新概念第四冊課文翻譯及學(xué)習(xí)筆記 Lesson32全套

新概念第四冊課文翻譯及學(xué)習(xí)筆記：Lesson32【課文】Firstlistenandthenanswerthefollowingquestion.聽錄音，然后回答以下問題。WhathasmodifiedouttraditionalviewofGalileoinrecenttimes?InhisownlifetimeGalileowasthecentreofviolentcontroversy;butthescientificdusthaslongsincesettled,andtodaywecanseeevenhisfamousclashwiththeInquisitioninsomethinglikeitsproperperspective.But,incontrast,itisonlyinmoderntimesthatGalileohasbecomeaproblemchildforhistoriansofscience.TheoldviewofGalileowasdelightfullyuncomplicated.Hewas,aboveall,amanwhoexperimented:whodespisedtheprejudicesandbooklearningoftheAristotelians,whoputhisquestionstonatureinsteadoftotheancients,andwhodrewhisconclusionsfearlessly.Hehadbeenthefirsttoturnatelescopetothesky,andhehadseentheirevidenceenoughtooverthrowAristotleandPtolemytogether.HewasthemanwhoclimbedtheLeaningTowerofPisaanddroppedvariousweightsfromthetop,whorolledballsdowninclinedplanes,andthengeneralizedtheresultsofhismanyexperimentsintothefamouslawoffreefall.Butacloserstudyoftheevidence,supportedbyadeepersenseoftheperiod,andparticularlybyanewconsciousnessofthephilosophicalundercurrentsinthescientificrevolution,hasprofoundlymodifiedthisviewofGalileo.Today,althoughtheoldGalileolivesoninmanypopularwritings,amonghistoriansofscienceanewandmoresophisticatedpicturehasemerged.AtthesametimeoursympathyforGalileo'sopponentshasgrownsomewhat.Histelescopicobservationsarejustlyimmortal;theyarousedgreatinterestatthetime,theyhadimportanttheoreticalconsequences,andtheyprovidedastrikingdemonstrationofthepotentialitieshiddenininstrumentsandapparatus.ButcanweblamethosewholookedandfailedtoseewhatGalileosaw,ifwerememberthattouseatelescopeatthelimitofitspowerscallsforlongexperienceandintimatefamiliaritywithone'sinstrument?WasthephilosopherwhorefusedtolookthroughGalileo'stelescopemoreculpablethanthosewhoallegedthatthespiralnebulaeobservedwithLordRosse'sgreattelescopeintheeighteen-fortieswerescratchesleftbythegrinder?WecanperhapsforgivethosewhosaidthemoonsofJupiterwereproducedbyGalileo'sspyglassifwerecallthatinhisday,asforcenturiesbefore,curvedglasswasthepopularcontrivanceforproducingnottruthbutillusion,untruth;andifasinglecurvedglasswoulddistortnature,howmuchmorewouldapairofthem?MICHAELHOSKINGalileoRebornfromTheListener【Newwordsandexpressions生詞和短語】controversyn.爭議，爭論dustn.糾紛，騷動(dòng)clashn.沖突Inquisitionn.(羅馬天主教的)宗教法庭perspectiven.觀點(diǎn)，看法despisev.蔑視generalizev.歸納undercurrentn.潛流apparatusn.器官,機(jī)構(gòu),儀器theoreticaladj.理論上的potentialityn.潛能intimateadj.詳盡的familiarityn.熟悉的culpableadj.應(yīng)受遣責(zé)的Aristoteliann.亞里士多德學(xué)派的人Aristotlen.亞里士多德(公元前384-322，古希臘哲學(xué)家)Ptolemyn.托勒密(公元90-168，古希臘天文學(xué)家)LeaningTowerofPisa比薩斜塔spiraladj.螺旋狀的nebulan.星云scratchn.擦痕contrivancen.器械distortv.歪曲【課文注釋】1.violentcontroversy激烈論戰(zhàn)controversyn.爭議,(公開的)爭論例句：Theremarktouchedoffaheatedcontroversy.這句話引起了熱烈的爭論?！驹~義辨析】controversy,argument,conflict,debate,dispute,quarrel,strife這組名詞均有“爭執(zhí)、不和”之意。controversy:側(cè)重指深刻的意見分歧，多指對引起廣泛興趣或非常重要的問題的辨論。argument:指辯論雙方均以事實(shí)或理由來說服對方的辨論。conflict:指雙方堅(jiān)持已見、互不妥協(xié)，懷有敵意的爭論，多暗示分歧極為嚴(yán)重，有時(shí)用語言無法解決，只得訴諸武力。debate:通常指經(jīng)過仔細(xì)組織和計(jì)劃的個(gè)人或團(tuán)體之間的辯論。dispute:普通用詞，側(cè)重指長時(shí)間，言詞激烈，針鋒相對的爭辯。quarrel:普通用詞，既可指言詞激烈的爭吵，也可指溫和的言詞上的不和。strife:指因不可緩和的矛盾而引起的爭吵或斗毆。2.somethinglike多少，大約3.aproblemchild做定語，修飾child。這是一種比喻修辭法，意思是“新出現(xiàn)的問題”。4.amanwho...who...who...who...,這里一連用了4個(gè)定語從句，均用who引導(dǎo)，構(gòu)成了排比結(jié)構(gòu)，起加強(qiáng)語氣的作用。5.despisevt.輕視例句：Idespisehisrefusingtoacceptresponsibility.他拒不承擔(dān)責(zé)任，我鄙視他。Youmustnotdespiseamanbecauseheispoor.你不可因一個(gè)人貧窮而輕視他?！驹~義辨析】despise,scorn,lookdownupon這些動(dòng)詞或短語動(dòng)詞均表示“輕視，蔑視”之意。despise:指由于卑鄙、軟弱，渺小或無價(jià)值等而被輕視。scorn:語氣較強(qiáng)，指極端的蔑視，常伴有憤怒或惱怒的情感。lookdownupon:指自視地位優(yōu)越而蔑視他人或事。6.overthrowv.推翻,打倒,顛覆例句：Therebelshaveoverthrownthegovernment.反叛者已推翻了政府。【詞義辨析】conquer,overcome,overthrow,defeat,beat,subdue這些動(dòng)詞均含“征服，戰(zhàn)勝”之意。conquer:側(cè)重戰(zhàn)勝和控制。書面用詞。overcome:多指戰(zhàn)勝或克服非物質(zhì)的東西，如困難和不良習(xí)慣等。語氣較弱也可指在斗爭或競爭中戰(zhàn)勝或壓倒對方。overthrow:指徹底擊敗對手，使其喪失力量和地位。defeat:普通用詞，多指在戰(zhàn)爭、比賽、競選或辯論中戰(zhàn)勝對手，側(cè)重勝利的暫時(shí)性。beat:口筆語均可用，可與defeat換用。subdue:正式用詞，與conquer同義，但強(qiáng)調(diào)失敗后的臣服狀態(tài);也可用作借喻，表克制、壓抑感情、欲望等。7.generalizev.概括,歸納,使一般化例句：Itisdangeroustogeneralizeaboutpeople.以偏概全地談?wù)撊耸俏ｋU(xiǎn)的。8.atthetime當(dāng)時(shí)9.useatelescopeatthelimitofitspowers用望遠(yuǎn)鏡的極限放大率。10.intimateadj.①精通的,深入的,詳細(xì)的例句：HehasanintimateknowledgeofAmericanliterature.他精通美國文學(xué)。②親密的，私人的例句：Bothofthemfeltthattheyhadbecomeveryintimate.他倆都感到他們已經(jīng)相當(dāng)親密了。11.culpableadj.該責(zé)備的,有罪的例句：NoneofthisnecessarilymeansthatGapisabadcompany,orculpableintheSaipancase.這都不意味著蓋普是個(gè)差勁的公司，或者在西潘事件中是有罪的。12.distortvt.歪曲,扭曲,變形例句：Youhavedistortedmymotives.你曲解了我的動(dòng)機(jī)。Thebiasofareportercaneasilydistortthenews.記者的偏見很容易歪曲新聞的報(bào)導(dǎo)。【參考譯文】伽利略在世時(shí)是激烈論戰(zhàn)的中心。但是，自他逝世以來，那場科學(xué)上的紛爭早已平息了下來，甚至他和宗教法庭的著名沖突，我們今天也能正確如實(shí)地看待。但是相比之下，對于科學(xué)史家來說，伽利略只是在現(xiàn)代才變成了一個(gè)新的難題。令人高興的是，過去對伽利略的看法并不復(fù)雜。他首先是個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)工作者，他蔑視亞里士多德學(xué)派的偏見和空洞的書本知識。他向自然界而不是向古人提出問題，并大膽地得出結(jié)論。他是第一個(gè)把望遠(yuǎn)鏡對準(zhǔn)天空的人，觀察到的論據(jù)足以把亞里士多德和托勒密一起推翻。他就是那個(gè)曾經(jīng)爬上比薩斜塔，從塔頂向下拋擲各種重物的人;他是那個(gè)使球體沿斜面向下滾動(dòng)，然后將多次實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果概括成著名的自由落體定律的人。但是，對那個(gè)時(shí)代的深化了解，尤其是以科學(xué)家革命中哲學(xué)潛流的新意識為依據(jù)，進(jìn)一步仔細(xì)研究，就會(huì)極大地改變對伽利略的看法。今天，雖然已故的伽利略繼續(xù)活在許多通俗讀物中，但在科學(xué)史家中間，一個(gè)新的更加復(fù)雜的伽利略形象出現(xiàn)了。與此同時(shí)，我們對伽利略的反對派的同情也有所增加。伽利略用望遠(yuǎn)鏡所作的觀察確實(shí)是不朽的，這些觀察當(dāng)時(shí)引起人們極大的興趣，具有重要的理論意義，并充分顯示出了儀表和儀器的潛在力量。但是，如