智能交通中英文對(duì)照外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)

中英文對(duì)照外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)(文檔含英文原文和中文翻譯)智能交通的的設(shè)計(jì)由于我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的快速發(fā)展，導(dǎo)致大中型城市汽車數(shù)量激增，城市交通面臨嚴(yán)峻的考驗(yàn)，導(dǎo)致交通問題增加，其主要表現(xiàn)為：交通事故頻發(fā)，給人類生命安全造成巨大的威脅，造成嚴(yán)重的交通擁堵，出行時(shí)間增加，能源消費(fèi)的增加；空氣污染和噪聲污染程度加深等，日常交通擁堵成為人們司空見慣而又不得不忍受。在此背景下，結(jié)合實(shí)際情況城市道路交通，發(fā)展真正適合我們自己的特點(diǎn)的智能信號(hào)控制系統(tǒng)已成為主要任務(wù)。前言在國(guó)內(nèi)外實(shí)際應(yīng)用中，根據(jù)實(shí)際交通信號(hào)控制的應(yīng)用檢驗(yàn)，平面獨(dú)立的交叉口信號(hào)控制基本采用了定周期，多時(shí)間的設(shè)置周期，半感應(yīng)，全傳感器等幾種方式。前兩者的控制模式是完全基于平面交叉口的交通流量數(shù)據(jù)的統(tǒng)計(jì)調(diào)查，由于交通流量的現(xiàn)在變性和隨機(jī)性的存在，這兩種方法具有交通效率低的缺陷，該方案，老化和半感應(yīng)和感應(yīng)兩方法在前兩種方式的基礎(chǔ)上增加了車輛檢測(cè)器，根據(jù)提供的信息來調(diào)整周期和車輛的綠色通道，它比隨機(jī)到達(dá)的適應(yīng)性大，可以使車輛在交通擁擠前先停車，實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)交通流量的影響。在現(xiàn)代工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中，電流、電壓、溫度、壓力、流量、速度、開關(guān)量等都是常用的主要被控參數(shù)。例如：在冶金工業(yè)、化工藥品的生產(chǎn)、電力工程、造紙行業(yè)、機(jī)械制造和食品加工等諸多領(lǐng)域，人們需要交通的有序控制。通過單片機(jī)控制交通運(yùn)輸，不僅具有方便的控制、配置簡(jiǎn)單、靈活等優(yōu)點(diǎn)，而且還可以通過控制量大幅度提高技術(shù)指標(biāo)，從而大大提高了產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量和數(shù)量。因此，單片集成電路的交通燈控制問題是一個(gè)工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中，我們經(jīng)常遇到的問題。在工業(yè)生產(chǎn)過程中，有很多行業(yè)有大量的交通設(shè)備，在目前的系統(tǒng)中，大部分的交通控制信號(hào)是通過繼電器，而繼電器的響應(yīng)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)、靈敏度低、長(zhǎng)期使用后，故障的機(jī)會(huì)大大增加，相對(duì)于單片機(jī)控制，遠(yuǎn)大于繼電器的精度、響應(yīng)時(shí)間短，軟件可靠性，不會(huì)因?yàn)楣ぷ鲿r(shí)間的緣故而降低其性能，相比，該方案具有較高的可行性。關(guān)于AT89C51（1）功能特點(diǎn)說明：AT89C51是一個(gè)低功耗，高性能CMOS8位微控制器，具有8K可編程Flash存儲(chǔ)器。使用Atmel公司高密度非易失性存儲(chǔ)技術(shù)技術(shù)制造，與工業(yè)80S51產(chǎn)品指令和引腳完全兼容。芯片閃存讓程序存儲(chǔ)器在系統(tǒng)可編程，也適用于常規(guī)的程序員。在一個(gè)單芯片上，擁有靈巧的8位CPU和可編程Flash，使得AT89C51為眾多嵌入式控制應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)提供高靈活、超有效的解決方案。AT89C51單片機(jī)的以下標(biāo)準(zhǔn)功能：8K字節(jié)Flash，256字節(jié)RAM，32位I/O口線，看門狗定時(shí)器，兩個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)指針，三個(gè)16位定時(shí)/計(jì)數(shù)器，一個(gè)6向量2級(jí)中斷結(jié)構(gòu)，全雙工服務(wù)通信接口，片內(nèi)晶振及時(shí)鐘電路。此外，AT89C51可降至0Hz靜態(tài)邏輯操作，支持2種軟件可選擇省電模式?？臻e模式，中央處理器停止工作，允許內(nèi)存、定時(shí)/計(jì)數(shù)器、串口、中斷繼續(xù)工作。掉電保護(hù)方式下，RAM內(nèi)容被保存，已被凍結(jié)，單片機(jī)一切工作停止，直到下一個(gè)界面中斷或硬件復(fù)位為止。在AT89C51的引腳分配如圖1所示。圖1AT89C51的引腳分配（2）中斷介紹AT89C51有六個(gè)中斷源：兩個(gè)外部中斷，三個(gè)定時(shí)器中斷（定時(shí)器0，1，2）和一個(gè)串行中斷。每個(gè)中斷源都可以通過置位或刪除IE相關(guān)特殊寄存器中斷允許控制位分別有效或無效的中斷源。也包括一個(gè)中斷允許完全控制位的環(huán)境，它可以是一個(gè)禁止所有中斷。AT89C51，即5位也不能使用。用戶軟件不應(yīng)該給這些位寫1。他們的新產(chǎn)品保留AT89系列。定時(shí)器2可以TF2和T2CON寄存器RSEXF2邏輯觸發(fā)或。程序轉(zhuǎn)換為中斷服務(wù)，可以通過硬件來改善符號(hào)位0。實(shí)際上，中斷服務(wù)程序必須確定TF2或EXF2激活Disruption，符號(hào)位也必須由軟件清0。定時(shí)器0和定時(shí)器1的標(biāo)志位TF0和TF1已經(jīng)在循環(huán)計(jì)數(shù)溢出方式074位了。他們的價(jià)值，直到下一個(gè)周期電路俘獲。然而，定時(shí)器2的標(biāo)志的s2p2074位周期計(jì)數(shù)溢出TF2，在同一周期電路捕捉下來。外部時(shí)鐘驅(qū)動(dòng)特性符號(hào)參數(shù)最小值最大值單位1/TCLCL振蕩器頻率024MHzTCLCL時(shí)鐘周期41.6nsTCHCX最長(zhǎng)時(shí)間15nsTCLCX最低時(shí)間15NsTCLCH上升時(shí)間20NsTCHCL下降時(shí)間20Ns8255芯片8255特點(diǎn)并行輸入/輸出LSI芯片，功效的I/O設(shè)備，CPU總線和外設(shè)接口。它有24個(gè)可編程設(shè)置的I/O的口，甚至8組的三位口，口對(duì)口，PB口和PAPC口他們被分為2組I/O口，一組包括端口A和端口C（高四，PC4~PC7），其中B組和C組B端口（低四，PC0~PC3）。一組可設(shè)置為基本的I/O口，閃光控制（選通）的I/O閃光控制，雙向I/O模式，B組只能設(shè)置為基本I/O或閃光控制閱讀標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的燈線1，當(dāng)輸入引腳為低水平，即/路0和/或0，允許8255通過數(shù)據(jù)總線向中央處理器發(fā)送數(shù)據(jù)或狀態(tài)信息，即中央處理器8255從數(shù)據(jù)中獲得信息。WR：寫一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的燈，當(dāng)輸入引腳為低的水平，即/WR=0/CS=0，允許CPU將數(shù)據(jù)或控制字寫8255。D7：三狀態(tài)D0~雙向數(shù)據(jù)總線，8255與CPU的數(shù)據(jù)傳輸通道，當(dāng)CPU執(zhí)行輸入輸出指令，通過它實(shí)現(xiàn)8位數(shù)據(jù)的讀/寫操作，控制CH通過數(shù)據(jù)總線傳送的人物類型和狀態(tài)信息。PA0~PA7：PA0端口的輸入和輸出線，8位數(shù)據(jù)輸出鎖存器/緩沖器，一個(gè)8位數(shù)據(jù)輸入鎖存器。PB0~PB7：PB0端口B的輸入和輸出線，一個(gè)8位的I/O鎖存器，一個(gè)8位的輸入和輸出緩沖區(qū)。PC0~PC7：C口輸入和輸出線，8位數(shù)據(jù)輸出鎖存器/緩沖器，一個(gè)8位數(shù)據(jù)輸入緩沖器。端口可以通過工作地點(diǎn)的方式進(jìn)入二四個(gè)端口，每4個(gè)數(shù)字端口包含一個(gè)4位數(shù)的鎖存器，分別用端口A和端口B進(jìn)行配合使用，可作為控制標(biāo)準(zhǔn)燈輸出或狀態(tài)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)燈的輸入端口A0、A1：地址選擇線，用于選擇PA8255口，PB口，PC口控制寄存器。當(dāng)A0=0，A1=0，PA口選擇；當(dāng)A0=0，A1=1，PB口選擇；當(dāng)A0=0，A1=1，PC的選擇；當(dāng)A0=1，A1=1，控制登記選擇。關(guān)于七段數(shù)碼管顯示介紹通過發(fā)光二極管芯片適當(dāng)?shù)倪B接（包括串并聯(lián)）和適當(dāng)?shù)墓鈱W(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)?？蓸?gòu)成發(fā)光顯示的發(fā)光段或發(fā)光點(diǎn)。通過這些電子發(fā)光點(diǎn)或發(fā)光點(diǎn)可以由數(shù)碼管、符號(hào)管、管、管、多電平矩陣顯示管等。通常數(shù)碼管、符號(hào)管、米管被稱為中風(fēng)顯示。洛克顯示，但行程顯示和矩陣管統(tǒng)稱為字符顯示。1。主導(dǎo)顯示分類按字高分：行程監(jiān)視器高至少1mm（單片集成型數(shù)碼管的話一般在2~3mm高）。其他類型的筆畫顯示最高可達(dá)1.27毫米（0.5英寸）甚至高達(dá)幾百毫米.顏色編碼的得分紅色，橙色，黃色，綠色和幾個(gè)種類。根據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)點(diǎn)，反射罩型、單點(diǎn)彈性和單片集成式。從陽極和陰極兩種點(diǎn)的發(fā)光截面電極連接方式。2。發(fā)光顯示參數(shù)由于發(fā)光二極管的顯示是基于發(fā)光二極管的，所以它的光、電特性和參數(shù)的最終含義與大多數(shù)的發(fā)光二極管相同。LED含多個(gè)發(fā)光二極管顯示器,它必須有以下具體參數(shù)：發(fā)光強(qiáng)度比由于數(shù)碼管段在同一驅(qū)動(dòng)電壓下，各不相同，所以正向電流各不相同。發(fā)光強(qiáng)度值的所有節(jié)段的發(fā)光強(qiáng)度比最大值和最小值的輸入輸出小比例在1.5~2.3之間，最大不能超過2.5。交通信號(hào)控制類型交通信號(hào)控制的目的有三：第一，在時(shí)間和空間上的空間交叉路口交通，控制交通運(yùn)行秩序；二，使平面交叉的道路網(wǎng)絡(luò)上的人和事物的運(yùn)輸效率最高，第三，為道路使用者提供必要的信息，幫助他們有效地利用交通設(shè)施。道路交通基本類型的信號(hào)控制有很多點(diǎn)方法。根據(jù)控制幾何特征分為：?jiǎn)谓徊婵诳刂泣c(diǎn)控制，交通干線協(xié)調(diào)控制線，交通網(wǎng)絡(luò)協(xié)調(diào)控制OL表面控制；根據(jù)控制原理劃分：定時(shí)控制、感應(yīng)控制和自適應(yīng)控制。關(guān)于看門狗電路由單片機(jī)構(gòu)成的微型計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)中，由于單片機(jī)的工作往往可以由外部電磁干擾的影響，造成程序跑飛而進(jìn)入死循環(huán)，這程序的正常運(yùn)行中斷由單片機(jī)控制系統(tǒng)無法正常工作，會(huì)導(dǎo)致整個(gè)系統(tǒng)陷入停頓，發(fā)生不可預(yù)知的后果，所以單片機(jī)的運(yùn)行狀態(tài)進(jìn)行實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)測(cè)的考慮，便產(chǎn)生了一種專門用于監(jiān)測(cè)單片機(jī)程序運(yùn)行狀態(tài)的芯片，俗稱“看門狗”（Watchdog）max692系統(tǒng)監(jiān)控電路芯片，具有后備電池開關(guān)，電源失去判別函數(shù)監(jiān)控、看門狗。如圖2所示的封裝和引腳說明圖2max692封裝和引腳看門狗電路的應(yīng)用，使單片機(jī)可以在任何條件下實(shí)現(xiàn)連續(xù)工作，其工作原理是：看門狗芯片和單片機(jī)的一個(gè)I/O引腳相連，I/O引腳通過程序M控制定期引腳的看門狗到高電平（或低電平），這一程序語句是散落在單片機(jī)等控制語句，一旦由于單片機(jī)之間的干涉使應(yīng)用程序運(yùn)行的程序段進(jìn)入死循環(huán)狀態(tài)后，寫看門狗引腳程序不能被執(zhí)行，這個(gè)時(shí)候，看門狗電路將無MI信號(hào)發(fā)送的信號(hào)，然后在它和單片機(jī)的復(fù)位引腳連接引腳復(fù)位，設(shè)置信號(hào)發(fā)出，使單片機(jī)復(fù)位時(shí)，即從程序存儲(chǔ)器splittext程序開始，所以我們意識(shí)到了他單片機(jī)自動(dòng)復(fù)位。紅外探測(cè)電路在半導(dǎo)體材料的紅外輻射光子stimutes非平衡載流子（電子或空穴），造成電氣性能的變化。因?yàn)檩d不離體，所以稱為內(nèi)光電效應(yīng)。量子光電效應(yīng)靈敏度高，響應(yīng)速度快，熱探測(cè)器速度快，是可選的探測(cè)器。為了達(dá)到最佳性能，通常需要在低溫下工作。光電探測(cè)器可分為：基準(zhǔn)帶，造成空化增加，電導(dǎo)光導(dǎo)電特征。入射光子在禁帶中激發(fā)了在禁帶中均勻的半導(dǎo)體電子，并在導(dǎo)帶中離開。因?yàn)榭栈脑黾?，電?dǎo)光導(dǎo)電特征。從帶隙的雜質(zhì)能級(jí)也能激發(fā)光進(jìn)入導(dǎo)帶或生載流子的導(dǎo)帶，和對(duì)于雜質(zhì)的導(dǎo)電性用雜質(zhì)電離能（即）決定的截止波長(zhǎng)。低于本征光學(xué)的量子效率，需要較低的工作溫度。光伏型：主要是對(duì)光生伏的伏打效應(yīng)。“區(qū)域內(nèi)的紅外光子帶隙寬度及其附近的電子空化效應(yīng)，現(xiàn)有的“電場(chǎng)使空穴進(jìn)入對(duì)區(qū)域，電子進(jìn)入氮區(qū)域，2個(gè)部分出現(xiàn)電位，除氧器有電壓或電流信號(hào)。與光探測(cè)器相比，光伏探測(cè)器的檢測(cè)率超過百分之四十的數(shù)字限制，不需要額外的偏置電場(chǎng)負(fù)載電阻，無功耗，具有高阻抗。這些特性的準(zhǔn)備和使用的焦平面陣列帶來巨大的好處發(fā)光-肖特基勢(shì)壘探測(cè)器：金屬和半導(dǎo)體接觸，通常包括PtSi／Si結(jié)構(gòu)和形式是肖特勢(shì)壘，紅外光子通過四層PtSi吸收電子的費(fèi)米能級(jí)，獲得能量，跨越左空化勢(shì)壘到Si襯底，收集電子PtSi層，完成紅外檢測(cè)。充分利用硅集成技術(shù)，方便生產(chǎn)，以更低的成本和良好的均勻性等優(yōu)勢(shì)，但使其質(zhì)量（1024×1024甚至更大）的焦平面陣列來彌補(bǔ)或量子效率低的缺陷。有嚴(yán)格的低溫要求。有了這種探測(cè)器，國(guó)內(nèi)外都已經(jīng)產(chǎn)生了定性的好熱成像。鉑硅/硅結(jié)構(gòu)是最早的紅外焦平面陣列FPAA.定時(shí)計(jì)數(shù)與流量計(jì)算采用MCS—51內(nèi)部定時(shí)器/計(jì)數(shù)器定時(shí)，配合軟件延時(shí)實(shí)現(xiàn)定時(shí)器。這種方法節(jié)省硬件成本，減少了閱讀器在定時(shí)器/計(jì)數(shù)器的使用、中斷和編程得到鍛煉和提高。計(jì)算公式如下：TC=M-C類型，M用于反觸值，值和反工作方式有關(guān)。對(duì)于一個(gè)交通路口，它可以在盡可能短的時(shí)間內(nèi)實(shí)現(xiàn)最大流量，甚至達(dá)到最佳性能，我們?cè)趩挝粫r(shí)間內(nèi)調(diào)用以實(shí)現(xiàn)最大流量的多能量車.使用方程：（交通=交通/時(shí)間）代表。參考文獻(xiàn)[1]Hughes,T.A.ProgrammableControllers,ThirdEdition.ISA–TheInstrumentation,Systems,andAutomationSociety,2000,334p.[2]Jack,H.AutomatingManufacturingSystemswithPLC-s,828p.,Available:[3]/~jackh/books/plcs/pdf/plcbook4_2.pdf,Accessed:3.10.2003[4]LOGO!Manual.SiemensAG,2003,312p.[5]OPCFoundationhomepage:/,Accessed:9.11.2003[6]Rosin,A.ProgrammableControllersSimaticS7.Tallinn,TTU,2000,120p.[MasterThesis]–inEstonian.[7]Berger,H.AutomatingwithSIMATIC.SiemensAG,2003,214p.DesignofIntelligentTransportationBecauseoftherapiddevelopmentofoureconomyresultinginthecarnumberoflargeandmedium-sizedcitiessurgedandtheurbantraffic,isfacingserioustest,leadingtothetrafficproblemincreasinglyserious,itsbasicallyarebehavedasfollows:trafficaccidentfrequency,tothehumanlifesafetyenormousthreat,Trafficcongestion,resultinginserioustraveltimeincreases,energyconsumptionincrease;Airpollutionandnoisepollutiondegreeofdeepening,etc.Dailytrafficjamsbecomepeoplecommonplaceandhadtoendure.Inthiscontext,incombinationwiththeactualsituationofurbanroadtraffic,developtrulysuitableforourowncharacteristicsofintelligentsignalcontrolsystemhasbecomethemaintask.PrefaceInpracticalapplicationathomeandabroad,accordingtotheactualtrafficsignalcontrolapplicationinspection,planarindependentintersectionsignalcontrolbasicusingsetcycle,muchtimesetcycle,halfinduction,wholesensoretcinseveralways.Theformertwocontrolmodeiscompletelybasedonplanarintersectionalwaystrafficflowdataofstatisticalinvestigation,duetotrafficflowtheexistenceofvariablesexandrandomicity,thetwomethodshavetrafficefficiencyislow,thescheme,thedefectsofagingandhalfinductiveandalltheinductivethetwomethodsareintheformertwowaysbasedonincreasedvehicledetectorandaccordingtotheinformationprovidedtoadjustcycleislongandgreenletterofvehicle,itthanrandomarrivedadaptabilitybigger,canmakevehiclesintheparkingcordbeforeasfewparking,achievetrafficflowingeffectInmodernindustrialproduction,current,voltage,temperature,pressure,andflowrate,velocity,andswitchquantityarecommonmainlycontrolledparameter.Forexample:inmetallurgicalindustry,chemicalproduction,powerengineering,thepapermakingindustry,machineryandfoodprocessingandsoonmanydomains,peopleneedtotransporttheorderlycontrol.Bysinglechipmicrocomputertocontroloftraffic,notonlyhastheconvenientcontrol,configurationsimpleandflexiblewaitforanadvantage,butalsocangreatlyimprovethetechnicalindexbycontrolquantity,thusgreatlyimproveproductqualityandquantity.Therefore,themonolithicintegratedcircuittothetrafficlightcontrolproblemisanindustrialproductionweoftenencounterproblems.Inthecourseofindustrialproduction,therearemanyindustrieshavelotsoftrafficequipment,inthecurrentsystem,mostofthetrafficcontrolsignalisaccomplishedbyrelays,butrelaysresponsetimeislong,sensitivitylow,long-termafteruse,faultopportunityincreasesgreatly,andadoptssingle-chipmicrocomputercontrol,theaccuracyoffargreaterthanrelays,shortresponsetime,softwarereliability,notbecauseworkingtimereduceditsperformancesake,comparedwith,thissolutionhasthehighfeasibility.AboutAT89C51(1)functioncharacteristicsdescription:AT89C51isalowpowerconsumption,highperformanceCMOS8bitmicro-controller,hasthe8KinsystemprogrammableFlashmemory.Usehigh-densityAtmelcompanythebeltpasswordnonvolatilestoragetechnologyandmanufacturing,andindustrial80S51productinstructionsandpinfullycompatible.ChipFlashallowprogrammemoryinsystemprogrammable,alsosuitableforconventionalprogrammer.Inasinglechip,havedexterous8bitsCPUandinsystemprogrammableFlash,makeAT89C51formanyembeddedcontrolapplicationsystemprovidesthehighflexible,superefficientsolution.AT89C51hasthefollowingstandardfunction:8kbytesFlash,256bytesRAM,32-bitI/Omouthline,thewatchdogtimer,twodatapointer,three16timer/counter,a6vectorlevel2interruptstructure,full-duplexserialport,pieceinsidecrystalstimelyclockcircuit.Inaddition,AT89C51candropto0Hzstaticlogicoperation,supporttwosoftwarecanchoosepowersavingmode.Idlemode,theCPUtostopworking,allowingtheRAM,timer/counter,serialports,interruptioncontinuetowork.Powerlostprotectionmode,RAMcontentbeingsaved,hasbeenfrozen,microcontrollerallworkstop,untilthenextinterruptionorhardwareresetsofar.Asshowninfigure1fortheAT89C51pinsallotment.Figure1theAT89C51pinsallotment(2)interruptintroductionAT89C51hassixinterruptsources:twoexternalinterruption,(and),threetimerinterrupt(timer0,1,2)andaserialinterrupts.EachinterruptsourcecanbepassedbuybitsorremoveIEtherelevantspecialregisterinterruptallowcontrolbitrespectivelymakeeffectiveorinvalidinterruptsource.IEalsoincludesaninterruptallowtotalcontrolbitEA,itcanbeabanallinterrupts.IE.Sixisnotavailable.ForAT89C51,IE.5bitsarealsonotbeused.Usersoftwareshouldnotgivethesebitswrite1.TheyAT89seriesfornewproductreserved.Timer2canbeTF2andtheT2CONregistersEXF2orlogicaltriggered.Programintoaninterruptservice,thesignbitcanbeimprovedbyhardwareqing0.Infact,theinterruptserviceroutinemustdeterminewhetherTF2orEXF2activationdisruption,thesignbitmustalsobysoftwareqing0.Timer0and1markatimerTF0andTF1hasbeenpresentedinthecyclecountoverflowS5P2074bits.Theirvalueuntilthenextcyclewascircuitcapturedown.However,thetimer2marksaTF2incountoverflowofthecycleofS2P2074bits,inthesamecyclewascircuitcapturedown(3)externalclockdrivingcharacteristicssymbolsparametersminimumThemaximumunit1/TCLCLOscillatorFrequency024MHzTCLCLClockPeriod41.6nsTCHCXHighTime15nsTCLCXLowTime15NsTCLCHRiseTime20NsTCHCLFallTime20NsTable1About8255chip1.8255features:(1)Aparallelinput/outputLSIchips,efficacyofI/Odevices,butasCPUbusandperipheralinterface.(2)Ithas24programmableSettingsofI/Omouth,eventhreegroupsof8bitsI/Omouthtomouth,PBmouthandPAPCmouth.Theyaredividedintotwogroups12I/Omouth,AgroupincludingportAandCmouth(highfour,PC4~PC7),includinggroupBandCportBmouth(lowfour,PC0~PC3).AgroupcanbesettogivebasicI/Omouth,flashcontrol(STROBE)I/Oflashcontrolled,two-wayI/O3modes,GroupBcanonlysettobasicI/OorflashcontrolledtheI/O,andthesetwomodesofoperationmodeentirelybycontrollingregisterscontrolworddecision.2.8255pinsefficacy:(1).RESET:RESETinputlines,whentheinputoutsideathighlevels,allinternalregisters(includingcontrolregisters)wereremoved,allI/Oportsaredenotinginputmethods.(2).CS:chipchooseastandardlampline1,whentheinputpinsforlowlevels,namely/CS=0,saidchipisselected,allow8255andCPUforcommunications,/CS=1,8255cannotwithCPUdodatatransmission.(3).RD:readastandardlampline1,whentheinputpinsforlowlevels,namely/RD=0and/CS=0,allow8255throughthedatabustotheCPUtosenddataorstateinformation,namelytheCPU8255readfromtheinformationordata.(4).TheWR:writeastandardlights,whentheinputpinsforlowlevels,namely/WR=0and/CS=0,allowstheCPUwilldataorcontrolwordwrite8255.(5).D7:threestatesD0~two-waydatabus,8255andCPUdatatransmissionchannel,whentheCPUexecutioninput/outputinstruction,throughitsrealization8bitsofdataread/writeoperation,controlcharactersandstatusinformationtransmittedthroughthedatabus.(6).PA0~PA7:portAinputandoutputlines,A8bitsofdataoutputlatches/buffers,an8bitsofdatainputlatches.(7).PB0~PB7:portBinputandoutputlines,a8bitsofI/Olatches,an8bitsofinputandoutputbuffer.(8).PC0~PC7:portCinputandoutputlines,a8bitsofdataoutputlatches/buffers,an8bitsofdatainputbuffer.PortCcanthroughthewayofworkingsettingintotwofourports,every4digitportcontainsA4digitlatches,respectivelywiththeportAandportBcooperatetouse,canbeusedascontrolstandardlightsoutputorstatestandardlightsinputports.(9).A0,A1:addressselectionline,usedtoselectthePA8255mouth,PBmouth,PCmouthandcontrollingregisters.WhenA0=0,A1=0,PAmouthbechosen;WhenA0=0,A1=1,PBmouthbechosen;WhenA0=0,A1=1,PCmouthbechosen;WhenA0=1,A1=1,controlregisterisselected.ConcerningsevensectionLEDdisplayintroductionThroughlightemittingdiodechipappropriatelink(includingseriesandparallel)andappropriateopticalstructure.Mayconstitutealuminousdisplaylight-emittingsegmentsorshinepoints.Bytheseluminoussegmentsorshinepointcanbecomposeddigitaltube,symbolstube,mwordpipe,tube,multilevelmatrixdisplaytubeetc.Usuallythedigitaltube,symbolstube,mwordtubewerecalledstrokedisplay,butthestrokedisplaysandmatrixtubecollectivelyreferredtoascharacterdisplays.1.TheLEDdisplayclassification(1)bywordhighmarks:strokemonitorswordhighleast1mm(monolithicintegratedtypemoredigitaltubewordhighincommonly2~3mm).Othertypesofstrokedisplaytiptop1.27mm(0.5inch)evenuptohundredsofmm.(2)color-codedscorered,orange,yellow,greenandseveralkinds.(3)accordingtothestructurepoints,reflectingcovertype,asinglepoint-elasticandmonolithicintegratedtype.(4)fromtheluminoussectionelectrodeconnectionmodeofpointsofanodeandcathodetwokinds.2.LEDdisplayparametersDuetotheLEDdisplayisLEDbased,soitslight,andtheelectricalcharacteristicsandultimatemeaningoftheparameterswithmostofthesamelightemittingdiode.ButbecausetheLEDmonitorcontainingmultiplelightemittingdiode,itmusthasthefollowingspecificparameters:(1)theluminousintensityratioDuetothedigitaltubeparagraphsinthesamedrivingvoltage,eacharenotidentical,sopositivecurrenteachdifferent.TheluminousintensityAllsegmentsoftheluminousintensityvaluestheratioofthemaximumandminimumvaluesfortheluminousintensityratio.Theratiobetween2.3in1.5~,themaximumcannotexceed2.5.TrafficsignalcontroltypeThepurposeofthetrafficsignalcontrolarethree:first,intimeandspacespaceintersectiontrafficindifferentdirections,controltrafficoperationorder;Second,makeonplanarcrosstheroadnetworkonthepeopleandobjectsoftransportatthehighestefficiency,Third,astheroaduserstoprovidenecessaryinformation,andhelpthemtoeffectivelyusethetrafficfacilities.Roadtrafficsignalcontrolofbasictypeshavemanypointsmethod.Accordingtothecontrolgeometrycharacteristicisdividedinto:singleintersectioncontrol-pointcontrol,thetraffictrunklinesofcoordinatedcontrol-wire,trafficnetworkcoordinationcontrolsurfacecontrolling;--Accordingtothecontrolprincipledifferentiates:timingcontrol,inducedcontrolandadaptivecontrol.Aboutwatch-dogcircuitBysingle-chipcomputers.themicrocomputersystem,becauseofsinglechipworkoftencanbeaffectedbyexternalelectromagneticinterference,causingprogramrunflywhileintodeadcirculation,theprogram'snormaloperationbeinterruptedbysinglechipmicrocomputercontrolsystemwasunabletowork,cancausethewholesystemofcometoastandstill,happenunpredictableconsequences,sooutofmicrocontrollerrunningstatusreal-time.accordingconsideration,theygenerateaspeciallyusedformonitoringmicrocontrollerprogramrunningstateofthechip,commonlyknownas"watchdog"(watchdog).MAX692wasslightlysystemmonitoringcircuitchip,haveback-upbatteryswitching,powerlostdiscriminantfunctionsmonitoring,thewatchdog.Theencapsulationandpininstructionsasfigure2shows.Figure2MAX692encapsulationandpinsWatch-dogcircuitapplication,makeSCMcaninnoconditiontoachievecontinuouswork,itsworkingprincipleis:thewatchdogchipandMCUanI/Opinsarelinkedtogether,theI/Opinsthroughprogramcontrolitregularlytothewatchdogofthepinsonintohighlevel(orthelowlevel),thisprogramstatementisscatteredonSCMothercontrolstatements,onceamongsingle-chipduetotheinterferencemakesapplicationrunintoaflyaftertheproceduressectionintodeadcirculationstate,writethewatchdogpinsprogramcannotbeexecuted,thistime,thewatch-dogcircuitwillbewithoutmicrocontrollersentsignals,thenatitandMCUresetpinconnectedpinresetsignalgiveoutaa,makeSCMrepositionoccurs,namelytheprogramfromprogrammemorysplittextstarted,sowerealizedtheMCUautomaticreset.InfrareddetectioncircuitTheinfraredradiationphotoninsemiconductormaterialsstimutesthenon-equilibriumcarriers(electronicorholes),causeelectricalpropertieschange.Becausecarrierdoesnotescapeinvitro,socalledwithinthephotoelectriceffect.Quantumphotoelectriceffecthighsensitivity,responsespeedheatdetectorsmuchfaster,isoptionaldetectors.Inordertoachievethebestperformance,generallyneedworkedinlowtemperature.Photoelectricdetectorcanbedividedinto:(1)opticaltype:alsocalledphotoconductiveresistance.Theincidentphotonstimulatethevalencebanduniformsemiconductorelectronicacrossforbiddenbandintotheconductionbandandleftinvalenceband,causecavitationincreases,forelectricconductanceeigenlightconductivity.Fromthebandgapsofimpuritylevelalsocanstimulatelightintotheconductionbandorborncarriersvalenceband,andforimpuritieslightconductivity.Thecutoffwavelengthbyimpurityionizationenergy(ie)decision.Quantumefficienciesbeloweigenopticalandrequirelowerworkingtemperature.(2)photovoltaictype:mainlyp-nknotoflightbornvoltseffect.Energymorethanthewidthofinfraredphotonicbandgapsin"areaanditsnearbyofelectronscavitation.Existing"electricfieldmakeholeintoparea,electronicintonarea,twopartsappearpotentials.Deoxidizationdevicehavevoltageorcurrentsignal.Comparedwithopticaldetectors,pvdetectordetectratemorethanfortypercentoffigurelimit,Don'trequireadditionalbiaselectricfieldandloadresistance,nopowerconsumption,havingahighimpedance.