2023年考研外語沖刺密卷5

考研外語沖刺密卷5

一、UseofEnglish

1、Oneofthemostimportantresultsofresearchintoageing

hasbeentopinpointthesignificanceofshort-termmemory.

Thisfacultyiseasily(1)asageingadvances.Whatseems

to(2)isthatinformationisreceivedbythebrain,

(3)scansitformeaninginordertodecodeitatsome

futuretime.Itlooksasiftheactual(4)ofthe

short-termmemoryitselfmaynotchangetoomuch(5)age.

Ayoungmanandamaninhislatefiftiesmay(6)beable

torememberandrepeata(n)(7)ofeightnumbersrecited

tothem.Butwhat(8)changeisthatwhentheolderman

isaskedtorememberanything(9)betweenthetimeheis

firstgiventhenumberstomemoriseandthetimeheisasked

to(10)them,hewillbemuchlesslikelytorememberthe

(11)numbersthantheyoungman.Thisisbecausethe

scanningstageismoreeasily(12)byotheractivitiesin

(13)people.

In(14)livingoneexperiencesthisasafairlyminor

(15)一atelephonenumberforgottenwhileonelooks

(16)anareacode,orthefirstpartof(17)street

directionsconfusedwiththefastbecausethelast'turnlefts)

and,turnrights'haveinterfered(18)rememberingthe

firstdirections.Inmoreformallearning,however,the

(19)ofshort-termmemoryismorethanjustamildsocial

embarrassment.Itcanbeaseriousbartofurther(20)or

indeedtoanyprogressatall.

A.discovered

B.strengthened

C.displayed

D.disturbed

2、(2)

A.happen

B.exist

C.work

D.do

3、(3)

A.as

B.that

C.which

D.what

4、⑷

A.performance

B.capacity

C.action

D.activity

5、(5)

A.for

B.with

C.over

D.under

6、(6)

A.neither

B.none

C.either

D.both

7、(7)

A.average

B.percentage

C.amount

D.proportion

8、(8)

A.will

B.would

3

C.does

D.did

9、⑼

A.else

B.more

C.particular

D.special

10、(10)

A.decode

B.explain

C.produce

D.repeat

11、(H)

A.difficult

B.different

C.original

D.previous

12、(12)

A.finished

B.completed

C.disrupted

D.erupted

4

13、(13)

A.younger

B.older

C.most

D.common

14、(14)

A.daily

B.ordinary

C.normal

D.usual

15、(15)

A.offence

B.irritation

C.distress

D.disgrace

16、(16)

A.up

B.for

C.at

D.over

17、(17)

A.inconvenient

5

B.inadequate

C.conventional

D.complicated

18、(18)

A.by

B.with

C.for

D.over

19、(19)

A.collapse

B.absence

C.lack

D.decay

20、(20)

A.attainment

B.acquisition

C.learning

D.reaching

二、ReadingComprehension

1、PartA

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestions

beloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.(40points)

LastNovember,engineersinthehealthcaredivisionofGE

unveiledsomethingcalledthe“LightSpeedVCT”,ascannerthat

cancreateastartlinglygoodthree-dimensionalimageofa

beatingheart.ThisspringStaples,anAmerican

office-suppliesretailer,willstockitsshelveswithagadget

calleda"wordlock”,apadlockthatuseswordsinsteadof

numbers.Theconnection?Ineachcase,thefirm'scustomers

haveplayedabigpartindesigningtheproduct.

Howdoesinnovationhappen?Thefamiliarstoryinvolves

scientistinacademicinstitutesandRDlabs.Butlately,

corporatepracticehasbeguntochallengethisold,fashioned

notion.Opensourcesoftwaredevelopmentisalreadywell-known.

LesssoisthefactthatBell,anAmericanbicyclehelmetmaker,

hascollectedhundredsofideasfornewproductsfromits

customers,andisputtingseveralofthemintoproduction.Not

onlyisthecustomerking:nowheismarket-researchhead,RD

chiefandproduct-developmentmanager,too.

Thisisnotallnew.Researchershavedemonstratedthe

importanceofpastusercontributionstotheevolutionof

everythingfromsportingequipmenttoconstructionmaterials

andscientificinstruments.Buttheriseofonlinecommunities,

togetherwiththedevelopmentofpowerfulandeasy-to-use

不_____Q

q7

designtools,seemstobeboostingthephenomenon,aswellas

bringingittotheattentionofawideraudience,saysEricVon

HippelofMIT."Userinnovationhasalwaysbeenaround,“hesays.

“Thedifferenceisthatpeoplecannolongerdenythatitis

happening.

Harnessingcustomerinnovationrequiresdifferentmethods,

saysMr.VonHippel.Insteadoftakingthetemperatureofa

representativesampleofcustomers,firmsmustidentifythefew

specialcustomerswhoinnovate.GE'shealthcaredivisioncalls

them“l(fā)uminaries”.Theytendtobewel1-publisheddoctorsand

researchscientistsfromleadingmedicalinstitutions,saysGE,

whichbringsupto25luminariestogetheratregularmedical

advisoryboardsessionstodiscusstheevolutionofGE's

technology.GE'sproductsthenemergefromcollaborationwith

thesegroups.

Attheheartofmostthinkingaboutinnovationisthebelief

thatpeopleexpecttobepaidfortheircreativework:hence

theneedtoprotectandrewardthecreationofintellectual

property.Onereallyexcitingthingaboutuser-ledinnovation

isthatcustomersseemwillingtodonatetheircreativity

freely,saysMr.VonHippel.Thismaybebecauseitistheir

onlypracticaloption:patentsarecostlytogetandoften

provideonlyweakprotection.Somepeoplemayvaluethe

enhancedreputationandnetworkeffectsoffreelyrevealing

theirworkmorethananymoneytheycouldmakebypatentingit.

Eitherway,somefirmsarestartingtobelievethattherereally

issuchathingasafreelunch.

TheexamplesofGEandStaplesinthefirstparagraphareto

showthatbothcompanies

A.benefitfromcustomerinnovation.

B.challengeacademicinstitutesandRDlabs.

C.arepioneersinadoptingcustomerinnovation.

D.arepredominantinnewproductsresearch.

2、

Oneofthedrivingforcesbehindtherecentprevalenceof

Customerinnovationis

A.theevolutionofsportingequipment.

B.thedevelopmentofInternettechnology.

C.themotivationofmakingmoney.

D.people(sadvocacyofinnovation.

3、

Theword//luminaries，，(Paragraph4)mostprobablyrefersto

peoplewho

A.areeminentinaspecificfield.

不____Q

T9

B.areknowntohaveinventednewproducts.

C.leadtheresearchteamsofthecorporations.

D.purchasethecompaniesnewproductsconsistently.

4、

Accordingtotheauthor,user-ledinnovation

A.shouldbepatentedandrewardedwithmoney.

B.iscostlessthankstoitscreator*sgoodness.

C.hascomeintotheviewofmorepeople.

D.couldn,tbeprotectedbypatentlaw.

5、

Thebesttitleforthepassagemightbe

A.TheRiseoftheCreativeConsumer.

B.TheFutureofCustomerInnovation.

C.HowCompaniesPromoteInnovation.

D.WhyCustomerInnovationEmerges.

6、Naturalismistheviewthatthe“natural“universe,the

universeofmatterandenergy,isallthattherereallyis.By

rulingoutaspiritualpartofthehumanpersonwhichmight

survivedeathanda(godwhomightresurrectthebody,

naturalismalsorulesoutsurvivalafterdeath.Inaddition,

naturalismdenieshumanfreedomonthegroundsthateveryevent

mustbeexplainablebydeterministicnaturallaws.Itdenies

anyabsolutevaluesbecauseitcanfindnogroundsforsuch

valuesinaworldmadeuponlyofmatterandenergy.Andfinally,

naturalismdeniesthattheuniversehasanymeaningorpurpose

becausethereisnoGodtogiveitameaningorpurpose,and

nothingelsewhichcangiveitameaningorpurpose.

Anyonewhoacceptsthefirstthreedenials,ofGod,spiritual

beings,andimmortality,mightbecalledanaturalistinthe

broadsense,andanyonewhoaddstothesethedenialoffreedom,

values,andpurposemightbelabeledanaturalistinthestrict

sense,orastrictnaturalist;Someopponentsofnaturalism

wou1darguethatnaturalistsinthebroadsenseareatleast

somewhatinconsistentandthatnaturalisminthebroadsense

leadslogicallytostrictnaturalism.ManyStrictnaturalists

wouldagreewiththis.

Thosewhorejectnaturalisminboththestrictandbroadsense

dosoforavarietyofreasons.Theymayhavepositivearguments

fortheexistenceofsomeofwhatnaturalistsdeny,ortheymay

havewhatseemtobedecisiverefutationsofsomeorallofthe

argumentsfornaturalism.But,inadditiontoparticular

argumentsagainstnaturalisttenetsortheirgroundsofbelief,

someopponentsofnaturalismbelievethatthereisageneral

argumentwhichholdsagainstanyform,ofnaturalism.These

opponentsholdthatnaturalismhasa"fatalflaw"or,toput

itmorestrongly,thatnaturalismisself-destroying.If

naturalismistrue,thenhumanreasonmustbetheresultof

naturalforces.

Thesenaturalforcesarenot,onthenaturalisticview,

rationalthemselves,norcantheybetheresultofarational

cause.Sohumanreasonwouldbetheresultofnonrationalcauses.

This,itcanbeargued,givesusastrongreasontodistrust

humanreason,especiallyinitslesspracticalandmore

theoreticalexercises.Butthetheoryofnaturalismisitself

suchanexerciseoftheoreticalreason.Ifnaturalismistrue,

wewouldhavestrongreasonstodistrusttheoreticalreasoning.

Ifwedistrusttheoreticalreasoning,wedistrustparticular

applicationsofit,suchasthetheoryofnaturalism.Thus,if

naturalismistrue,wehavestrongreasonstodistrust

naturalism.

Naturalismbelievesthat

A.humancandothingswiththeirfreewill.

B.deterministicnaturallawscanexplaineverything.

C.absolutevaluesShouldbebasedonamorereasonableground.

D.universeisdependentonsubjectiveexperience.

Manystrictnaturalists'attitudestowardsthecategorizing

ofnaturalistsmightbe

A.disapproving,

B.puzzled.

C.content.

D.appreciative.

8、

Whichofthefollowingconcerningthosewhorejectnaturalism

aretrue?

A.theyacceptsomeofthenaturalists，denials.

B.theirretortonnaturalismistoosharptobeconvincing.

C.alltheirargumentsagainstnaturalismarenotuniversal.

D.thereexistmortaldefectsintheirownarguments.

9、

Inthelastparagraph,theauthortriestojustifyhis

conclusionby

A.reducingtoabsurdity.

B.makingancomparison.

C.givinganexample.

D.explainingaphenomenon.

10、

Thegeneralargumentagainstnaturalismfocusesonits

A.inherentimpracticability.

B.wrongassumption.

C.innercontradiction.

D.illogicalreasoning.

11、Ifopen-sourcesoftwareissupposedtobefree,howdoes

anyonesellingitmakeanymoney?It'snotthatdifferentfrom

howothersoftwarecompaniesmakemoney.

You,dthinkthatasoftwarecompanywouldmakemostofitsmoney

from,well,sellingsoftware.Butyou(dbewrong.Foronething,

companiesdon'tsellsoftware,strictlyspeaking;theylicense

it.Theprofitmarginonasoftwarelicenseisnearly100

percent,whichiswhyMicrosoftgushesbillionsofdollars

everyquarter.

Butwhat'sthevalueofalicensetoacustomer?Alicense

doesn'tdeliverthecode,providetheutilitiestogetapiece

ofsoftwarerunning,oranswerthephonewhensomething

inevitablygoeswrong.Thevalueofsoftware,inshort,doesn't

lieinthesoftwarealone.Thevalueisinmakingsurethesoft

waredoesitsjob.Justasatravelershouldlookattheoverall

priceofavacationpackageinsteadofobsessingovertheprice

oftheplaneticketorhotelroom,asmarttechbuyerwon'tfocus

onhowmuchthelicensecostsandignorethesupportcontract

orthemaintenanceagreement.

Open-sourceisnotthatdifferent.Ifyouwantthesoftwareto

work,youhavetopaytoensureitwillwork.Theopen-source

companieshaverefinedthesoftwaremodelbyselling

subscriptions.Theyrolltogethersupportandmaintenanceand

chargeanannualfee,whichisahealthymodel,thoughnotquite

aswonderfulasMicrosoft，smoney-rakingone.Tellingly,even

Microsoftiscastinganenviouseyeataspectsofthe

open-sourcebusinessmodel.Thecompanyhasbeentakinghalting

stepstowardasimilarsubscriptionschemeforitssoftware

sales.Microsoft,ssubscriptionprogram,knownasSoftware

Assurance,providesmaintenanceandsupporttogetherwitha

softwarelicense.ItletsyouupgradetoMicrosoft'snext

versionofthesoftwareforapredictablesum.Butitalso

containsanimplicitthreat:Ifyoudon，tswitchtoSoftware

Assurancenow,whoknowshowmuchMicrosoftwillchargeyouwhen

youdecidetoupgrade?

Chiefinformationofficershatethiskindof“assurance”,since

they'reoftenperfectlyhappyrunningolderversionsof

softwarethatareprovenandstable.Microsoft,ontheother

hand,rakesinthesoftware-licensingfeesonlywhencustomers

upgrade.SoftwareAssuranceisMicrosoft，sattempttogetthose

samelicensingfeesbutwrapthemtogetherwiththeserviceand

supportneededtokeepsystemsrunning.That,swhyMicrosoft

findstheopen-sourcemodelsothreatening:open-source

companieshavenovestedinterestingettingmore1icensing

feesanddon'thavetopadtheirservicecontractswiththat

extracost.Intheend,themaindifferencebetweenopen-source

andproprietarysoftwarecompaniesmaybethesizeofthecheck

youhavetowrite.

Theauthorusedtheexampleofatraveler(Para.3)toshowthat

A.thevalueofsoftwareshouldbeconsideredasawhole.

B.techbuyersshouldcarelittleaboutlicense.

C.alicensedoesn'tcomprisesupportandmaintenance.

D.customershavetopayalottogetalicense.

12、

Whichofthefollowingseemstobetheoverallattitudeof

Microsofttowardsubscriptionplan?

A.Eager.

B.Doubtful.

C.Confident.

D.Hesitant.

13、

AccordingtothepassageMicrosoft

A.operatesabettersalessystem.

B.usesopen-sourcebusinessmodelasareference.

C.forcestechbuyerstoupgradethesoftware.

D.chargesanannualfeefortheserviceandsupport.

14、

Thatextracost(Para.5)probablyrefersto

A.software-licensingfees.

B.totalcostofasoftwareproduct.

C.paymentforservicecontracts.

D.thechargeforsubscription.

15、

WhichofthefollowingistrueaboutMicrosoft?

A.Itdisgustsmanychiefinformationofficers.

B.Ithasdevelopeditsownopen-sourcesoftware.

C.Itsnewprogramrequiresitscustomerspayinadvance.

D.Itenviesopen-sourcecompaniesfortheirgreatprofits.

16^NiallFitzGeraldwouldhavelikedtoleaveUnileverin

ablazeofglorywhenheretiresattheendofSeptember.The

co-chiefexecutiveoftheAnglo-Dutchconsumer-goodsgroupwas

oneofthegodfathersofUnilever's"PathtoGrowthz/strategy

offocusingonitsbrands,whichwaslaunchedliveyearsago.

Buttheplanfailedtodeliveronmanyofitspromises.On

September20th,Unileverwarnedthatitwouldnotreportits

promiseddouble-digitgrowthinprofitsthisyear.

Itisatoughtimeforproducersofbrandedconsumergoods.

Unileveranditscompetitorshavetocopewithpressureon

pricesandstiffcompetitionfromsupermarkets'ownbrands,

Co1gate-Palmolivewarnedoflowerprofitsonthe'sameday,

Nestlerecentlydisappointedinvestorswithitslatestresults.

Evenso,Unileveradmitsthebulkofitstroublesare

self-inflicted.The"PathtoGrowthz，strategyaimedtomakethe

firmmoreefficient.Unileversavedabout4billioneuro($4.9

billion)incostsoverthepastfiveyearsandreducedits

portfolioofbrandsfront1,600tosome450,butitstillfailed

tomeetitstargetsforprofitandsales,reportingasales

declineof0.7%forthesecondquarterofthisyear.

AndrewWoodatSanfordBernstein,aninvestment-researchfirm,

thinksthemainproblemisunder-investmentinadvertisingand

marketing,aninfatuationwithbrandsandunrealistic

performancetargets.Unilevercutitsadandmarketing

expenditureattheworstmoment,saysMr.Wood.Commoditised

productsareespeciallyvulnerabletotheonslaughtof

retailers*ownbrands.Inmargarine,forinstance,retailers)

ownbrandsnowcaptureasmuchasone-fifthofthemarket.

Unileveralsooverextendedsomesuccessfulbrands,for

instanceBertolli'soliveoilsandpastasauces.Accordingto

Mr.Wood,Unilevercansustainablygrowitsbusinessabout3%

ayear;itwasshootingfor5-6%.

Unilever'schieffinancialofficer(CFO)countersthat

consumerslookforaproductandthenbuyabrand,sohisfirm

needstofocusonbrands.Unileverintendstostepupits

marketingefforts,althoughadspendingissupposedtoremain

atcurrentlevels.Atpresent,Unileverspends14.5%ofsales

onads.ButeventheCFOadmitsthecompanyhas"issuesof

competitiveness”.Aftersevenquartersofdisappointing

performance,itneedstoregaincredibilitywithinvestors.

Overthenextfewmonths,managementwillrethinkitsstrategy

forthenextfive-yearplan.PatrickCescau,aFrenchmanwho

willtakeoverfromMr.FitzGerald,isinheritingatricky

legacy.

Whichofthefollowingabout“PathtoGrowthstrategyistrue?

A.Itishardtocarryout.

B.Ithasaglorioushistory.

C.itunderlinesUnilever，sbrands.

D.Itbringshighgrowth.

17、

Accordingtothepassage,NiallFitzGerald

A.isanincompetentleader.

B.willretirewithgreathonor.

C.willbecomePatrick;spredecessor.

D.isoneofUnilever'sfounders.

18、

IntheeyesofUnilever,itstroublesmainlyliein

A.fiercecompetition,

B.itsinefficiency.

C.thedepressingsales,

D.itsstrategy.

19、

WecanlearnfromthelastparagraphthatPatrickCescau

A.willabandonthefocusonbrands.

B.willfaceatoughsituation.

C.willacquainthimselfwithtrickytactics.

D.willholdon"PathtoGrowth“strategy.

20、

Unilever，sCFOthinksthatWood'scommentsare

A.notunrealistic.

B.generallyacceptable.

C.shortoflogic.

D.basicallyerroneous.

21、PartB(10points)

Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.For

Questions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelist(A、

B、C、D>E>F、G...)tofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.

Thereareseveralextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyofthe

gaps.(10points)

Cardiologistshavepioneeredtheworld'sfirstnon-surgical

bypassoperationtoturnaveinintoanarteryusinganew

techniquetodivertbloodflowinamanwithsevereheart

disease.

(41).

Althoughmajorheartsurgeryisbecomingcommonplace,withmore

than28,000bypassoperationsintheUKannually,itis

traumaticforpatientsandinvolvesalongrecoveryperiod.

Thenewtechniquewascarriedoutbyaninternationalteambf

doctorswhoperformedthenon-invasivesurgeryona53-year-old

Germanpatient.

(42).

AccordingtoaspecialreportinCirculation:Journalofthe

AmericanHeartAssociation,cardiologistsdevelopedaspecial

catheter(導(dǎo)管)whichwasinsertedintooneofhislegarteries,

threadedupthroughtheaorta(主動(dòng)脈)tothetopofthediseased

artery,whichwastheonlypartstillopenandreceivingblood.

(43).

Athin,flexiblewirewasthreadedthroughtheneedleandthe

needleandcatheterwerewithdrawn,leavingthewirebehind

andasmallangioplasty(血管成形術(shù))balloon,whichwasusedto

widenthechannel.Finally,theveinwasblockedoffjustabove

thenewchannelallowingbloodfromthearterytobererouted

downthevein.

(44).

Dr.StephenOesterle,wholedtheteam,said:"Thismilestone

marksthefirstcoronaryarterybypassperformedwitha

catheter.Thetechnologyoffersarealistichopefortruly

minimallyinvasivebypassproceduresinthefuture.”

Dr.OesterleisdirectorofcardiologyatMassachusettsGeneral

HospitalandassociateprofessorofmedicineatHarvardMedical

SchoolinBoston.MelanieHaddon,cardiacnurseattheBritish

HeartFoundation,saiditwaslikelytobemanyyearsbefore

theprocedurewasroutinelyusedinhospitals.”Non-invasive

surgery,suchasthisnewmethod,couldhelpminimizetherisks,

bringinggreatbenefitstothepatient.”

Aclot-bustingdrugcombinedwith1O-minutespurtsofexercise

hasbeenfoundtogrownewbloodvesselsinchildrenwithheart

disease.

(45).

X-raysshowedthatoverafivemonthperiodanetworkoftiny

newbloodvesselsformedintwoofthepatients.Inallseven

individuals,thetreatmentwasassociatedwithimprovedblood

flowtotheheartmuscleintheareasaroundtheblockage.

A.Ineverycase,thetherapyincreasedthesizeoftheblocked

arteryallowingmorebloodtopassthrough.

B.Thediabeticpatient,whohasnotbeannamed,hadsuffered

severechestpainsbecauseoneofhiscoronaryarterieswas

severelyblockedanddeprivinghisheartmuscleofoxygen,but

hewasconsideredbydoctorstobeunsuitablefortraditional

bypasssurgery.

C.Then,guidedbyultra-soundaphysicianpushedaneedlefrom

insidethecatheterthroughthearterywallandintothe

adjacentvein.

D.Thekeyholeprocedure,whichavoidstheextensiveinvasive

surgeryofaconventionalbypass,willofferhopetotensof

thousandsofpeopleatriskfromheartattacks.Coronaryheart

disease,wherethearteriesareprogressivelysiltedupwith

fattydeposits,isresponsibleinamajorindustrialcountry

likeBritainformorethan160,000deathseachyear.

E.Aftertheprocedure,theveineffectivelybecameanartery,

carryingbloodinthereversedirectionfromthepreviousway,

andfeedingthestarvedhearttissuewithoxygen.

F.ResearchersinJapanstudiedsevenchildrenandteenagers,

aged6to19,whohadatotallyblockedarteryandcouldnot

behelpedbysurgery.Theywereaskedtoexerciseonabicycle

machin

22、(42)

23、(43)

24、(44)

25、(45)

26、PartC

Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthen

translatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.(10points)

Toavoidthevariousfoolishopinionstowhichmanisliable,

nosuperhumangeniusisrequired.Afewsimpleruleswillkeep

you,notfromallerror,butfromsillyerror.

Ifthematterisonethatcanbeserriedbyobservation,make

theobservationyourself.(46)Aristotlecouldhaveavoidedthe

mistakeofthinkingthatwomenhavefewerteeththanmen,by

thesimpledeviceofaskingMrs.Aristotletokeephermouth

openwhilehecounted.Hedidnotdosobecausehethoughthe

knew.Thinkingthatyouknowwheninfactyoudon'tisafatal

mistake,