2023年考研外語(yǔ)命題趨勢(shì)權(quán)威預(yù)測(cè)試卷10

考研外語(yǔ)命題趨勢(shì)權(quán)威預(yù)測(cè)試卷10

一、UseofEnglish

1、IntheUnitedStates,thefirstday-nurserywasopened

in1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe

(1)halfofthe19thcentury;mostof(2)were

charitable.BothinEuropeandintheU.S.thedaynursery

movementreceivedgreat(3)duringtheFirstWor1dWar,

when(4)ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemploymentof

unprecedentednumbersofwomen.

InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished(5)

inmunitionsplants,underdirectgovernmentsponsorship.

(6)thenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose(7),

thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.

DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar,(8),

Federal,State,andlocalgovernmentsgraduallybeganto

exerciseameasureofcontrol(9)theday-nurseries,

chieflyby(10)themandbyinspectingandregulatingthe

conditionswithinthenurseries.

The(11)oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedby

anincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostall

countries,mswomenwere(12)calledupontoreplacemen

inthefactories.

Onthis(13)theU.S.governmentimmediatelysupportedthe

nurseryschools,(14)$6,000,000inJuly,1942fora

nursery-schoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.

ManyStatesandlocalcommunities(15)thisFederalaid.

Bytheendofthewar,inAugust,1945,morethan100,000

childrenwerebeingcared(16)indaycarecenters

receivingFederal(17).Soonafterward,theFederal

government(18)cutdownitsexpendituresforthispurpose

andlater(19)them,causingasharpdropinthenumber

ofnurseryschoolsinoperation.However,theexpectationthat

mostemployedmotherswouldleavetheir(20)attheend

ofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled.

A.latter

B.late

C.other

D.first

2、⑵

A.those

B.them

C.whose

D.whom

3、(3)

A.impetus

B.input

C.imitation

D.initiative

4、(4)

A.sources

B.abundance

C.shortage

D.reduction

5、(5)

A.hardly

B.entirely

C.only

D.even

6、(6)

A.Because

B.As

C.Since

D.Although

7、⑺

A.unanimously

B.sharply

C.predominantly

D.militantly

8、(8)

A.therefore

B.consequently

C.however

D.moreover

9、(9)

A.over

B.in

C.at

D.about

10、(10)

A.formulating

B.labeling

C.patenting

D.licensing

11、(11)

A.outset

B.outbreak

C.breakthrough

D.breakdown

12、(12)

A.again

B.thus

C.repeatedly

D.yet

13、(13)

A.circumstance

B.occasion

C.case

D.situation

14、(14)

A.regulating

B.summoning

C.allocating

D.transferring

15、(15)

A.expanded

B.facilitated

C.supplemented

D.compensated

16、(16)

A.by

B.after

C.of

D.for

17、(17)

A.pensions

B.subsidies

C.revenues

D.budgets

18、(18)

A.prevalently

B.furiously

C.statistically

D.drastically

19、(19)

A.abolished

B.diminished

C.jeopardized

D.precluded

20、(20)

A.nurseries

B.homes

C.jobs

D.children

二、ReadingComprehension

1>PartA

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestions

beloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.(40points)

In1939twobrothers,MacandDickMcDonald,startedadrive-in

restaurantinSanBernadino,California.Theycarefullychose

abusycomerfortheirlocation.Theyhadruntheirownbusiness

foryears,firstatheater,thenabarbecue(烤肉)restaurant,

thenanotherdrive-in.Butintheirnewoperation,theyoffered

anew,shortenedmenu:Frenchfries,hamburgers,andsodas.To

thissmallselectiontheyaddedonenewconcept:quickservice,

nowaitersorwaitresses,andnotips.

Theirhamburgerssoldforfifteencents.Cheesewasanother

fourcents.TheirFrenchfriesandhamburgershadaremarkable

uniformity,forthebrothershaddevelopedastrictroutinefor

thepreparationoftheirfood,andtheyinsistedontheircooks，

stickingtotheirroutine.Theirnewdrive-inbecameincredibly

popular,particularlyforlunch.Peopledroveupbythe

hundredsduringthebusynoontime.Theserf-servicerestaurant

wassopopularthatthebrothershadallowedtencopiesoftheir

restauranttobeopened.Theywerecontentwiththismodest

successuntiltheymetRayKroc.

KrocwasasalesmanwhomettheMcDonaldbrothersin1954,when

hewassellingmilkshake-mixingmachines.Hequicklysawthe

uniqueappealofthebrothersfastfoodrestaurantsandbought

therighttofranchise（特許經(jīng)營(yíng)）othercopiesoftheir

restaurants.Theagreementstruckincludedtherightto

duplicatethemenu.Theequipment,eventheirredandwhite

buildingswiththegoldenarches.

TodayMcDonald'sisreallyahouseholdname.Itsnamesforits

sandwicheshavecometomeanhamburgerinthedecadessincethe

dayRayKrocwatchedpeoplerushuptoorderfifteen-cent

hamburgers.In1976,McDonald'shadover$1billionintotal

sales.Itsfirsttwenty-twoyearsisoneofthemostincredible

successstoriesinmodemAmericanbusinesshistory.

Thispassagemainlytalksabout.

A.thedevelopmentoffastfoodservices

B.howMcDonald'sbecameabillion-dollarbusiness

C.thebusinesscareersofMacandDickMcDonald

D.RayKroc'sbusinesstalent

2、

MacandDickmanagedallofthefollowingbusinessesexcept

A.adrive-in

B.acinema

C.atheater

D.abarbecuerestaurant

3、

Wemayinferfromthispassagethat.

A.MacandDickMcDonaldneverbecamewealthyfortheysold

theirideastoKroc

B.thelocationtheMcDonald'schosewastheonlysourceof

thegreatpopularityoftheirdrive-in

C.fortyyearsagotherewerenumerousfast-foodrestaurants

D.RayKrocwasagoodbusinessman

4、

Thepassagesuggeststhat.

A.creativityisanimportantelementofbusinesssuccess

B.RayKrocwastheclosepartneroftheMcDonaldbrothers

C.MacandDickMcDonaldbecamebrokenaftertheysoldtheir

ideastoRayKroc

D.Californiaisthebestplacetogointobusiness

5、

Asusedinthesecondsentenceofthethirdparagraph,theword

“unique"means.

A.special

B.attractive

C.financial

D.peculiarText2

6>You'rebusyfillingouttheapplicationform,fora

positionyoureallyneed;let'sassumeyouonceactually

completedacoupleofyearsofcollegeworkoreventhatyou

completedyourdegree.

Isn'tittemptingtoliejustalittle,toclaimontheform,

thatyourdiplomarepresentsaHarvarddegree?Orthatyou

finishedanextracoupleofyearsbackatStateUniversity?More

andmorepeopleareturningtoutterdeceptionlikethistoland

theirjobortomoveaheadintheircareers,forpersonnel

officers,likemostAmericans,valuedegreesfromfamous

schools.Ajobapplicantmayhaveagoodeducationanyway,but

heorsheassumesthatchancesofbeinghiredarebetterwith

adiplomafromawell-knownuniversity.Registrarsatmost

well-knowncollegessaytheydealwithdeceitfulclaimslike

theseattherateofaboutoneperweek.

Personnelofficersdocheckupondegreeslistedonapplication

forms,then,ifitturnsoutthatanapplicantislying,most

collegesarereluctanttoaccusetheapplicantdirectly.One

IvyLeagueschoolcallsthem"impostors”;anotherrefersto

themas“specialcases"onewell-knownWestCoastschool,in

perhapsthemostdelicatephraseofall,saysthattheseclaims

aremadeby“nosuchpeople.”

Toavoidoutrightlies,somejob-seekersclaimthatthey

“attended"or"wereassociatedwith“acollegeoruniversity.

Aftercarefullychecking,apersonnelofficermaydiscoverthat

“attending“meansbeingdismissedafteronesemester.Itmay

bethat"beingassociatedwith“acollegemeansthatthejob

seekervisitedhisyoungerbrotherforafootballweekend.One

schoolthatkeepsrecordsoffalseclaimssaysthatthepractice

datesbackatleasttotheturnofthecentury一that,swhenthey

begankeepingrecords,anyhow.

Ifyoudon'twanttolieorevenstretchthetruth,thereare

companiesthatwillsellyouaphonydiploma.Onecompany,with

officesinNewYorkandontheWestCoast,willputyourname

onadiplomafromanynumberofnonexistentcolleges.Theprice

beginsataroundtwentydollarsforadiplomafrom“SmootState

University.，zThepricesincreaserapidlyforadegreefromthe

''UniversityofPurdue."AsthereisnoSmootStateandthereal

schoolinIndianaisproperlycalledPurdueUniversity,the

pricesseemratherhighforonesheetofpaper.

Themainideaofthispassageisthat.

A.employersarecheckingmorecloselyonapplicantsnow

B.lyingaboutcollegedegreeshasbecomeawidespreadproblem

C.collegedegreescannowbepurchasedeasily

D.employersarenolongerinterestedincollegedegrees

7、

Accordingtothepassage,“specialcases"referstocases

where.

A.studentsattendaschoolonlypart-time

B.studentsneverattendedaschooltheylistedontheir

application

C.studentspurchasefalsedegreesfromcommercialfirms

D.studentsattendedafamousschool

8、

Wecaninferfromthepassagethat.

A.performanceisabetterjudgeofabilitythanacollege

degree

B.experienceisthebestteacher

C.pastworkhistoriesinfluencepersonnelofficersmorethan

degreesdo

D.adegreefromafamousschoolenablesanapplicanttogain

advantageoverothersinjobcompetition

9、

Thispassageimpliesthat.

A.buyingafalsedegreeisnotmoral

B.personnelofficersonlyconsiderapplicantsfromfamous

schools

C.mostpeoplelieonapplicationsbecausetheyweredismissed

fromschool

D.societyshouldbegreatlyresponsibleforlyingon

applications

10、

Asusedinthethirdsentenceofthesecondparagraph,theword

“utter"means.

A.address

B.ultimate

C.thorough

D.decisive

11、EveryonehasheardoftheSanAndreasFault,which

constantlythreatensCaliforniaandtheWestCoastwith

earth-quakes.Buthowmanypeopleknowabouttheequally

seriousNewMadridfaultinMissouri?

BetweenDecemberof1811andFebruaryof1812,threemajor

earthquakesoccurred,allcenteredaroundthetownofNew

Madrid,Missouri,ontheMississippiRiver.Propertydamagewas

severe.

Buildingsintheareawerealmostdestroyed.Wholeforestsfell

atonce,andhugecracksopenedintheground,allowingsmell

ofsulfurtofilterupward.

TheMississippiRiveritselfcompletelychangedcharacter,

developingsuddenrapidsandwhirlpools.Severaltimesit

changeditscourse,andonce,accordingtosomeobservers,it

actuallyappearedtorunbackwards.Fewpeoplewerekilledin

theNewMadridearthquakes,probablysimplybecausefewpeople

livedintheareain1811;buttheseverityoftheearth-quakes

areshownbythefactthattheshockwavesrangbellsinchurch

towersinCharleston,SouthCarolina,onthecoast.Buildings

shookinNewYorkCity,andclockswerestoppedinWashington

D.C.ScientistsnowknowthatAmerica'stwomajorfaultsare

essentiallydifferent.TheSanAndreasisahorizontalboundary

betweentwomajorlandmassesthatareslowlymovinginopposite

directions.Californiaearthquakesresultwhenthemovementof

thesetwomassessuddenlylurchesforward.

TheNewMadridfault,ontheotherhand,isaverticalfault;

atsomepoint,possiblyhundredsofmillionsofyearsago,rock

waspusheduptowardthesurface,probablybyvolcanoesunder

thesurface.Suddenly,thevolcanoescooledandtherock

collapsed,leavinghugecracks.Evennow,therockcontinues

tosettledownwards,andsuddensinkingmotionstrigger

earthquakesintheregion.Thefaultitself,alargecrackin

thislayerofrock,withdozensofothercracksthatsplitoff

fromit,extendsfromnortheastArkansasthroughMissouriand

intosouthernIllinois.

ScientistswhohavestudiedtheNewMadridfaultsaytherehave

beennumeroussmallerquakesintheareasince1811;these

smallerquakesindicatethatlargeronesareprobablycoming,

butritescientistssaytheyhavenomethodofpredictingwhen

alargeearthquakewilloccur.

Thispassageismainlyabout.

A.theNewMadridfaultinMissouri

B.theSanAndreasandtheNewMadridfaults

C.thecausesoffaults

D.currentscientificknowledgeaboutfaults

12、

TheNewMadridfaultis.

A.ahorizontalfault

B.averticalfault

C.amoreseriousfaultthantheSanAndreasfault

D.responsibleforformingtheMississippiRiver

13、

Wemayconcludefromthepassagethat.

A.itisprobablyasdangeroustoliveinMissouriasin

California

B.theNewMadridfaultwilleventuallydevelopamountain

rangeinMissouri

C.Californiawillbecomeanislandinfuture

D.abigearthquakewilloccurtoCaliforniasoon

14、

Thispassageimpliesthat.

A.horizontalfaultsaremoredangerousthanverticalfaults

B.verticalfaultsaremoredangerousthanhorizontalfaults

C.earthquakesmayoccuraroundfaultareas

D.Californiawillbreakintopiecesbyaneventualearthquake

15、

Asusedinthefifthsentenceofthefourthparagraph,theword

“essentially“means.

A.greatly

B.extremely

C.basically

D.necessarily

16、Thosewhowelcomedtherailwaysawitasmorethanarapid

andcomfortablemeansofpassing.Theyactuallysawitasa

factorinworldpeace.Theydidnotforeseethattherailway

wouldbejustonemoremeansfortherapidmovementof

aggressivearmies.Noneofthemforesawthatthemoreweare

together一themorechancesthereareofwar.Anyboyorgirl

whoisoneofalargefamilyknowsthat.

Wheneveranynewinventionisputforward,thoseforitand

thoseagainstitcanalwaysfindmedicalmentoapproveor

condemn.Theanti-railwaygroupproduceddoctorswhosaidthat

tunnelswouldbemostdangeroustopublichealth:theywould

producecolds,catarrhs（黏膜炎）andconsumptions.The

deafeningnoiseandtheglareoftheenginefire,wouldhave

abadeffectonthenerves.Further,beingmovedthroughthe

airatahighspeedwoulddograveinjurytodelicatelungs.

Inthosewithhighbloodpressure,themovementofthetrain

mightproduceapoplexy.Thesuddenplungingofatrainintothe

darknessofatunnel,andtheequallysuddenrushintofull

daylight,wouldcausegreatdamagetoeyesight.Butthe

pro-railwaygroupwasofcourseabletoproduceequallyfamous

medicalmentosayjusttheopposite.Theysaidthatthespeed

andswingofthetrainwouldequalizethecirculation,promote

digestion,tranquilizethenerves,andensuregoodsleep.

Theactualrolling-stockwasanythingbutcomfortable.Ifit

wasatestofendurancetositforfourhoursoutsideacoach

inrain,orinsideindirtyair,therailwayofferedlittlemore

inthewayofcomfort.Certainlythefirst-classcarriageshad

cushionedseats;butthesecond-classhadonlynarrowbare

boards,whilethethird-classhadnothingatall;noseatsand

noroof;theywerejustopentrucks.Sothatthird-class

passengersgainednothingfromthefewmodeexceptspeed.In

thematterofcomfort,indeedtheylost;theydid,onthe

coaches,haveaseat,butnowtheyhadtostandalltheway,

whichgaveopportunitiestothecomicpress.Thiskindofthing:

“Amanwasseenyesterdaybuyingathird-classticketforthe

newLondonandBirminghamRailway.Thestateofhismindis

beingenquiredinto”.

Awriterintheearlydaysofrailwayswrotefeelinglyofboth

second-andthird-classcarriages.Hemadethesuggestionthat

thedirectorsoftherailwaysmusthavesentallovertheworld

tofindthehardestpossiblewood.Oftheopenthird-class

truckshesaidthattheyhadthepeculiarpropertyofmeeting

therainfromwhateverquarteritcame.Hedescribedthemas

horizontalshower-baths,fromwhosesearchingpowertherewas

noescape.

Allboysandgirlsinlargefamiliesknowthat.

A.aboyandagirlusuallyfightwhentheyaretogether

B.peopletendtobetogethermorethantheyusedtobe

C.alotofpeoplebeingtogethermakesfightslikely

D.railwayleadstheworldtopeace

17、

Accordingtothosewhowelcomedtherailway,theraiIway

itselfshouldincludeallthefollowingexceptthat,

A.therailwayenablespeopletravelfast

B.therailwaybringscomforttopeople

C.therailwaymakestheworldpeaceful

D.therailwayleadstheworldtowaraswell

18、

Accordingtotheanti-railwaygroup,allthefollowingsare

truebut.

A.tunnelsaredangeroustopublichealth

B.thenoiseandtheglareoftheenginefiremayaffect

people'snerves

C.therapidspeedthroughtheairdoesdamagetopeople's

lungs

D.tothosewithhighblood-pressure,therapidspeedofthe

traincausesthemtodie

19、

Wemaysafelyconcludethat.

A.theauthorbelongstotheanti-railwaygroup

B.theauthorbelongstothepro-railwaygroup

C.theauthorspeakshighlyoftherailway

D.theauthormaynevertaketrainbecauseofitspotential

dangers

20、

Whatisthetoneofthispassage?

A.Practical.

B.Humorous.

C.Satirical.

D.Exaggerated.

21、PartB(10points)

Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.For

Questions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelist(A、

B、C、D、E、F、G...)tofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.

Thereareseveralextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyofthe

gaps.(10points)

Onthegroundfloorofafive-storybuildinginRome,Italy,

amancarefullyplacesa400-year-oldpaintingonatable.Then

hestepsbackandflipstheswitchofa50,000-voltX-ray

machine.Nearby,anotherpaintingisbeingwheeledintoa

specialoven.Elsewherethebuzzofapowersawisheardfrom

behindacloseddoor.Twoworkersarecuttingthebackoffa

500-year-oldwoodpanelpainting.

SuchthingshappeneverydayatRome，sInstituteofRestoration.

(41).Intermsofalltreasures,Italyisoneofthe

richestcountriesintheworld.Yetuntil1939,whenItaly,s

governmentfoundedtheInstitute,thecountry"smuseumshad

tohireprivaterestorersforcleaningandrepairjobs.Says

DoctorUrbani,“Mostoftherestorersdidnothaveproper

training.Theyoftendidmoreharmthangood.”

Nowondertheydidharm.(42).

(43).Sometimestheyevenchangedthepicture.

Anynumberofthingscandamage'anartwork.Smogeatsaway

atstoneandmetal.Insectschewwood.Moisturecauseswoodand

canvastoswell,shrinkandfinallyrot.Foroneartshow,a

paintingwasflownfromEnglandtoRome.Duringtheflight,the

canvasshranksomuchthatthepaintlostitsgripandbegan

peeling.WhentheboxwasopenedinRome,therewasahalfbare

painting—andapileoftinycoloredflakes.

DoctorUrbaniremembers,“Thepaintingwasrushedtous.It

lookedhopeless.Butwenevergiveuponacase."Aftermonths

ofslow,carefulwork,everypieceofpainthadbeenpuzzled

backtogetherandgluedonanewcanvas.Thejobwassowell

donethatnodamagecouldbeseen.

Whenapaintingarrivesatthearthospital,itgoestothe

laboratory,wherescientificworkisdone.Infraredand

ultra-violetphotographsaretaken.(44).Newercoatsof

paintstandoutasdarkspotsagainstoldercoatsofpaint,if

thereseemstobeadifferentpicturebeneaththeoneshowing

onthesurface,thepaintingisfinallyX-rayed.

Paintingsonwoodarethencarriedintoaboxcarsizedroom.

(45).For24hours,adeadlygasseepsintoallthecracks

inthewoodtokillhiddenbugsandtheireggs.Paintingson

torncanvasgotoaroomwherenewclothhackingsaregluedand

ironedon.Finallythepaintingsarereadytobegivennewlife

byoneoftherestorers.

A.Insteadofjusttouchingupdamagedspots,mostearly

restorerspaintedoverthemwithaheavyhand.

B.Usingthesephotographsandananalysisofthepaint,it

beganremovingdirtandold,yellowedvarnishwithcotton

dippedinaspecialliquid.

C.HeadedbyDoctorGiovanuiUrbani,themenandwomenherework

atkeepingworksofartingoodhealth.

D.Thesephotographsmakeitpossibletoseethroughthethin

topcoatsofpainttofindoutifthepaintinghasbeentouched

uporpaintedoverinthepast.

E.Theyoftencleanedpaintingswithstrongblacksoap,or

scrubbedthemwithrawonionsandgreenapples.

F.Thedoorissealedshut.

G.Aftercleaning,theybeganthejoboffillinginthespots

wherepaintwasmissing.

22、(42)

23、(43)

24、(44)

25、(45)

26、PartC

Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthen

translatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.(10points)

(46)Economicgrowthinvolvesincreasesovertimeinthevolume

ofacountry'spercapitagrossnationalproduct(GNP)ofgoads

andservices.Suchcontinuingincreasescanraiseaverage

livingstandardssubstantiallyandprovideastrongerbasefor

otherpolicyobjectives.(47)Itisonlyinthelasttwo

centuriesthatcontinuedgrowthinlivingstandardshasbeen

realizedforanumberofnow—developedcountries,andthis

processhasbroadenedinthe20thcenturytoincludeanumber

ofdevelopingcountries.(48)However,thefairlysteady

expansioninthethirdquarterofthe20thcenturygavewayto

aperiodofslowerandmoreerraticgrowthforboth-high-and

low-incomecountries,whilesomeoftheeconomicallypoorest

countrieswerethusfarunabletoestablishaserf-sustaining

patternofdevelopment.Italsobecameincreasinglyevident

thattherewereseriousenvironmentalproblemsa