托福閱讀之修辭目的題的解題思路與技巧

修辭目的題

解題思路與技巧托福閱讀第一頁(yè)第二頁(yè)，共23頁(yè)。

目錄修辭目的題介紹1實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練2第二頁(yè)第三頁(yè)，共23頁(yè)。第一部分修辭目的題介紹第三頁(yè)第四頁(yè)，共23頁(yè)。什么是修辭目的題？修辭目的題是托福閱讀考試中的一種常見(jiàn)題型，修辭是指是一種有效寫作或演講的藝術(shù)，作者使用修辭是為了使文章能更有效地說(shuō)服讀者，從而達(dá)到某種目的。常見(jiàn)的修辭手法有舉例子、下定義、闡述、解釋、對(duì)比、論證、反駁、強(qiáng)調(diào)等。舉例：illustrate/exemplify/demonstrate/show下定義、闡述、解釋:define/explain/describe比較、對(duì)比:compare/contrast論證支持:arguefor/persuade/support駁斥警告:argueagainst/refute/challenge/criticize/castdoubton/warn/caution強(qiáng)調(diào)：emphasize/stress第四頁(yè)第五頁(yè)，共23頁(yè)。修辭目的題考察什么？考察單詞，短語(yǔ)或是句子在句子之內(nèi)或句子之間起到的作用，句子與整體段落的聯(lián)系，或段與段之間的聯(lián)系考查是否理解作者為什么在文章中某個(gè)特別位置或者以某種特殊方式陳述一個(gè)特別信息第五頁(yè)第六頁(yè)，共23頁(yè)。常見(jiàn)的提問(wèn)方式有哪些？TheauthordiscussesXinparagraph2inorderto...WhydoestheauthormentionX?TheauthorusesXasanexampleof…InparagraphX,theauthorexplainstheconceptofXby…WhatisthefunctionofdiscussionofthetermsXinparagraphX?WhatisthepurposeofparagraphX?Inwhatwaysareparagraphs2and3relatedtoeachother?第六頁(yè)第七頁(yè)，共23頁(yè)。Mylifeofsummervacationisfullofvariety.Duringthesummervacation,Iwatched5movies.Iwenttothebeachwithmygoodfriends.Ialsovisitedplacesofhistoricinterest.ThetopicsentenceExamplestoillustratethetopicsentence如何解答修辭目的題？在涉獵原文細(xì)節(jié)信息的基礎(chǔ)之上，有意識(shí)地注意句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系以及段落的結(jié)構(gòu)（解題過(guò)程中最核心、最關(guān)鍵的部分）平時(shí)可加強(qiáng)練習(xí)，學(xué)會(huì)分析句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系，概括文章的構(gòu)架Forexample:第七頁(yè)第八頁(yè)，共23頁(yè)。第二部分實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練第八頁(yè)第九頁(yè)，共23頁(yè)。Theastrolabehadlongbeentheprimaryinstrumentfornavigation,havingbeenintroducedintheeleventhcentury.ItoperatedbymeasuringtheheightoftheSunandthefixedstars:bycalculatingtheanglescreatedbythesepoints,itdeterminedthedegreeoflatitudeatwhichonestood(Theproblemofdetermininglongitude,though,wasnotsolveduntiltheeighteenthcentury).Bytheearlythirteenthcentury,WesternEuropeanshadalsodevelopedandputintousethemagneticcompass,whichhelpedwhencloudsobliteratedboththeSunandthestars.Alsobeginninginthethirteenthcentury,therewerenewmapsrefinedbyprecisecalculationsandthereportsofsailorsthatmadeitpossibletotraceone'spathwithreasonableaccuracy.Certaininstitutionalandpracticalnormshadbecomeestablishedaswell.AmaritimecodeknownastheConsulateoftheSea,whichoriginatedinthewesternMediterraneanregioninthefourteenthcentury,wonacceptancebyamajorityofseagoersasthenormativecodeformaritimeconduct;itdefinedsuchmattersastheauthorityofaship'sofficers,protocolsofcommand,paystructures,therightsofsailors,andtherulesofengagementwhenshipsmetoneanotheronthesea-lanes.Thusbyabout1400thekeyelementswereinplacetoenableEuropetobeginitsseawardadventure.第九頁(yè)第十頁(yè)，共23頁(yè)。Q:WhydoestheauthorincludetheinformationthatWesternEuropeanshaddevelopedandputintousethemagneticcompass?A.ToprovideanexampleofaninstrumentthatwasdevelopedaftercaravelshadbeguntravelingacrossoceansB.ToprovideanexampleofanimprovementthatresulteddirectlyfromtheinventionoftheastrolabeC.ToidentifyoneofthetechnologicaladvancesthatmadeseatradewiththeEastpossibleD.Toexplainhowtheproblemofdetermininglongitudewassolved第十頁(yè)第十一頁(yè)，共23頁(yè)。四步法解題審題分析段落框架定位題干與各選項(xiàng)信息分析信息，確定答案第十一頁(yè)第十二頁(yè)，共23頁(yè)。Q:WhydoestheauthorincludetheinformationthatWesternEuropeanshaddevelopedandputintousethemagneticcompass?關(guān)鍵詞：why,author,include分析：why表示目的，與author一起出現(xiàn)，表明該題在問(wèn)作者的寫作目的，而include則表明作者把題干所給信息包含到段落中的原因必定與寫作目的有關(guān)聯(lián)。由此判斷出該題的類型屬于修辭目的題，題干所給信息很可能是對(duì)寫作目的進(jìn)行論證。通常，作者會(huì)在主題句中闡明自己的觀點(diǎn)和寫作意圖，只要我們能找到段落主題句，就能獲得答案。所以接下來(lái)，我們應(yīng)對(duì)段落的框架有所了解。第一步：審題第十二頁(yè)第十三頁(yè)，共23頁(yè)。第二步：分析段落框架

分析線索：時(shí)間順序intheeleventhcentury(theastrolabe)bytheearlythirteenthcentury(themagneticcompass)beginninginthethirteenthcentury(newmapsandthereportsofsailors)inthefourteenthcentury(certaininstitutionalandpracticalnorms)byabout1400(thekeyelementswereinplace)確定主題句的關(guān)鍵詞thus(表示結(jié)論),thekeyelements(對(duì)以上所有信息的概括)第十三頁(yè)第十四頁(yè)，共23頁(yè)。段落框架圖Example1TheintroductionofastrolabeExample2ThedevelopmentofmagneticcompassExample3NewmapsandreportsofsailorsExample4CertaininstitutionalandpracticalnormsSummaryTechnologicaladvancesenableEuropetobeginitsseawardadventure.第十四頁(yè)第十五頁(yè)，共23頁(yè)。題干選項(xiàng)A選項(xiàng)B選項(xiàng)C選項(xiàng)D定位詞

themagneticcompasscaravels

astrolabetechnologicaladvances,seatradelongitude文中對(duì)應(yīng)點(diǎn)Bytheearlythirteenthcentury,WesternEuropeanshadalsodevelopedandputintousethemagneticcompass,whichhelpedwhencloudsobliteratedboththeSunandthestars.無(wú)Theastrolabehadlongbeentheprimaryinstrumentfornavigation,havingbeenintroducedintheeleventhcentury.ItoperatedbymeasuringtheheightoftheSunandthefixedstars:bycalculatingtheanglescreatedbythesepoints,itdeterminedthedegreeoflatitudeatwhichonestood.Thusbyabout1400thekeyelementswereinplacetoenableEuropetobeginitsseawardadventure.Theproblemofdetermininglongitude,though,wasnotsolveduntiltheeighteenthcentury.第三步：定位題干與各選項(xiàng)信息第十五頁(yè)第十六頁(yè)，共23頁(yè)。第四步：分析信息，確定答案

原文中每個(gè)與選項(xiàng)信息相對(duì)應(yīng)的句子在段落整體框架中的地位是怎樣的？是example？是細(xì)節(jié)？還是段落主題？請(qǐng)您思考第十六頁(yè)第十七頁(yè)，共23頁(yè)。A.Toprovideanexampleofaninstrumentthatwasdevelopedaftercaravelshadbeguntravelingacrossoceans.分析：該段落中沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)與A選項(xiàng)有關(guān)的信息，因此可以排除A選項(xiàng)。第十七頁(yè)第十八頁(yè)，共23頁(yè)。B.Toprovideanexampleofanimprovementthatresulteddirectlyfromtheinventionoftheastrolabe原文：Theastrolabehadlongbeentheprimaryinstrumentfornavigation,havingbeenintroducedintheeleventhcentury.ItoperatedbymeasuringtheheightoftheSunandthefixedstars:bycalculatingtheanglescreatedbythesepoints,itdeterminedthedegreeoflatitudeatwhichonestood.分析：由原文可判斷出B選項(xiàng)提供的信息在段落中只是一個(gè)例證，并非作者的觀點(diǎn)，與題干所給的信息沒(méi)有關(guān)聯(lián)，因此可以排除B選項(xiàng)。第十八頁(yè)第十九頁(yè)，共23頁(yè)。C.ToidentifyoneofthetechnologicaladvancesthatmadeseatradewiththeEastpossible原文：Thusbyabout1400thekeyelementswereinplacetoenableEuropetobeginitsseawardadventure.原文關(guān)鍵詞：thus,thekeyelements分析：原文中的thus表明該句是段落的結(jié)論，而keyelements則是對(duì)以上所列信息（theastrolabe,themagneticcompass,newmapsandreportsofsailors,certaininstitutionalandpracticalnorms）的概括，所以該句是段落的主題句。通過(guò)C選項(xiàng)中的定位詞technologicaladvances和seatrade以及對(duì)句子意義的理解，可以發(fā)現(xiàn)C選項(xiàng)的意義與主題句的意義一致，因此我們可以確定C選項(xiàng)就是該題的答案。第十九頁(yè)第二十頁(yè)，共23頁(yè)。D.Toexpl