuchpractice.ThespeakerarguesthatthebenefitsmentionedinthereadingoverlookseveralimportantFirst,thereadingpassagestatesthatthereareabundantresourcesthatcouldbeexploitednearvolcanicvents.However,thelecturersaysthatthesemineralsmaynotbeeasilyavailablebecausecurrentlythetechnologyneededforseparatingandtransportingthemineralsisnotsufficientlydeveloped.Second,accordingtothereadingpassage,deep-seaminingisenvironmentallysafebecausetheminingsiteisconsiderablyfarawayfromtheshore.Yetthelecturerarguesthatcontaminationcouldspreadoveralargeareaoftheoceanbecausecontaminatingmineralscoulddriftalongway.Someofthecontaminantsmayevenmovebacktothevolcanicvent,endangeringtheanimalspeciesthatinhabitFinally,thereadingpassagementionsthatinternationallawsandagenciescanhelptoensurethesaferunningofminingfacilitiesandpreventaccidents,towhichthelecturerexpressedhisdoubts.Hepointsoutthatmanydeep-seaminingfacilitatesareoperatedoffthecoastthatbelongstoaparticularcountry,inwhichcaseinternationallawsandagenciesarenotapplicablebecausetheyonlygoverninternationalsea-17ThelectureandtheThelectureandthereadingpassagebothaddressthequestionwhyneedsleep.Thereadingproposesthreetheoriestoexplainthepurposeofsleep,butthelecturethrowsdoubtsoneachofthem.Thefirsttheoryisthatpeopleneedsleepinordertoorganizeandconsolidateinformationthathasbeenacquiredduringtheday.ThereadingcitesREMasevidenceofthistheorybecausepeople’sbrainsaresoactiveduringREMsleep.However,thespeakerarguesthatsleepmaynotbeessentialformemory,becausesomepeopledon’tthinkabouttheirdaytimememoriesduringsleep.Theydon’tshowREMThesecondtheorysuggeststhatsleepisneededforrevitalizingenergy,asisillustratedbysomenocturnalanimalswhichpreyduringthenightandsleepduringtheday.Yetthelecturerstatesthattorestoreenergy,onesimplyneedstorestawake.SorestorationmaynotbeanessentialfunctionofThirdly,someexperimentshaveshownthatsleephelpstoremovetoxinsthathavebeenaccumulatedinthebodysodamagedbraincellscanberepaired.However,thelecturerpointsoutthattheseexperimentresultsmaynotbevalid,becausetheyarebasedonextremecases,inwhichsubjectsarekeptawakeforseveraldaysbeforebeingallowedto-18ThelecturethrowsdoubtsThelecturethrowsdoubtsovertheclaimmadeinthereadingpassageT.rexwasnotabletorun.Itchallengesthethreepiecesofevidencepresentedinthereadingpassage.ThefirstpointinthereadingisthatT.rexhadsuchahugebodythatifitcouldrun,thenwhenitfell,thedangercouldbefatal.However,thelecturerarguesthatsuchriskwasmuchlessthanthebenefitthatT.rexcouldgainfromtheabilitytorun,becauseitwouldenableT.rextochaseitsprey,askillneededforsurvival.Thisappliestomanyotheranimals,forexamplethemonkey,whichwouldswingfromtreetotreeattheriskofgettingfatallyhurtifitdropstotheThesecondpointinthereadingisthatT.rexhadlongandthinlegs,whichwerenotstrongenoughtosustaintheforceimposedonthemwhenT.rexwasrunning.Thelecturerrefutesthisargument,usingtheexampleofmoderndayanimalssuchashorses,whichhadthinlegsbutarestillfastrunners.Thehorseisabletoadjustitsrunningposturestominimizeimpactonitsbones.ItdoessobymakingsmallstepsandrepeatingthemfastinordertomoveThethirdpointisthatitiscalculatedthatinordertorun,aT.rexwouldhave86%ofitsbodyweightspreadamongitslegs,whichwasnotpossible.ButthelecturepointsoutthatthiscalculationisbasedonahypotheticalmodelofT.rex.Underthismodel,manyparameterscouldbewrong.Wecoulddrawatotallyoppositeconclusionifsomeoftheparameterswerechanged,suchasthesizeofT.rex’sinternalorgans,orthepostureofitsbodywhenitwas-19ThereadingpassageThereadingpassageintroducestothereadersthebenefitsofmodifiedcrops,whilethelecturetriestoconvinceusthatthesebenefitsareoverexaggerated.ThefirstbenefitisthatGMcropsaregoodfortheenvironmentbecausetheypossesspest-resistantgeneswhichcanreducetheneedtousepesticide.However,thelecturerarguesthatiftheseresistancegenesspreadtowildcrops,theywillgrowoutofcontrolwhichmaybringmoredamagetotheThesecondbenefitisthatGMcropscanincreasefarmers’profitsbecauseGMcropscanproducegoodyieldsevenindryseasons.However,thelecturerpointstothefactthatfarmersofGMcropshavetopayaheavysumofmoneytoGMseedcompanies,andtheyhavetodoitannually.ThisbringsupthecostofgrowingGMcropssignificantly.ThethirdbenefitisthatGMplantcanaddimportantnutrientslikevitaminAtothedietofpeoplewholackthosenutrients.However,accordingtothelecture,thenutrientsintroducedthroughGMcropsarefarfromenough.Thecorrectandmoreeffectivewaytodealwithnutrientdeficiencyistoencouragepeopletoeatmorevegetableslikesweet-20ThereadingpassagediscussesThereadingpassagediscusseswhyawhalesometimesstrandsitselfonbeach.Itattributeswhales’beachingbehaviortothreepossiblecauses,butthelecturerdoesnotbelieveanyofthesecausestobetrue.First,thelecturersaysthatdisorientationcausedbysicknesscouldnothavebeenthecauseofwhales’beachingbehavior,becausewhenbeachedwaleswerediscoveredandtheirbodieswereexamined,peoplefoundthattheirbodiesdidnotshowanysignsofdiseaseorillness,indicatingthatthewhalesmusthavebeenhealthybeforetheywereSecond,thelecturerarguesthatalthoughmilitaryshipsdoemitpowerfulsonarsignals,theyareunli