高溫超導磁懸浮軸承中英文對照外文翻譯文獻

中英文資料翻譯REVIEWONINTERNATIONALRESEARCHSTATEONHIGHTEMPERATUREACTIVEMAGNETICBEARINGRadialactivemagneticbearing(AMB)isatypicalsysteminmagneticsuspensionfield.Theactivemagneticbearingcansupportarotorwithoutcontactbyusingelectromagneticforce.Withtheadvantageofunlubricated,littleoilcontaminated,longlife-spanandtheadaptabilityofvariousenvironment,AMBiswidelyused.SotheresearchonAMBismoreandmorefurther.Itisreasonabletodesignthestructureofactivemagneticbearingproperlyfortheimprovementofitsperformance.BasedonfiniteelementanalysissoftwareCOMSOLMultiphysics,thesimulationofAMBisstudiedwhilethesuspendingforceofAMBiscalculated.First,webuiltupadynamicparametermodel,sowecananalyzethemagneticfielddistributionandmagneticforceatanarbitrarysize.Thenwediscussedsomeelementwhichaffectmagneticfieldsuchascoilcurrent,airgap,polewidthandrotorbiasundertwoworkingmode.ThentheoptimizationprocessofAMBmodelispresentedonthebasisofoptimizationsoftwareiSIGHTtogetherwithCOMSOL,duringwhichtheAMBmodeliscalledautomaticallybyiSIGHT.WeusedsequentialquadraticprogrammingmethodandtheresultshowsthatthecombinationofCOMSOLMultiphysicsandiSIGHTsoftwareisaconvenientandeffectivemethodforthesimulationandoptimizationofAMBsystem.Atlast,weusedPIDcontrollertorealizetheclose-loopcontrolonsingledegreeoffreedomAMBsystem,andanalyzetheperformanceofPIDcontrollerwiththesimulationresultonSimulink.Throughtheresearchabove,wefinishthedesignofthewholeactivemagneticbearingsystem.TheresearchresultprovidesafeasiblemethodfortheanalysisandoptimizationofAMBsystem,whichwillbeusefulfortheengineeringapplication.Inthepastfewyears,theaviationindustryhasbeengrowingcontinuously,butthemarketisverycompetitiveisalwaysnecessary.Hightemperatureactivemagneticbearingholdgreatpromiseforimprovingjetturbineengine,andthusreducingmaintenancecostandkeroseneconsumption.Inthatgoal,lotsofresearchhasbeenperformedabouthightemperatureactivemagneticbearinganditscomponents(likesoftmagneticmaterial,insulationcoils···).Thisarticlepresentsthedevelopmentofresearchinthisfield,itshistory,itsstateanditsoutlook.Theaviationmarketisnowadaysgrowingcontinuously.Inordertosustainitsdevelopment,thismarkethasaconstantneedoftechnicalimprovementstoimprovecompetitiveness.Today,virtuallyallaircraft’sjetenginesuselubricatedballbearings.Thissystemsuffersfromdiversedrawbacklikethenecessityofacomplexcoolingsystemthatweighsdownthejetengineandlimitsitsworkingtemperature.Activemagneticbearingshavebeensuccessfullyusedfordecadesinnumerousapplications.Theyhaveshowngreatcapacitiestoworkinextremeconditions,suchasvacuumorathighrotationspeed.Theideaistoreplacetheconventionalbearingsinjetenginesbymagneticbearings.Inthe90s,themajorityofmagneticbearingswereworkingundercommontemperature(lessthan100℃).Injetengines,thecurrentworkingtemperatureisabout260℃,thusprovingfeasibilityofmagneticbearingsforjetenginesapplicationwasrequired.Inthesametimeresearchwereperformedonsoftmagneticmaterialforhightemperatureapplications,theproofoffeasibilityofmagneticbearingworkingat550℃wasdonebyXuLongxiang.Usinghightemperatureactivemagneticbearingmaysignificantlyimprovethejetengines.Firstthistechnologywillallowoperatingatmuchhigherspeedsandtemperatures(upto550℃),openingspacefordesignofmorepowerfuljetengines.SinceAMBarenon-con-tactbearings,thereisnomoreneedforlubricant.Removingthelubricantsystemwillmakethesystemmorefire-safe(nopossibleoilemissions)andalsoimprovetheweightoftheengine(upto5%less).This,addedtotheeliminationoffrictionlosses,willhavedirectinfluenceonthekeroseneconsumption.Theobjectiveofthisarticleistopresenttherecentdevelopmentonhightemperaturemagneticbearing.Thedevelopmentofhightemperaturemagneticforjetengineapplicationincludesdiverseresearchproject,withthreemainprojects.In1997,Kondoleonhasbeenstudyingsoftmagneticalloysforhightemperatureradialmagneticbearings.XuLongxianghasthendemonstratedthefeasibilityofanactivemagneticbearingworkingat540℃andinvestigatehightemperaturedisplacementsensor.In2000,Mekhichebrieflydescribedthedesign,fabrication,andtestingofahigh-temperaturemagneticbearingoperatingat50000rpm.In2003,Montaguehasworkedonaprototypeofhightemperatureactivemagneticbearinganddevelopacoilfabricationprocess.In2006,Burdethasdevelopedafirst5degreeoffreedomhightemperatureactivemagneticbearingandinvestigateaneddycurrentpositionsensorusingthick-filmtechnology.Thethreemainprojectsthathavebeeninvestigatinghightemperatureactivemagneticbearingare：-TheEuropeanprojectforActiveMagneticBearingsinAircraftTurbo-machinery(AMBIT)from1995to2000,-AprojectofDesignandFabricationofHigh-TemperatureRadialMagneticBearingforTurboMachinerybytheNASAfrom2000,-TheEuropeanresearchprojectMagFly-ActiveMagneticBearingforTurboMachineryfrom2002to2006.TheobjectivesofAMBITweretoinvestigateandtodemonstratethefeasibilityofanactivemagneticbearingthatworksattemperaturesupto540℃.Aone-degree-of-freedomhightemperatureAMBrigwasbuiltaswellasafive-degree-of-freedomprototypewithahightemperatureradialbearing.Hereisthetestrigforahightemperatureactivemagneticbearing,operatinginacontainmentheatedupto550℃andrunningat30000rpm.GlennH.ResearchcenterworkspresentlyonahightemperatureAMB.Itisahightemperature,heteropolar,radialmagneticbearingcomposedofasingleradialbearinglocatedatthecenterofashaftmountedonballbearings.Ithasbeenoperatedfor29hoursat540℃during18thermalcyclesonMay2003.Thisprojecthasbeencreatedwiththegoalofdevelopingasmartjetengineusingmagneticbearings.PartofitwastodevelopanAMBprototypeworkingathightemperature.Forthisproject,LucBurdethasdevelopedthefirst5degreeoffreedomhightemperatureactivemagneticbearing.Ithasbeenrunningatenvironmenttemperaturesupto550℃.Duringhisthesis,hehasimplementedandvalidatedamodularfiniteelementsthermalmodelwithlowcomputationtimeforhightemperatureAMBs.Hehasalsodevelopedathick-filmlowcosteddycurrentpositionsensorfor550℃applicationsandtestedmaterialsforthedesignofhightemperatureelectromechanicalsystemhavebeentested.Inaddition,ananalysisoffailuresrelatedtohightemperaturehasbeendoneandillustrated.WhiletheAMBsdevelopedinAMBITsatisfiedtherequirements,problemswereencounteredwithoverheatingandcoilshortcircuits.ThoseproblemshavebeenpartiallyresolvedbyMontague,whichhasdevelopedacoilmanufacturingprocess.Inthisprocess,inordertoreducethedifficultyofwoundingthecoilsontheback-ironcore,choicehasbeenmadenottousestatorlaminationlegdesignedasonecontinuousring.Instead,amodulardesignwhereeachmodulecontainstwopolesin“C”shapehasbeenchosen.Thewireiswoundonbothpolescontinuously,eliminatingmanyconnections.ThematerialusedforthestatorlaminationsisHiperco50(thecommonlyusedsiliconsteelcannotbechosenherebecauseitsCurietemperatureistoolow),while99.9-percent-pureannealedsilverwirewaschosen.Wireinsulationiscriticalpointforhightemperatureactuators.Itrequirementsarethefollowing:agoodthermalconductor,flexible,compactandsupportingtemperaturesupto800℃.Itmustprotecttheconductintegrityandkeepfromcrackingorflakeoff.Itmustalsohavegoodtoughnessandscratchresistancetoavoidturn-to-turnshort-circuit.Finally,theauthorsusedacommerciallyavailable,two–compound,clearceramiccoating.Attheend,thecoilwindingsareencapsulatedandbondedwithanaluminabasedceramicpottingcompound.Anothercriticalpointofthehightemperaturemagneticbearingisthedevelopmentofareliablepositionsensor.Commonsensorscannotbeusedbecauseoftheinfluenceoftemperatureonmaterialproperties.ThisproblemhasbeenstudiedbyBurdetwhichhasdevelopedaneddycurrentpositionsensorusingthick-filmtechnology.Theobjectivewastofindaworkingsolutionfor550℃.SmallinductorshavebeenprintedonAl2O3substrates.Aconductinglayerisprintedasinsulation.Asecondconductinglayeristhenprinted.Bothconductinglayersareconnectedtogetherinthecentreofthecoil.Inthecaseradialsensor,thesensitivityisdirectlyrelatedtotheinductor.Aprototypesensorofsilverwith200μmtrackwidth,withsilverwiresandsilverpastewireconnectionshasbeentested.Testshaveshownthatafter600hoursinafurnaceat550℃thesensorinductanceandresistancesufferverylittlechanges.However,problemhasarisenduetosilvermigration.Sensorshavetobeconnectedtoleadingwires,andthatpointismuchmorecritical,withdendritesaregrowingquitefastbetweenthetwoconnectorpadsathightemperature,andthuscreatingshortcircuit.Solutionstoslowdownthiseffecthavebeentested.Whilecoveringtheconductorlayerandthesolderingwithadielectric,sensorsarestillworkingafter700hoursat600℃.Thesensingprincipleoftheradialsensorisbasedontwoplanarcoilspastedonasubstrate.Theexcitationcoilembracestherotor.ItissuppliedwithanACcurrentsourceinordertocreateahighfrequencymagneticfield.Eddycurrentsarecreatedontherotorsurface.Thepositionmeasurementisdonedifferentially.Twocoilsfacingonetotheotherareconnectedtogetherinseries,sothatwhentherotoriscentered,theoutputsignaliszero.Whentherotorismovingfromthemiddleposition,avoltageismeasurable.Thesignalamplitudeisproportionaltothepositionandthemeasuredsignalsignisrelatedtothedisplacementdirection.Theradialpositionsensoristhusabletomeasurealongtwoorthogonalaxes.Unfortunately,sensornoiseappearsafterashorttimeduetosilvermigration.Magneticfluidisanewtypefunctionmaterialwhichisbothmagneticandliquid,andit’stheonlysuper-paramagneticmaterialatroomtemperature.Magneticfluidaccelerometerisanapplicationofmagneticfluid’sself-levitationtheory,anditsstructureissimpleandreliable.Withtheadvantageofdetectinglowfrequencyacceleration,magneticfluidaccelerometercouldbewidelyusedinmilitaryandaerospace.Themainworkofthisthesisisasfollow:——Magneticfluid’sself-levitationisanalyzed;Dependenceoflevitationondimensionofmagnetsandaccelerometer’sshell,volumeandsaturationmagnetizationofmagneticfluidaregiveoutbyexperimentswhichshowthemainfactorsthatinfluencelevitationforcearethedimensionofmagnetsandthevolumeofmagneticfluid.——Theinfluenceofthetwofactorsonthesensorisgivenout.——Thestructureofaccelerometerisdesignedbyconclusionofexperiments.——Thefrequencyofexcitingsignalisgivenoutbyexperiment.Finally,thecircuitofsensorisdesigned.——Thesensoristestedwhichshowthesensor’ssensitivityis15.3V/g.Dependenceoftheself-levitationforceonseveralfactorsaregivenout,thestructureandcircuitofaccelerometeraredesignedandtheaccelerometeristested.It’sagoodfoundationfornextwork.Inordertoinvestigatethedynamiccharactersinfluencedbythebasevibration,thestiffbase-activemagneticbearing(AMB)-rotorsystemmodelissetup.Thestabilityoftherotorisanalyzedintheconditionsofdifferentexcitingamplitudesandfrequenciesofthebasevibration.Itisclearthattherotorbecomeunstablewhenthevibrationisbecomingsmart.Comparedwiththedynamiccharacteroftherotorwithoutbasevibration,theresultsshowthatthebasevibrationinfluenceonthedynamiccharactercannotbeignored.Thebasevibrationnotonlycausestherotoraxisdeviatefromtheabsoluteposition,butalsocausesthestiffnessandtheprecisionoftherotorfall.Moreover,ifthebasevibrationisdrastic,theAMBwilllosethesupportingability.Sothebasevibrationmustbeconsideredinmodelbuildingandcontrollerdesigningprocess.Inthefuture,themainresearchfieldwillhavetobeexploredforthedevelopmentofhightemperatureactivemagneticbearings.Firstofall,itnowexistveryfewdataaboutmaterialsforhightemperatureapplications.Beforethecomponentcanbeputintoasystem,itsbehaviorunderworkingconditionhastobechecked.Itisreallytimeconsuming,astimeandthermalcycleareimportantparametersformateriallifespan.IterativedevelopmentinordertoacquiredataabouthighperformanceandhighlifespanmaterialforhightemperatureapplicationsisaprimordialneedforfurtherAMBresearch.Anotherveryimportantpointisthedevelopmentofreliablepositionsensors.TheonedevelopedbyBurdetmettherequirements,butasproblemariseduetosilvermigration,levitationwasnotpossibleformorethanashorttime.Anotherfieldtoinvestigateisthelongterminfluenceoftemperatureonthesystembehavior.Untilnow,onlyshorttermtestshavebeenperformed,andmostofthemwerewithoutrotation.Studyingthesystemcomportmentunderrealworkingconditionwillbethenextstepofhightemperatureactivemagneticresearch.Thisarticlehaspresentedthecurrentstateofresearchinthefieldofhightemperatureactivemagneticbearing.Futureworksinthisdomainwillneedtocontinuestudyingmaterialfabricationprocessandtheirpropertiesathightemperaturewithmorerealisticworkingconditionsandtodevelopamorerobustnewsensorforhightemperatureapplication.Also,studymustbedoneonthelong-termeffectofhightemperatureandstressonthesystembehavior.回顧國際高溫超導磁懸浮軸承的研究狀況在磁懸浮領域中，應用最廣泛的就是磁懸浮軸承。它是利用電磁力將轉軸懸浮在磁場中，使轉子在空間無機械接觸、無磨損地旋轉的一種新型高性能軸承。由于具有無需潤滑、無油污染、壽命長以及適用于許多應用環(huán)境等優(yōu)點，因而具有一般傳統軸承所無法比擬的優(yōu)越性，因此近年來國內外對其研究都頗為重視。為了提高磁懸浮軸承的性能，需要合理設計磁軸承的結構，這就要求對磁軸承的電磁場以及磁懸浮力有深入的了解，為此本文基于有限元分析軟件COMSOLMultiphysics建立了主動磁懸浮軸承系統的有限元分析模型，通過仿真對磁懸浮軸承在單側磁極作用和差動磁極作用兩種工作方式下，激勵電流、氣隙寬度、磁極寬度、偏心等因素對其電磁力的影響進行了深入細致的探討。然后，本文探討了一種將優(yōu)化軟件iSIGHT與COMSOLMultiphysics相結合來對磁懸浮軸承進行優(yōu)化設計的方法，并采取序列二次規(guī)劃算法對磁懸浮軸承進行了結構優(yōu)化設計，得出了相應條件下磁軸承的最優(yōu)參數，取得了滿意的結果，從優(yōu)化結果來看：COMSOL與iSIGHT軟件相結合來對磁懸浮軸承進行分析設計是一個快捷、有效的方法.最后，為磁懸浮軸承系統建立單自由度的控制模型，本文采用經典的PID控制策略來實現對單自由度磁懸浮軸承系統的閉環(huán)控制，并給出了閉環(huán)控制系統的仿真和分析結果，完成了整個磁懸浮軸承系統的設計。本文的研究結果可以為磁懸浮軸承的電磁場分析和結構設計提供參考和依據，也為進一步的磁軸承的多物理建模和仿真分析以及多學科設計優(yōu)化等提供了一個可行的途徑，具有一定的現實意義。近年來，雖然航空制造業(yè)經歷了持續(xù)不斷地發(fā)展，但是市場是充滿各種競爭的，通常要對成本進行合理的優(yōu)化配置。高溫超導磁力軸承在噴氣渦輪發(fā)動機的改善中具有極好的前景，并且能減少設備的維護費用以及燃料損耗。為了實現這一目標，越來越多的關于高溫超導磁力軸承及其相關組件的研究項目正在不斷地開展（例如常溫超導材料，絕緣線圈···）。這篇論文將介紹了這一研究領域的發(fā)展狀況，它的發(fā)展歷史，以及它現在的發(fā)展情況和未來的市場前景。今天，航空制造業(yè)正在持續(xù)不斷地發(fā)展。為了維持并推動它的發(fā)展，市場迫切地需要通過技術進步來提高市場競爭力。現今，幾乎所有的航空噴氣發(fā)動機都是采用潤滑球軸承這種方式。然而這一系統如今正遭受著各種各樣的缺陷的困擾，例如綜合冷卻系統的使用會增加噴氣發(fā)動機的總重量并限制了他的工作溫度范圍。近十年來，超導磁力軸承在眾多的領域里得到了更為廣泛的應用。它們在極端的工作環(huán)境下仍然能展現出強大的工作能力，例如在真空環(huán)境和高速旋轉等條件下。這種用磁力軸承替代常規(guī)軸承的想法逐漸被提了出來。在本世紀九十年代，有大量的磁力軸承適合在常溫環(huán)境下工作（低于一百攝氏度）。然而，在噴氣發(fā)動機中，其當前的工作溫度大約是二百六十攝氏度左右，因此提高磁力軸承在噴氣發(fā)動機中應用的可行性是十分必要的。在同一時期的其他研究中，對適合在高溫條件下應用的常規(guī)磁性材料的研究正在被不斷開展，其中，徐龍祥教授檢驗并論證了磁力軸承在五百五十攝氏度的環(huán)境下開展工作的可行性。使用高溫超導磁力軸承能在很大程度上提升噴氣發(fā)動機的性能。首先這一技術將允許在高溫高速環(huán)境下的操作（超過五百五十攝氏度），因此它適合用來制造設計推力更加強勁、性能更加優(yōu)越的噴氣發(fā)動機以開展對外太空的探索。由于超導磁力軸承是一種無接觸的軸承，對于潤滑劑的使用需求會越來越少。由于無需潤滑系統，這將使整個系統在高溫下的運轉更加的安全(不需要排放廢氣)并且降低了整個發(fā)動機的總重量(至少降低百分之五以上)。這樣，更多地消除了摩擦損耗，同時對燃油的損耗將會產生更加直接的影響。這篇論文的目的是為了說明高溫磁力軸承在當前市場上的發(fā)展狀況。高溫磁力軸承在噴氣發(fā)動機中的應用發(fā)展包含了多種多樣的研究計劃，其中包括三個主要的項目部分。在一九九七年，康德萊恩已經發(fā)現了適合用于制造高溫放射狀磁力軸承的常溫磁性合金。徐龍祥隨后又驗證了高溫超導磁力軸承在五百四十攝氏度條件下工作的可行性并研究設計出相應的高溫位置傳感器。在二零零零年，邁克赫克簡略地描述了高溫磁力軸承在每分鐘五萬轉的條件下工作時的設計制造，裝配及檢測過程。在二零零三年,蒙泰格制定了一個高溫超導磁力軸承的標準并且研發(fā)了一種特殊的線圈制造處理工序。在二零零六年，博得特研發(fā)了第一個具有五個自由度的高溫超導磁力軸承和一種使用了薄膜技術的通用渦流位置傳感器這三個研究高溫超導磁力軸承的工程項目分別是：——一九九五年到二零零零年，由歐洲開展的高溫超導磁力軸承渦輪增壓系統的航空器項目，——二零零零年，由美國國家航空和宇宙航行局展開的高溫放射狀磁力軸承的設計與制造項目，——二零零二年到二零零六年，由歐洲研究設計的高溫超導磁力軸承渦輪增壓系統項目。設計高溫超導磁力軸承渦輪增壓系統的目的是為了研究和論證超導磁力軸承在五百四十攝氏度以上環(huán)境下工作的可行性。一種單自由度高溫超導磁力軸承設備已經像上述具有五個自由度的高溫放射狀軸承的標準一樣被建立起來。這是一種高溫超導磁力軸承的檢測設備，它是在一個密閉的，溫度在五百五十攝氏度以上，轉速在三萬轉每分鐘的環(huán)境下工作的。格倫研究中心目前正在設計一種高溫超導磁力軸承。它是一種高溫，多磁極，放射狀磁力軸承組成的位于球軸承桿件中心的一種單一放射狀軸承。在二零零三年五月份，直到第十八個熱量循環(huán)周期完成為止，它已經在五百四十攝氏度的環(huán)境下連續(xù)工作了二十九個小時。這個項目已經建立了一個用磁力軸承開發(fā)高靈敏度噴氣發(fā)動機的目標。其中的一部分是制定一個在高溫下工作的高溫超導磁力軸承的標準。對于這個工程項目，拉克博得特研發(fā)了第一個五自由度高溫超導磁力軸承。它已經能夠在超過五百五十攝氏度的環(huán)境溫度下開展工作?；谒恼撐恼擖c，他已經執(zhí)行并且驗證一種具有有限原理的熱量模型標準化組件，并且對高溫超導磁力軸承的運行進行了粗略的時間估算。同時，他還開發(fā)設計了一種低成本的薄膜通用渦流位置傳感器以適應在五百五十攝氏度環(huán)境下的工作，并且一種高溫機電系統的設計檢測材料已經處于測試中。另外，一種與高溫有關聯的對失敗的測試結果進行分析的報告已經完成，其原因也在報告中被闡明。然而，在高溫超導磁力軸承渦輪增壓系統的航空器項目中開發(fā)研制的高溫超導磁力軸承對于調整的需要及要求還比較令人滿意的時候，然而卻突然遭遇到過熱問題以及線圈電流回路短路問題的困擾。開發(fā)出一種特殊的線圈制造加工工序的蒙泰格已經解決了這類問題其中一部分。在這個工序中，為了解決減小對鐵質襯里磁芯的損害這一難題，將不再采用先前的金屬固定片層壓薄膜材料支柱計劃而是采用一種連續(xù)的環(huán)狀設計。取而代之的是，一種其中每個模塊都包含兩個C型極性的組件設計已經被采用。金屬導線將連續(xù)不斷地是所有的磁極受到損傷。用來制造金屬固定片層壓薄膜的材料是Hiperco50（通常使用的硅鋼在這里不能選擇使用是因為它的居里溫度值太低的緣故），然而純度達到百分之九十九點九的鍍銀金屬導線卻被選擇使用。金屬絲絕緣層是實現高溫驅動的關鍵因素。他的要求如下所述：一個性能優(yōu)良的熱導體，是靈活柔韌的，緊湊密實的并且能夠支持在超過八百攝氏度的高溫環(huán)境下使用。它必定要保持良好的導電性能并且能夠杜絕破裂和剝落的現象的發(fā)生。它同時還必須擁有十分出色的韌性和接觸電阻以避免輪流反復的短路現象。因此作者使最終決定采用一種在商業(yè)上可利用的，以兩種復合的陶瓷材料制成的覆蓋層作為金屬導線的絕緣層材料。最后，這些彎曲的金屬線圈需要與一種基于陶瓷復合物而制成的氧化鋁材料結合，并用膠囊將線圈包裹住。使高溫磁力軸承能夠廣泛使用