跨文化交際-期末復(fù)習(xí)資料-重點(diǎn)筆記

..精品精品.精品Culture:Cultureisthetotalaccumulationofbeliefs,customs,values,behaviors,institutionsandcommunicationpatternsthatareshared,learnedandpasseddownthroughthegenerationsinanidentifiablegroupofpeople.ObjectiveCulture:history,religion,literature,language,food,etiquette,law,andcustoms.SubjectiveCulture:feelingsandattitudesabouthowthingsareandhowtheyshouldbe–theconceptoftime,spaces,friendship,love,family,communicationpattern,etc.Characteristics：Learned,transmittedfromgenerationtogeneration,basedonsymbols,dynamic,ethnocentric.DoingCulture:Itismeanttobeacontrasttolearning“about”cultureunderscorestheideathatcommunicatingacrossculturesisaprocessofmakingmeaning,ofpeopleunderstandingoneanothersotheycangettoknowoneanother,buildrelationships,andsolveproblemstogether.Itshouldnotbewordsonpaper,butideasinpractice.Communication:Humancommunicationistheprocessthroughwhichindividuals–inrelationships,groups,organizationsandsocieties–respondtoandcreatemessagestoadapttotheenvironmentandoneanother.Characteristics:DynamicandinteractiveInterculturalCommunication:Generallyspeaking,itreferstointeractionbetweenpeoplefromdifferentculturalbackgrounds,suchasinteractionsbetweenpeoplefromAmericaandChina,betweenwhitesandAfricanAmericans,betweenHispanicandJapaneseAmericansTheformofInterculturalCommunicationa.Interracialcommunication–peoplefromdifferentracesb.Interethniccommunications–thepartiesareofthesameracebutofdifferentethnicorigins...精品精品.精品c.Interculturalcommunication–communicationbetweenmembersofthesameculture,inwhichoneorbothoftheparticipantsholddualormultiplememberships.（gay,disabled,MexicanAmerican,AfricanAmerican,orfemale）CommunicationCompetence(ICCcompetence)Thecognitivecomponent–howmuchoneknowaboutcommunication.Theaffectivecomponent–one’smotivationtoapproachoravoidcommunicationThebehaviorcomponent–theskillsonehastointeractcompetently.Perception:Perceptionisacognitiveprocessinwhichweattachmeaningtoobjects,symbols,peopleandbehaviorinordertomakesenseofthem.PatternofThought:Thewaypeopleinaculturethinkinfluencesthewaytheyinterpretstrangers’messages.Worldviews:Thegrid(decentralized.Thispatterndoesnothaveafixedcenter)Theradiatingstar(highlycentralized.Inthispatternimportantthingsareatthecenterandeverythingelseradiatesoutfromthecenter)Theinside/outsidepattern(圈子)femalemaleprivatepublichomemarket,mosque,coffeehousetheoutsideisplain,notwelcoming,evenforbidding.Thewallsarethicktoprotectwhatisinside...精品精品.精品highlycentralizedpattern:importantpeoplesitinthefrontmiddle;decentralizedpattern:peoplesitequally.Stereotyping:Peoplegeneralizetomakesenseofhisexperience.Theresultoftheprocessofovergeneralizingbasedonlimitedorinaccurateinformation.Theclassificationofstereotypes1.Negativestereotypeofothercultures:Prejudice(severeprejudice)2.Positivestereotypeofone’sownculture:CulturalsuperiorityCharacteristics:universal,unavoidable,stable,variable,ethnocentrismHighcontextcommunication&LowcontextcommunicationHCculture(察言觀色):Reliesmainlyonthephysicalcontextortherelationshipforinformation,withlittleexplicitlyencoded.LCculture:providemostoftheinformationintheexplicitcodeitself.Perception:Perceptionisacognitiveprocessinwhichweattachmeaningtoobjects,symbols,peopleandbehaviorinordertomakesenseofthem.Highcontactandlowcontactculture:Inhighcontactculturespeoplewanttogetcloseenoughtooneanotherandtoobjectstosensethemintheseways.Peopleinthesecountriesstandcloser,touchmore,engageinmoreeyecontactandspeakmoreloudlythanpeopledoinlower-contactcultures.Inalowcontactcultures,peoplerelymoreonsight,andespeciallysightatafardistance.People

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acertaindistanceawaytogetthewholepicture,withoutactuallyfeelingorsensingtheotherperson’sbodyheatorsubtlesmell.

..精品精品.精品SoinlowcontactcultureasAmerica,oneistaughtnottobreatheonpeople.However,thisvisualspaceseemsunfriendlyandindifferenttothosefromhighcontactcultures,whichfavortactilespace.Whenapersonfromahighcontactculturegoestoalowcontactculture,heorsheislikelytofeelthatpeoplearecold,lackhumanwarmth,andareindifferentandpaynoattentiontothem.low-contact:Asia;moderate-contact:Australia,NorthernEurope,UnitedStateshigh-contact:SouthAmerica,Mediterranean,theArabworldLargeandsmellPowerDistancespowerdistanceisanattempttomeasureculturalattitudesaboutinequalityinsocialrelationships.Inhighpowerdistancecultures,positioninahierarchyisconsideredtobenaturalandimportant.Peopleareexpectedtoshowonlypositiveemotionstootherswithhighstatusandtodisplaynegativeemotionstothosewithlowstatus;tendtodecreasegazeinthepresenceofpowerfulpeople.LowPowerDistanceCulture:Minimizeandeliminatethedifferencesinpowerandstatus;moreemotionaldisplay,increasetheamountofgaze.Peoplebelievethatthedifferencesinpowerbetweenbossandworkersshouldbereducedandnotmphasized...精品精品.精品IndividualismVSCollectivismTheindividualismindexmeasurestheextenttowhichtheinterestsoftheindividualareconsideredtobemoreimportantthantheinterestsofthegroup.Peoplefromindividualistculturesaremorelikelytoactonprinciplesthatapplytoeveryone,principlesthatareuniversalandapplytoassociatesandstrangersalike.Collectivistsarenotunprincipled,butwhenmakingdecisionstheytendtogiveahigherprioritytorelationshipsthanindividualistsdo.Theyexpectpeoplewhoareinvolvedinagrouprelationshiptohavedutiesandobligationstooneanother.Masculinity(Toughness)VSFemininity(Tenderness)Masculinitymeanseveryoneinsocietyembracesvaluesthathavetraditionallybeenassociatedwithmen,thatisassertiveness,competitivenessandtoughness.Onthefemininesideofthescalewefindsocietiesinwhichpeoplegenerallyembracevaluesthathavetraditionallybeenlabeledasfeminine,thatismodesty,cooperationandtenderness.StrongandweakUncertaintyAvoidanceTheUncertaintyAvoidanceIndexseekstomeasuretheextenttowhichpeopleinaparticularsocietyareabletotoleratetheunknownsoflife.Inhighuncertaintyavoidancecountriespeopleexperiencemorestressandasenseofurgencyastheygothroughtheirdailyroutines.Relationshipsareguidedbystrictrules.Peoplefromlowuncertainlyavoidancecountriesdonothaveastrongneedtocontrolthings,people,andeventsbyclearlydefiningandcategorizingthem.Relationshipsareguidedbystrictrules...精品精品.精品InterculturalCommunicationInterculturalCommunicationGenerallyspeaking,itreferstointeractionbetweenpeoplefromdifferentculturalbackgrounds,suchasinteractionsbetweenpeoplefromAmericaandChina,betweenwhitesandAfricanAmericans,betweenHispanicandJapaneseAmericansTheformofInterculturalCommunicationa.Interracialcommunication–peoplefromdifferentracesb.Interethniccommunications–thepartiesareofthesameracebutofdifferentethnicorigins.c.Intraculturalcommunication–communicationbetweenmembersofthesameculture,inwhichoneorbothoftheparticipantsholddualormultiplememberships.（gay,disabled,MexicanAmerican,AfricanAmerican,orfemale）Language&CulturePeoplepayattentiontobasiclanguageincross-culturecommunicationbecauseoftheessentialrolethesecodesplayincommunicationandtheyarepartofobjectculture.Thesamewordmaystirupdifferentassociationsinpeopleunderdifferentculturalbackground,e.g.theword“dog”.Ineasternculture,do