疾病防制的生物安全和管理課件

BiosecurityandManagementforDiseaseControl

疾病防制的生物安全和管理作者：LarryFirkins,DVM,MS,MBAUniversityofIllinoisBiosecurity生物安全

Preventtheintroductionofpathogens預防引入病原體Highhealthpigsareverysusceptibletoinfection高健康豬對感染非常敏感BiosecurityMeasures

生物安全的措施Followastringentsanitationplansodiseasepathogensareremovedwhenpigsareremoved實施嚴厲的衛(wèi)生計劃，使病原體在進豬時已被清除。Heatanddrynesskillpathogens加熱和干燥能殺死病原體BiosecurityMeasures

生物安全的措施Mustremoveallmanureandorganicmatter必須先清除所有的糞便和有機物Cleanallmats清洗掉所有的污垢Allowroomtodry讓豬舍干燥Disinfectants消毒劑Followingwashingandallowingtheroomtodry,applyappropriatedisinfectant清洗后讓房舍干燥，然后施用合適的消毒劑Sprayerapplication噴灑RotateDisinfectants

消毒劑輪換使用Chlorhexidine Nolvasan

氯己定洗必泰Chlorine Bleach

氯漂白粉Formaldehyde DC&R

甲醛

PotassiumPeroxymono-sulfate VirkonS

維康Biosecuritycont.生物安全(續(xù))Workersmustalwayswearcleanclothingandboots.

工作人員必須總是穿著清潔的工作服和膠靴Careforhighesthealthstatuspigsfirst.Returnonlyafterpropercleaningofself,clothingandboots.Possibleshowerinandshowerout.

首先照看好高健康狀態(tài)的豬。只有在對自身、工作服和膠靴進行正確清洗之后才能進入。進入和離開豬場都應進行淋浴Excludeallnonessentialpersonnelfromthefarm.Visitorsshowerpriortoenteringtheunit.排除豬場中所有的非必需人員，來訪者必須淋浴后才能進入場內(nèi)。Biosecurity(cont.)生物安全(續(xù))FarmpersonnelshouldhaveNOcontactwithswineoutsidetheherd.豬場工作人員決不可接觸外界的豬Locateasfarawayaspossiblefromotherswineunits.本豬場應盡量遠離其它豬場Aggressivecontrolproceduresforrodents,flies,andstrayanimals.應嚴厲控制老鼠、蒼蠅和外來動物Biosecurity(cont.)生物安全(續(xù))Vehiclesfromoutsidethefarmshouldnotenterunlesscleanedanddisinfected.外來車輛未經(jīng)清洗和消毒不得進入豬場Deadanimalsshouldbeplacedoutsidetheperimeterforpickupanddisposal.死豬應置于場界以外以供外運和處理Biosecurity(cont.)生物安全(續(xù))Allincomingbreedingstockshouldbeisolatedfor30to60daysandretested.對所有入場的種豬都必須隔離30～60天，然后再次進行檢疫。Clark–PurdueUniversityClark－美國普度大學HealthManagementStrategies

衛(wèi)生管理策略Depopulation-Repopulation清場－重新進豬All-out,All-inProduction

全出－全進EarlyWeaning

早期斷奶Segregated-SEW早期隔離斷奶AgeSegregatedRearing

不同年齡隔離飼養(yǎng)Multiple-siteProduction

多點生產(chǎn)體系Parity-BasedManagement按胎次進行管理

Depopulation-Repopulation清場-重新進豬Removeallpigsonasite將同一地點的豬全部清除

Cleananddisinfectarea對全部場地進行清洗和消毒Repopulateafter4-6weeks4～6周后重新進豬Severaltypesofrepopulation重新進豬可有不同的方式Ifhavenewgiltsonseparatesite,downtimeandcashflowmaybeinterruptedforonly4-6wks.如果新母豬在另一場所，則推遲付款和現(xiàn)金流轉(zhuǎn)只能打斷4～6周All-in,All-outProduction

全進全出生產(chǎn)體系Initiatedinfarrowingphaseofproduction

開始于分娩期Movedtonurseryandnowinfinishingphase

轉(zhuǎn)欄到保育舍,但從現(xiàn)在起到肥育期則不再轉(zhuǎn)欄

Improvedhealth改善健康Improvesa.d.g.,performance改善生產(chǎn)性能Byroomonsmalleroperations

在小型豬場按飼養(yǎng)室實施Promotesbatchfarrowing鼓勵分批分娩Bybuilding,orsiteonlargeroperations

在較大的豬場按豬舍實施，或整個豬場同時實施SEGREGATEDEARLYWEANING(SEW)

早期隔離斷奶Pigsareweanedatanearlyage10-21daysandsegregatedfromotherswineonthefarm.仔豬早在10～21日齡斷奶并且就在豬場中隔離開來Segregationisusuallytoseparatebuildingsorsites100meterstoseveralkilometers“隔離”通常是指將豬舍或飼養(yǎng)場所置于100米至數(shù)公里以外

e.g.NorthCarolinatoIowa->1500km比如，從北卡羅來那州到伊阿華州有1500千米以上GoalsofSEW

早期隔離斷奶的目標Controlinfectiousdisease防制傳染病Improveproductivity提高生產(chǎn)率ImmunityinYoungPigs

幼豬的免疫力123Age-Weeks周齡Passiveimmunity被動免疫力ActiveImmunity主動免疫力4Protectivelevel保護水平Immunity免疫力WhySEWWorks:

早期隔離斷奶為什么有用1.Blocksverticaltransmissionofdiseasefromsowtopig阻斷疾病從母豬垂直傳播給仔豬Bacterialpathogensdonotcrossplacenta病原細菌不能穿過胎盤Someviruseswillcrossplacenta-PRRS,Aujeszky’s,SwineFever有些病毒可穿過胎盤——豬繁殖和呼吸綜合征、偽狂犬病、豬瘟Colostralimmunityprotectspiglets初乳免疫力可保護仔豬SEW早期隔離斷奶Colostralimmunityprotectionlengthisdifferentwitheachdisease初乳免疫力的保護期在每一種疾病都是不同的Weaningageiscriticaltosuccessofdiseaseelimination斷奶日齡對于排除疾病來說是至關(guān)重要的Weaningagedependsonspecificdiseasespresentinherd.斷奶日齡決定于豬群內(nèi)的特定疾病MaximumWeaningAgeofPigstoEliminateOrganisms

排除病原微生物的最大斷奶日齡

Organism

Weaningage(days)病原微生物

斷奶日齡Actinobacilluspleuropneumoniae 21胸膜肺炎放線桿菌Pasteurellamultocida多殺性巴氏桿菌 10Mycoplasmapneumonia豬肺炎支原體 10Haemophilusparasuis副豬嗜血桿菌 14??Salmonellacholeraesuis豬霍亂沙門氏菌 12SwineDysentery豬痢疾 21Aujeszky’sDisease 偽狂犬病 21TransmissibleGastroenteritis(TGE)傳染性胃腸炎 21PRRS豬繁殖和呼吸綜合征 0Yeske.1994Segregation隔離Dependentonmovingacleanpigtoacleanfacility將清潔豬移舍至清潔設施之中Separatecleanpigfromallotherswine將清潔豬與所有其它的豬隔離開來Riskofbecominginfectedisminimal遭受感染的風險最小Sevendayagevariation-maximum最多相差7天DisadvantagesofSEW早期隔離斷奶的缺點Specialmanagementproceduresrequired需要特殊的管理措施Excellentnurseryfacilitiesnecessary必須有優(yōu)良的保育期設施Extracosts額外的成本Facilitiesandmovementofpigs設施和移舍Clothes,vehicles,showers,boots工作服，車輛，淋浴設備，膠靴DisadvantagesofSEW

早期隔離斷奶的缺點Maynotbepracticalinsmalleroperations在小型豬場可能不適用Subsequentreproductiveperformancemaybeless以后的繁殖性能可能降低Decreasedfarrowingrate,lowerlittersize,prolongweaningtoestrus分娩率降低，窩產(chǎn)仔數(shù)減少，斷奶到發(fā)情間隔天數(shù)增加Increaseinacutediseaseoutbreaks急性疾病爆發(fā)增加

影響

SEW在中國應用的因素

FactorsaffectingtheapplicationofSEWinChinaAvailabilityofSpecialtyFeedIngredients

-特種飼料原料(乳清粉，血漿蛋白粉)的供應VAT通風及環(huán)境管理VentilationandEnvironmental

-機械通風

PowerVentilation

-加熱

SupplementalHeat全進全出

生長肥育舍All-in/All-OutGrow-FinishFacilities培訓

TrainingIssues管理

ManagementFactorsSummaryofSegregatedEarlyWeaning

早期隔離斷奶結(jié)語Canproducehighhealthstatuspigsfromendemicallyinfectedherds可從有地方性傳染病的豬群中產(chǎn)生高健康豬Requiresattentiontodetail需要注意細節(jié)Earlyweaning,segregation,andexcellentbiosecurityarenecessary需要早期斷奶，隔離，以及優(yōu)良的生物安全措施Withdiseaseriskataminimum,opportunityforoptimumperformance疾病的風險最小，性能最佳化的可能性最大Greateropportunityforimprovedeconomicreturns有較大可能提高經(jīng)濟收益Multiple-siteProduction

多點生產(chǎn)Separationneededtopreventcontaminationofearlyweanedpigs需要進行隔離，以便預防早期斷奶仔豬受到污染Distancerequired:需要的距離5kmidealandpreferred最好間隔5公里100yards(100meters)maybeadequateinsomesituations有些情況下100碼(100米)就足夠了Two-site,three-siteproduction二點，三點生產(chǎn)On-site,two-andthree-siteproduction一點，二點和三點生產(chǎn)Two-siteProduction二點生產(chǎn)BreedingandGestationFarrowingGrow-Finish-distance>100meters-距離>100米Nursery配種，妊娠分娩保育生長肥育Three-siteProduction三點生產(chǎn)Breeding-GestationFarrowingNurseryFinishing>100m>100米>100m>100米配種，妊娠分娩保育肥育WeantoFinish

斷奶至肥育Breeding-Gestation

配種-懷孕Farrowing

分娩FFFFFF>100m>100米DynamicsofWean-Finish

斷奶至肥育的動態(tài)Environmentalmanagement環(huán)境管理heatsource熱源ventilation通風Waters飲水Comfortmats仔豬墊2turnsperyear每年2輪Costs成本AdvantagesofW-F

“斷奶-肥育”飼養(yǎng)方式的優(yōu)點Reducedtransportation減少運輸Lowerlaborcostsforcleaninganddisinfecting減少清掃和消毒所需的勞力Lessstressonpigletsfrommovingandresocialization減少因移舍和混群而對仔豬產(chǎn)生的應激Potentialforincreasedaveragedailygainandfeedconversion可改善平均日增重和飼料利用率Remainingquestions其余問題Idealstockingrate理想的飼養(yǎng)密度Managementlevelrequiredtostartpigs開始養(yǎng)豬所需的管理水平Environmentalmanagement環(huán)境管理Improvedproduction-newbuildingphenomenon改善生產(chǎn)—新建豬舍ParitySegregation按胎次隔離Giltsfarrowononesite新母豬在同一地點分娩Parity2+sowsfarrowonanotherlocation二胎以上母豬在另一地分娩Giltsaremovedaftertheyhaveweanedtheirfirstlitter,possiblyafterrebreeding新母豬