初中英語(yǔ)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)_第1頁(yè)
初中英語(yǔ)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)_第2頁(yè)
初中英語(yǔ)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)_第3頁(yè)
初中英語(yǔ)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)_第4頁(yè)
初中英語(yǔ)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)_第5頁(yè)
已閱讀5頁(yè),還剩27頁(yè)未讀, 繼續(xù)免費(fèi)閱讀

下載本文檔

版權(quán)說(shuō)明:本文檔由用戶提供并上傳,收益歸屬內(nèi)容提供方,若內(nèi)容存在侵權(quán),請(qǐng)進(jìn)行舉報(bào)或認(rèn)領(lǐng)

文檔簡(jiǎn)介

第二篇語(yǔ)法知識(shí)梳理詞法在英語(yǔ)中,共有10大詞類(lèi),它們是:名詞、動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞、數(shù)詞、代詞、冠詞、介詞、連詞、感嘆詞。名詞什么叫名詞?名詞是表示人、事物、地點(diǎn)或抽象概念的名稱。如:mother媽媽panda熊貓library圖書(shū)館pencil鉛筆wish愿望名詞是如何分類(lèi)的?名詞根據(jù)意義分為專有名詞和普通名詞。eq\o\ac(○,1)專有名詞表示特定的人或事物的名稱。如:MrGreen格林先生theSpringFestival春節(jié)theGreatWall長(zhǎng)城Britain英國(guó)提示:1、人名都是專有名詞2、專有名詞的第一個(gè)字母必須大寫(xiě)。eq\o\ac(○,2)普通名詞是不屬于特定的人或事物名稱的詞。普通名詞又分為個(gè)體名詞和集體名詞、物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞。個(gè)體名詞,如:radio(廣播),watch(手表);集體名詞,如:class(班級(jí)),people(人民);物質(zhì)名詞,如:milk(牛奶)water(水);抽象名詞,如:work(工作),health(健康)。(2)名詞根據(jù)其表示的事物性質(zhì)的不同,分為可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。eq\o\ac(○,1)可數(shù)名詞表示的事物是可以用數(shù)字一個(gè)一個(gè)數(shù)出來(lái)的,有單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)兩種形式。如:abanana一只香蕉twobananas兩只香蕉eq\o\ac(○,2)不可數(shù)名詞表示的事物是不可以用數(shù)字一個(gè)一個(gè)數(shù)出來(lái)的,不分單、復(fù)數(shù);抽象名詞、物質(zhì)名詞和專有名詞一般都是不可數(shù)名詞。如:milk牛奶ice冰idea想法France法國(guó)提示:有少數(shù)名詞既可作可數(shù)名詞,也可作不可數(shù)名詞,但含義不同。如:fish魚(yú)肉(不可數(shù))fish魚(yú)類(lèi)(可數(shù))chicken雞肉(不可數(shù))chicken小雞(可數(shù))可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式的構(gòu)成規(guī)則是什么?名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式構(gòu)成的基本規(guī)則:情況變法例詞一般情況加-sgirl-girlsbook-books以s\sh\x\ch結(jié)尾的詞加-esbus-buseswatch-watches以“輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的詞變y為i再加esfamily-falimiesstrawberry-strawberries以f或fe結(jié)尾的詞變f或fe為v再加eshalf-halveswife-wives以o結(jié)尾的詞加es或sphoto-photospiano-pinaosradio-radioszoo-zoostomato-tomatoespotato-potatoes復(fù)數(shù)形式詞尾是或的讀法如下:情況讀法例詞在/p//t//k//f/等清輔音后/s/cakesdeskscups在/s//z//t∫//∫//dз/等后/iz/busesclasseswatches在其他情況下/z/bananaszooswindows(2)需要特別記住的是英語(yǔ)中有些名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式是不規(guī)則的。如:Man-menwoman-womenfoot-feettooth-teethmouse-micechild-childrensheep-sheepdeer-deerfish-fishChinese-Chinese如何表示不可數(shù)名詞的數(shù)量?不可數(shù)名詞沒(méi)有單、復(fù)數(shù)的區(qū)別,是不能直接以數(shù)字計(jì)算事物的名詞,要表示“一”這個(gè)概念,我們可以用“a+表示數(shù)量的名詞+of+名詞”的形式。如:aglassofwater一杯水a(chǎn)cupoftea一杯茶如果要表達(dá)兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的概念,表示數(shù)量的名詞需要用復(fù)數(shù)形式,不可數(shù)名詞不變。如:twoglassesofwater兩杯水fivebagsofrice五袋大米提示:這種形式也可以用于可數(shù)名詞,但名詞必須用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:abasketofapples一籃子蘋(píng)果fivebasketsoftomatoes五籃子西紅柿什么是名詞所有格?名詞中表示所有關(guān)系的形式叫做名詞所有格,意為“……的”,一般在名詞后加是’s。如Grandma’shouse奶奶的房子myparents’car我父母的車(chē)如果名詞代表的事物是有生命的,那么其所有格有以下幾種形式:分類(lèi)構(gòu)成方式舉例普通單數(shù)名詞在名詞末尾加’sNancy’sfather以或結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞在名詞末尾加’theteachers’books特殊復(fù)數(shù)名詞(不以或結(jié)尾)在名詞末尾加’sChildren’sDay表示共有關(guān)系的在最后一個(gè)名詞的末尾加’sJimandHenlen’smother(兩人共有一個(gè)媽媽)表示各自所有關(guān)系的在每個(gè)名詞的詞尾都加’sJim’sandHenlen’smothers(兩人各自的媽媽)提示:表示公共場(chǎng)所、或住宅的名詞,其所有格后面常常省略被修飾的名詞。Wewillgotomysister’sfordinnerthisafternoon.今天下午我們將去我姐姐家吃飯。Let’sgotothebarber’s.我們?nèi)ダ戆l(fā)店吧。如果名詞代表的事物是沒(méi)有生命的,常與組成短語(yǔ)來(lái)表示其所有格,表示前者屬于后者。It’samapofChina.這是一張中國(guó)地圖。ThenameofthecartoonisCinderella.這部動(dòng)畫(huà)片的名字是《灰姑娘》。例題引路一、寫(xiě)出下列名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式。1.baby2.key3.strawberry4.life5.half6.woman7.German8.Japanese答案1.babies2.keys3.strawberries4.lives5.halves6.women7.Germans8.Japanese翻譯下列詞組1.長(zhǎng)城2.許多羊3.三袋大米4.五籃子雞蛋5四位女教師6.八棵蘋(píng)果樹(shù)7七張老太太的照片8.她的一個(gè)朋友答案1.theGreatWall2.many/alotofsheep3.threebagsofrice4.fivebasketsofeggs5.fourwomenteachers6.eightappletrees7.sevenphotosofanoldwoman8.afriendofhers銜接訓(xùn)練一、寫(xiě)出下列名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式。1.pencil-box2.wife3.Sunday4.city5.dress6.Englishman7.match8.Chinese9.exam10.library11.radio12.family13.boy14.photo15.tomato16.dish17.American18.dictionary三、單項(xiàng)選擇1.Myfatherisa.Heworksinahospital.A.teacherB.doctorC.farmerD.soldier2.Weneedsomemore.Canyougoandgetsome,please?A.potatoB.potatosC.potatoesD.apotato3.Inthepicturetherearemanyandtwo.A.sheep;foxesB.sheeps;foxesC.sheeps;foxD.sheep;foxs4.Let’smeetat7:30outsidethegateof.A.thePeople’sParkB.thePeoples’ParkC.thePeopleParkD.People’sPark5.Therearesixty-seveninourschool.A.women’steacherB.womenteachersC.womenteachersD.womenteacher6.Thisshopsellsapples,bananasandthingslikethese.It’sa.A.foodshopB.bookshopC.fruitshopD.vegetableshop7.September10thisinChina.A.Teacher’sDayB.Teachers’DayC.TeacherDayD.TeachersDay8.Thefootballunderthebedis.A.SuHaiandLiuTaoB.SuHai’sandLiuTao’sC.SuHai’sandLiuTaoD.SuHaiandLiuTao’s9..Thepostofficeisabitfarfromhere.It’sabout.A.thirtyminutes’swalkB.thirtyminute’swalkC.thirtyminutes‘walkD.thirtyminuteswalk10.arebigandbright.A.TheclassroomwindowB.ThewindowoftheclassroomC.Theclassroom’swindows D. Thewindowsoftheclassroom 四、用所給名詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。1.Aretherethree(child)playingintheclassroom?2.Here’retwo(bottle)of(milk)foryou.3.Danielalwayswearsapairof(glass)andhelooksclever.4.Wedotoomuch(homework)everydaysowehavenotimetoplay.5.It’sSundayandtherearesomany(people)inthestreet.6.Youshouldbrushyour(tooth)atleasttwiceeveryday.五、根據(jù)漢語(yǔ)提示完成句子。1.Beijingis(中國(guó)的首都)2.I’mhungry.Pleasegiveme(四片面包)3.Arethese(你父母的照片)?4.Ivisited(長(zhǎng)城)lastyear.It’sreallywonderful.5(Tom和Mike的手表)arenew.TheyboughtthemlastSaturday.6.Youcanfound(一些蘋(píng)果樹(shù))inthegarden.7.(楊玲和南希的桌子)isveryclean,but(她們的椅子)areverydirty.二、動(dòng)詞1.動(dòng)詞的定義和分類(lèi)動(dòng)詞是表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的一類(lèi)詞。動(dòng)詞充當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)時(shí),要受到主語(yǔ)的限制,與主語(yǔ)在人稱和數(shù)上一致。用來(lái)表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在各種時(shí)間條件的動(dòng)詞形式稱為時(shí)態(tài)。動(dòng)詞根據(jù)其在句中的功能,可以分為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞、系動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞四類(lèi)。2.實(shí)義動(dòng)詞(1)實(shí)義動(dòng)詞的分類(lèi)實(shí)義動(dòng)詞也叫行為動(dòng)詞,即表示動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞,能獨(dú)立作謂語(yǔ)。實(shí)義動(dòng)詞有及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞之分。及物動(dòng)詞是指后面可以直接跟賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞;不及物動(dòng)詞指后面不可以直接跟賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞。Wehavefriendsallovertheworld.我們的朋友遍天下。George’sfatherlivesthere.喬治的爸爸住在那兒。提示:英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞中有很多既是及物動(dòng)詞又是不及物動(dòng)詞,如close,begin,study,leave,work等。實(shí)義動(dòng)詞的基本形式有動(dòng)詞原形、第三人稱單數(shù)形式、過(guò)去式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過(guò)去分詞。3.系動(dòng)詞(1)系動(dòng)詞的定義.系動(dòng)詞亦稱連系動(dòng)詞,不能單獨(dú)做謂語(yǔ),后面必須跟表語(yǔ)。(2)系動(dòng)詞的功能系動(dòng)詞的主要功能是把表語(yǔ)(名詞、形容詞、副詞、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、從句)和其主語(yǔ)聯(lián)系在一起,以說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的屬性、特征或狀態(tài)。它和其后的表語(yǔ)一起構(gòu)成句子的謂語(yǔ)。(3)常見(jiàn)系動(dòng)詞Myfatherisapoliceman.Youwillfeelbetterafteranight’ssleep.It’sgettingwarmerandwarmerinspring.Helookedangry/sad/happy.Theapplestasteverygood.提示:有部分系動(dòng)詞也可以作為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞來(lái)使用。Helookedsadatthenews.(“看起來(lái)”,系動(dòng)詞用法)Hekookedsadiyattheboy.(“看著”,實(shí)義動(dòng)詞用法)4.助動(dòng)詞(1)助動(dòng)詞的定義助動(dòng)詞是語(yǔ)法功能詞,本身沒(méi)有詞義,不可單獨(dú)使用。Hedoesn’tlikeEnglish.(2)助動(dòng)詞的功能eq\o\ac(○,1)表示時(shí)態(tài)Heissinging.Hedoesn’tgotoschoolonSaturday.eq\o\ac(○,2)構(gòu)成疑問(wèn)句Doyoulikecollegelife?DidyoustudyEnglishbeforeyoucamehere?eq\o\ac(○,3)與否定副詞not連用構(gòu)成否定句Idon’tlikeplayingcomputergames.TheyarenotwatchingTVnow.(3)目前學(xué)過(guò)的助動(dòng)詞有:be(am/is/are),do(does/did)eq\o\ac(○,1)“am/is/are+現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。Theyarehavingameeting.Englishisbecomingmoreandmoreimportant.eq\o\ac(○,2)do/does/did構(gòu)成一般疑問(wèn)句、否定句、否定祈使句。DoyouwanttopasstheEnglishexam?Hedoesn’tliketostudy.Don’tbelateforschool.提示:do也可以作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞,表示“做”。變否定句時(shí)必須借助don’t/doesn’t/didn’tHedoeshomeworkeveryday.Hedoesn’twatchTVonschooldays.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的定義及功能情態(tài)動(dòng)詞是一種本身有一定的詞義,但要與普通動(dòng)詞一起使用,給謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞增添情態(tài)色彩,表示說(shuō)話人對(duì)有關(guān)行為或事物的態(tài)度和看法,認(rèn)為其可能、應(yīng)該或必要等得一類(lèi)詞。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞一般本身無(wú)人稱和數(shù)的變化,其后面的實(shí)義動(dòng)詞要用動(dòng)詞原形。Shecanswimfast,butIcan’t.YoumuststayhereuntilIcomeback.常見(jiàn)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法eq\o\ac(○,1)can表示能力,意為“會(huì),能”。表示客觀可能性或推測(cè)時(shí),用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句;ShecansingEnglishsongs.Itcan’t(不可能)beJim.Isawhimatschooljustnow.Can/May(可以)Iborrowyourbike?eq\o\ac(○,2)may表示許可,用于陳述句;表示正式的請(qǐng)求或許可,用于一般疑問(wèn)句?;卮餸ay提出的問(wèn)題,肯定形式為:Yes,please./Yes,pleasedo./Yes,certainly./Yes,youmay.否定形式為:No,youmustn’t./No,youcan’t./Pleasedon’t.Youmaygoouttoplynow.----MayIsmokehere?----Yes,youmay./Noyoumustn’t.eq\o\ac(○,3)must指客觀可能性或猜測(cè)時(shí),意為“一定”;表示“應(yīng)當(dāng),必須”時(shí),其否定形式為mustn’t意為“禁止,不允許,千萬(wàn)別”?;卮鹩蒻ust構(gòu)成的一般疑問(wèn)句,肯定形式為:Yes,主語(yǔ)+must;否定形式為:No,主語(yǔ)+needn’t/don’thaveto。Itmust(肯定)beNancy’sbook.Hernameisonthecover.Youmustn’t(千萬(wàn)別)playfootballinthestreet.------MustIhandinmyhomeworktomorrow?------Yes,youmust./No,youneedn’t/don’thaveto.eq\o\ac(○,4)should表示“應(yīng)該,應(yīng)當(dāng)”,shouldn’t表示“不應(yīng)該”。Youshouldtellyourmotherthetruth.Youshouldn’tmakethesamemistake.例題引路一、用所給動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。1.Myfatheralways(help)mymotherwithhousework.2.Theships(notbe)intherivernow;they(be)thereamomentago.3.Ourfamily(have)anewcomputerlastmonth.4.Ican(do)itbetterthanyou.二、模仿例詞寫(xiě)出所給動(dòng)詞的相應(yīng)形式。例詞:dodoesdoingdid1.write____________________________2.carry____________________________3.wash____________________________4.meet____________________________銜接訓(xùn)練一、單項(xiàng)選擇1.Mybrother_______ateacher.He________hispupilsverymuch.A.is;likeB.is;likesC.are;likesD.are;like2.----Howmanydays_________thereinaweek?-----There_______seven.A.is;isB.are;isC.is;areD.are;are3.MyEnglishteacher________.A.alllookyoungB.looksyoungC.lookyoungD.alllooksyoung4.I______busynow,butI____freenextweek.A.am;amB.am;willC.am;willbeD.being;willbe5.MayI_______toHelenBrown?A.tellB.speakC.talkD.say6.YangLingcan_______clothesforthedoll.A.make;B.makesC.madeD.making7.Shelooks____becauseshewillgotoHainanforaholiday.A.happilyB.behappyC.happyD.happiness8.----________Iuseyourpen,Dad?-----Yes,youcan.A.MayB.DoC.AmD.Must二、用所給動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。1.Twoandsix_______(be)eight.2.There________(be)lotsofsheeponthefarmlastyear.3.Theboywithhisfriends_________(have)somehomeworkeveryday.4.Youmust_______(listen)toyourteacherinclass.5.Welike__________(watch)cartoonsattheweekend.6.Listen!Someone__________(sing)inthenextroom.7.SuHaiwants___________(be)ateacherwhenshegrowsup.8.What________you________(do)lastnight?9.__________(notspeak)loudlyinthereadingroom.10.Ilike___________(read)verymuch,butIdon’tlike__________(read)today.I’mtootired.三、形容詞1.什么是形容詞?形容詞是用來(lái)修飾或描述名詞或代詞,以說(shuō)明人或事物的性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)或特征的一類(lèi)詞。Janeisabeautifulgirl.IsthereanythingwrongwithyourMP4?2.形容詞在句中的位置是怎樣的?幾個(gè)形容詞連用時(shí),如何排序?(1)形容詞作定語(yǔ)一般放在被修飾的名詞之前,系動(dòng)詞和不定代詞之后。Sheisagoodgirl.Iamtallandthin.Thereissomethingimportanttotellher.提示:1.有的形容詞只能作表語(yǔ),如:afraid害怕,alone獨(dú)自的,asleep睡著的,awake醒著的,alive活著的,well健康的,ill病的2.某些形容詞加上定冠詞可以泛指一類(lèi)人或整體的東西,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。TheChinesehavelonghistory.Weshouldhelptheold多個(gè)形容詞修飾名詞時(shí),音節(jié)少的形容詞在前,音節(jié)多的在后.Sheboughtherselfanewsilkskirt.Ihavelongstraightgoldenhair.提示:多個(gè)形容詞和其他詞修飾名詞時(shí),其順序是:限定詞(冠詞、指示代詞、形容詞性物主代詞、數(shù)詞)+描繪詞(大小、長(zhǎng)短、形狀、新舊、長(zhǎng)幼、顏色)+出處+材料性質(zhì)+類(lèi)別+名詞3.什么是形容詞的比較等級(jí)?絕大多數(shù)形容詞有三種形式:原級(jí)、比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)。LiuHaiisastallasme.(tall是原級(jí))Itiswarmertodaythanitwasyesterday.(warmer是比較級(jí))Sheisthebeststudentinherclass.(best是最高級(jí))4.形容詞比較等級(jí)的構(gòu)成規(guī)則是什么?(見(jiàn)八年級(jí)上語(yǔ)法附錄)5.形容詞比較等級(jí)的幾種用法(1)形容詞的原級(jí)可用于兩個(gè)人或事物的比較,常用的有兩種結(jié)構(gòu):eq\o\ac(○,1)肯定結(jié)構(gòu):as+形容詞的原級(jí)+as,意為“和……一樣”。Sheisascarefulashermother.eq\o\ac(○,2)否定結(jié)構(gòu):notas/so+形容詞的原級(jí)+as,意為“不如……”。Thisdishisnotasniceasthatone.(2)形容詞的比較級(jí)用于兩個(gè)人或事物的比較,常用的有四種結(jié)構(gòu):eq\o\ac(○,1)形容詞比較級(jí)+than,表示“……比……”。Thisfilmismoreinterestingthanthatone.eq\o\ac(○,2)形容詞比較級(jí)+形容詞比較級(jí),表示“越來(lái)越……”。Mysisterisgettingtallerandtaller.eq\o\ac(○,3)the+形容詞比較級(jí),the+形容詞比較級(jí),表示“越……越……”。Themore,thebetter.Themorecarefulyouare,thefewermistakesyouwiimake.eq\o\ac(○,4)the+形容詞比較級(jí)+ofthetwo,表示“兩者中較……的一個(gè)”。Tomistheclevererofthetwins.提示:比較級(jí)前可以加表示程度的副詞much,even,alittle等來(lái)修飾。HeismuchstrongerthanMike.形容詞的最高級(jí)用于三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上的人或事物的比較,常用“the+形容詞的最高級(jí)+名詞+范圍(of/in短語(yǔ)或從句)”結(jié)構(gòu),意為“……中最……的”。Heisthebusiestboyinourclass.YaoMingisoneofthemostfamousbasketballplayersinNBA.提示:形容詞的最高級(jí)前要加the,但如果形容詞的最高級(jí)前有物主代詞時(shí),不需要加the。Todayismyhappiestday.常見(jiàn)形容詞的反義詞,你記住了嗎?bad---goodbetter---worstbest----worstbig---small/littlebeautiful---uglyblack---whitebusy—freecheap---expensiveclean—dirtyclever---foolishcloudy----sunnycool—warmcold---hotdangerous---safedark---bright/lightdry---wetearly---lateeasy—difficulteast—westfar---nearsunny---rainyfirst---lasthappy---unhappy/sadhard---softill---healthy/welllight---heavymore---less/fewmost---least/fewestold---newold—youngpoor—richquiet---noisysame—differentshort---longshort---tallslow---quicksmall---big/large/greatstrong---weakthin---fatthin---thick例題引路一、單項(xiàng)選擇1.Ihave_______todotoday.Icouldn’thelpyounow.A.anythingimportantB.somethingimportantC.importantnothingD.importantsomething2.---Ischemistrymoredifficultthanphysics?---No,chemistryisn’tas_____asphysics.A.easyB.easierC.difficultD.moredifficult二、同義句轉(zhuǎn)換。1.LiuTaoisnotasstrongasGaoShan..LiuTaois______________GaoShan.GaoShan.is____________LiuTao.2.Davidisthetalleststudentinhisclass..Davidis_____than________________inhisclass.銜接訓(xùn)練一、用所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。1.Ofthethreegirls,IfoundMillieisthe_________(clever).2.Thereare________(few)peopleheretodaythanyesterday.3.Mysisteristwoyears________(old)thanI.4.Jane’sparentshavefourdaughters,andsheisthe________(young)child.5.The_________(cheap)thingsarenotalwaystheworstones.6.Theshortoneis____________(expensive)ofthefive.7.Theboyisnotso_________(interesting)ashisbrother.8.Shewillbemuch_________(happy)inhernewhouse.二、單項(xiàng)選擇1.Hefeels______todaythanyesterday.A.tiredB.moretiredC.moretirederD.muchtired2.Ofthetwotoys,thechildchose________.A.themoreexpensiveoneB.onemostexpensiveC.aleastexpensiveD.themostexpensiveofthem3.Thelineis____thanthatone.A.morelongerB.notlongerC.muchmorelongerD.manymorelonger4.Thebookis_______ofthethree.A.thinnerB.thethinnerC.morethinnerD.thethinnest5.Shelooks______thansheis.A.themoreolderB,veryolderC.mucholderD.moreolder6.Thegardenisbecoming_______.A.moreandmorebeautifulB.morebeautifulandbeautifulC.morebeautifulandmoreD.morebeautifulandbeautifuler7._______hurry,_______speed.A.More;lessB.Much;littleC.Themore;thelessD.Themuch;thelittle8Looking______athismother,thelittleboylooked_____.A.happy;goodB.happy;wellC.sad;sadlyD.sadly;sad三、根據(jù)漢語(yǔ)提示完成句子。1.這本書(shū)跟那本書(shū)一樣有趣。Thisbookis______________________thatone.2.這個(gè)故事不如那個(gè)有趣。Thisstoryis______________thanthatone.3.今天比昨天冷得多。Itis_________________today_______itwasyesterday.4.他對(duì)英語(yǔ)越來(lái)越感興趣。Heisbecoming___________________________inEnglish.5.他吃得越多,就越胖。______________heeats,______________hegets.6.他比我大兩歲。Heis____________________thanI.四、副詞1.什么是副詞?副詞是一種用來(lái)修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或全句的詞,以說(shuō)明時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、程度、方式等概念。Weshouldlistentoourteacherscarefully.Inspring,Icanseeflowerseverywhere.2.副詞的種類(lèi)有哪些?(1)方式副詞,如quickly,neatly,happily(2)地點(diǎn)、方位副詞,如here,away,outside,west(3)時(shí)間副詞,如yesterday,already,just,now,before,later,often,sometimes(4)強(qiáng)調(diào)副詞,very,too,even,only,4.副詞在句中的位置和排列順序(1)時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)副詞,小在前,大在后。HecomesfromNewYork,America.(2)方式副詞,短在前,長(zhǎng)在后。Pleasewriteslowlyandcarefully.(3)方式+地點(diǎn)+時(shí)間Theoldwomanrunsveryslowlyalongtheriverat6:00everymorning.4.副詞同形容詞一樣也有比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)形式。5.常見(jiàn)副詞的區(qū)別:(1)very,much,verymuchVery用于修飾形容詞或副詞的原級(jí);much用于修飾形容詞或副詞的比較級(jí);verymuch用于修飾動(dòng)詞。Johnisverygood.Thisgardenismuchbiggerthanthatone.Ilovemusicverymuch(2)so,sucheq\o\ac(○,1)so修飾形容詞或副詞;such修飾名詞。MybrotherrunssofastthatIcan’tfollowhim.Heissuchaboy.eq\o\ac(○,2)so修飾的形容詞后可以有一個(gè)單數(shù)的可數(shù)名詞,其結(jié)構(gòu)是“so+形容詞+a/an+可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)”;such可修飾可數(shù)名詞單復(fù)數(shù)和不可數(shù)名詞,名詞前可以有形容詞作定語(yǔ),其結(jié)構(gòu)是“such+(a/an)+形容詞+可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)/復(fù)數(shù)/不可數(shù)名詞”。Heissocleveraboy.=Heissuchacleverboy.Itissuchcoldweather.Theyaresuchgoodstudents.提示:如果可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)前有many,few或不可數(shù)名詞前有much,little修飾,用so不用such。(3)also,too,aswell,eitheralso,too,aswell,用于肯定句,also常用于be動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞之后,行為動(dòng)詞之前,too,aswell用于句末;either用于否定句末。Myfatherisateacher.Mymotherisalsoateacher.=Myfatherisateacher.Mymotherisateacheraswell.=Myfatherisateacher.Mymotherisateacher,too.Ican’tspeakFrench.Jennycan’tspeakFrench,either.sometime,sometimes,sometime,sometimessometime意為“某一時(shí)間“,可指將來(lái),過(guò)去;sometimes意為“有時(shí)”;sometime指“一段時(shí)間”;sometimes指“幾次,幾倍”。We’llhaveatestsometimenextmonth.Sometimeswearebusyandsometimes,wearenot.HestayedinBeijingforsometimelastyear.IhavebeentoBeijingsometimes.例題引路一、用所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。1.Heistootiredandhecan’twalkas_______(quick)ashisfather.2.Ifeel_________(well)todaythanyesterday.3.Helendraws___________(care)ofthegirlsinherclass.二、單項(xiàng)選擇1.Remembernottospeak_______whenweareinthereadingroom.A.fastB.slowlyC.politelyD.loudly2.----Whatwastheweatherlikeyesterday?----Itwasterrible.Itrainedso_______thatpeoplecould______goout.A.hardly;hardB.hardly;hardC.hard;hardlyD.hard;hard3.Therewasanaccidentatthecorner._____,thegirlwasn’t_____hurt.A.Luckily;badlyB..Luck;hardlyC.Lucky;heavilyD.Lucky;strongly銜接訓(xùn)練一、用所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。1.Whogetsup________(early),YangLinorMissLiu?2.Tomdidwellintheexam,sohisclassmatesspoke________(high)ofhim.3.Heputonhiscoatandwentout_______(quick)4.It’sdangeroustostandoutside,forthewindisblowing________(strong).5.Helearnsmath______(quick)thantheotherstudents.6.Englishis_______(wide)usedintheworld.7.Theydon’tknowwhyyoutalkedtothemso__________(angry.)8.Itisraining_________(heavy),soyou’dbetternotgooutnow.9.Hedidtheworkas_________(careful)asmostofus.10.LiLeiandLinTaoareworkingmuch________(hard)thanbefore.二、單項(xiàng)選擇1.Jack’sbrotherdoesn’tworkso________asJack.A.harderB.hardC.hardestD.hardly2.JimspeaksChinesevery_______.A.goodB.betterC.wellD.best3.Hedrivesmuch_______thanhedidthreeyearsago.A.carefulB.carefullyC.morecarefulD.morecarefully4.IthinkMathis_______moredifficultthanEnglish.A.muchB.veryC.tooD.so5.Mysonlooks_____today.Heisplaying_______withotherchildren.A.happy;happyB.happy;happilyC.happily;happilyD.happily;happy6.Look!Thereis_______iceonthelake.A.toomuchB.toomanyC.muchtooD.somany7.Shewalkedintotheroom______becausehermotherwassleeping.A.clearB.quietC.quick.D.quietly8.Jim’scomputeris_______than________.Don’tyouthinkso?A.alotnewer;LinTaoB.verynew;LinTao’sC.muchnewer;LinTao’sD.alittlenewer;LinTao五、數(shù)詞1.什么是數(shù)詞?表示數(shù)目“多少”和順序“第幾”的詞叫數(shù)詞。分為基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞。參看課本,記牢讀音和拼寫(xiě)。2.基數(shù)詞的用法(1)表示“哪一年”,每?jī)晌粩?shù)一讀。1998年,讀作nineteenninety—eight2009年讀作twothousandandnine(2)表示“幾點(diǎn)”atfiveo’clock(3)表示編號(hào)No.101bus(4)表示加減乘除Oneandtwoisthree.(5)表示小數(shù)5.3讀作fivepointthree(6)表示百分?jǐn)?shù)40%讀作fortypercent3.什么情況下用序數(shù)詞?(1)表示日期3月8號(hào)寫(xiě)作:March(the)eighth讀作:Marchtheeighth(2)表示分?jǐn)?shù)1/6onesixth3/5threefifths例題引路單項(xiàng)選擇1.About_______ofthebooksinourschoollibraryarewritteninChinese.A.fourth-fifthB.four-fifthC.four-fifthsD.fourths-fifth2.Theroadisover_______meterslong.A.sixhundredandfifty-twoB.sixhundredsandfiftytwoC.sixhundred,fifty-twoD.sixhundred,fiftyandtwo3.January_______isNewYear’sDay.A.firstB.twoC.thefirstD.thesecondTherewere_______peopleinthemeetingroomyesterday.A.twohundredsB.twohundredofC.hundredsofD.hundredof銜接訓(xùn)練一根據(jù)句意,填入合適的數(shù)詞。1.SuHaiis______(12)yearsold.SheisinClass_______(5)Grade______(6).2.Septemberisthe_______(9)monthinayear.3.Whichgirlisthinner,the________(2)oneorthe_____(3)one?4.One_______yearsisacentury(世紀(jì))。5.Thereare________minutesinanhour.二、單項(xiàng)選擇1.----Howmanystudentsarethereinyourschool?----_______thestudentsinourschool______overtwothousand.A.Thenumberof;isB.Thenumberof;areC.Anumberof;isD.Anumberof;are2.Thenewstudentisin__________.A.Class2B.ClassSecondC.2ClassD.class23.---Howmanyteachersarethereinyourschool?----________,butI’mnotsure.A.HundredsB.HundredC.HundredofD.Onehundred4.__Dad,whenwillyoubefree?Youagreedtogototheseasidewithmefourdaysago.---I’msorry,Jean.ButIthinkIwillhavea_______holidaysoon.A.four—daysB.four—dayC.fourthdayD.fourday5.Thisstoryhappenedon__________.A.2009,Oct.21stB.Oct.21st,2009C.2009,21OctoberD.21stofOctober,2009六、代詞1.什么是代詞?如何分類(lèi)?代詞是用來(lái)代替名詞以及起名詞作用的短語(yǔ)、分句和句子的一類(lèi)詞。按其指代作用不同可分為人稱代詞、物主代詞、疑問(wèn)代詞、指示代詞、反身代詞、不定代詞、關(guān)系代詞、相互代詞八類(lèi)。2.人稱代詞(1)人稱代詞的概念人稱代詞是為了避免重復(fù),用來(lái)代替前面提到的人或事物的名稱的一類(lèi)代詞。JimandLiuTao,MissLiiswaitingforyou!Pickupyourbooksandputthemaway.(2)人稱代詞的人稱、數(shù)和格人稱代詞是表示“我”、“你”、“他”、“她”、“它”、“我們”、“你們”、“他們”的詞。表格見(jiàn)七年級(jí)附錄提示:說(shuō)話的人為第一人稱,聽(tīng)話的人為第二人稱,被談到的人或事物為第三人稱。人稱單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)主格賓格主格賓格第一人稱Imeweus第二人稱youyouyouyou第三人稱hehimtheythemsheheritit(3)人稱代詞的基本用法eq\o\ac(○,1)人稱代詞主格在句中作主語(yǔ),是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。Shelikesplayingvolleyballverymuch.eq\o\ac(○,2)人稱代詞賓格在句中作動(dòng)詞或介詞的賓語(yǔ),是動(dòng)作的承受者。Mr.BrownteachesusEnglish.Youmustlookafterthem.提示:兩個(gè)以上人稱代詞并用時(shí),通常you放在第一位,I放在最后;復(fù)數(shù)we放在第一位,they放在最后,簡(jiǎn)單記成:?jiǎn)螖?shù)2.3.1;復(fù)數(shù)1.2.3。都是第三人稱,女后男在先。You,TomandIareleavingnextmonth.3.物主代詞(1)物主代詞的概念物主代詞是表示所有關(guān)系的一類(lèi)代詞。Thisisn’tmyWalkman.It’shers.(2)物主代詞分類(lèi):形容詞性物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞。人稱單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)形容詞性物主代詞名詞性物主代詞形容詞性物主代詞名詞性物主代詞第一人稱mymineourours第二人稱youryoursyouryours第三人稱hishistheirtheirsherhersitsits(3)物主代詞的基本用法eq\o\ac(○,1)形容詞性物主代詞和形容詞有相似之處,用來(lái)修飾名詞,不可以單獨(dú)使用。Thesearetheirbooks.HernameisChengJie.eq\o\ac(○,2)名詞性物主代詞相當(dāng)于“形容詞性物主代詞+名詞”,后面不必再加名詞。Thisismypen.Thatisyours/yourpen.4.疑問(wèn)代詞(1)疑問(wèn)代詞基本用法疑問(wèn)代詞在句中起名詞詞組的作用,常被用來(lái)構(gòu)成疑問(wèn)句,置于句首。Whosebookisthis?Whatareyoureadingnow?(2)常見(jiàn)的疑問(wèn)代詞有:what,which,who,whom,whose等。指人的是who,whom,whose;指物的是:what;既可指人又可指物的是which。Whichdoyoulikebetter,teaormilk?What’syourfather?Whosebooksaretheseonthedesk?5.指示代詞this,these,指較近的事物;that,those指較遠(yuǎn)的事物。6.反身代詞(1)反身代詞的構(gòu)成:myself,ourselves,yourself,yourselvesherself,himself,itself,themselves,oneself(2)反身代詞的用法反身代詞可以作賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)等。Weenjoyedourselvesverymuch.Iboughtanewcoatformyself.Hehimselfdidit.7.不定代詞(1)常見(jiàn)的不定代詞有:all,each,both,either,neither,little,few,many,much,other,another,some,any,somebody,anybody,nobody,everybody,someone,anyone,noone,everyone,something,anything,everything,none.(2)常見(jiàn)的不定代詞區(qū)別eq\o\ac(○,1)both,either,neitherboth表示“兩者都”,either表示“兩者中的任何一個(gè)”,neither表示“兩者都不”。Bothofusareright.EitheryoutwoisOK.Neitherofusisright.提示:1.both+名詞復(fù)數(shù)=either+名詞單數(shù)Therearemanytreesonbothsidesofthestreet.=Therearemanytreesoneithersideofthestreet2.both…and…作主語(yǔ)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù),either…or…和neither…nor…作主語(yǔ)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)與鄰近的主語(yǔ)保持一致。BothTomandJennyarefromAmerica.EitherTomorIamright.=EitherIorTomisright.NeitherTomnorIamright.=NeitherInorTomisright.eq\o\ac(○,2)few,afew,與little,alittlefew和afew修飾可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞都用復(fù)數(shù),little和alittle修飾不可數(shù)名詞,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞都用單數(shù)。afew,alittle是肯定的含義,意為“一些”;few,little是否定的含義,意為“幾乎沒(méi)有”。Afewstudentsgotothepark.Fewstudentsgotothepark.Hehasalittlehair.Hehaslittlehair.eq\o\ac(○,3)each和everyeach和every都意為“每一個(gè)”,后面的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞都要用單數(shù)。但each比every更強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)體。Each具有形容詞和代詞兩個(gè)詞性,可以作句子主語(yǔ);every只能作形容詞,不作主語(yǔ)。Each(man)hashislife.Everysingerhashissuccessfulsong.eq\o\ac(○,4)other,another,theother,others,與theothersother表示“其他的,另外的”,后面跟名詞或代詞;“another+單數(shù)名詞”意為“又一個(gè),另外一個(gè)”,泛指。無(wú)限定范圍;theother表示“另外一個(gè)”,指兩者中的另外一個(gè);others表示“其他人”,泛指復(fù)數(shù)含義,無(wú)限定范圍,后面不能跟名詞;theothers表示“其他人”,特指的復(fù)數(shù),指在一定范圍內(nèi)去除一部分后剩下的另一部分。Ihavetwoflowers.Oneisred,theotheroneiswhite.Tomistallerthantheothersinhisclass.Wouldyoulikeanothercupoftea?Therearemanypeopleinthepark,somearetalking,someareflyingkitesandothersarereading.例題引導(dǎo)一、用other,theother,others,與theothers填空1.Hehastwodaughters.Oneisanurse,________isaworker.2.Somepeoplelikewalking.Somelikerunning.________likeswimming.3.Twoboyswillgotothezoo,and_______willstayathome.4.Doyouhaveany_______qustions?二、單項(xiàng)選擇1.---________schoolismuchlargerthan________?----Really?AOur;yourB.Our;yoursC.Ours;yoursD.We;you2.________areallinClass6.A.You,IandheB.He,youandIC.I,youandhe.D.You,heandI3.ThebuildingsinDalianaresimilar(相似的)to______inTokyo.A.onesB.thoseC.theseD.that銜接訓(xùn)練一、單項(xiàng)選擇1,TheweatherinGuangzhouisbetterthan____inShenyang.A.thatB.itC.thisD.one2._______havearacingbicycle.A.EachB.EachofusC.EveryofusD.Weeach3.Mybikeisbroken.MayIborrow_________?A.youB.yourselfC.yoursD.your4.Ibought_______exercisebookswith_______money.A.afew;afewB.afew;alittleC.alittle;afew.D.alittle;alittle5.---_____ishe?Heisabusdriver.A.WhoB.WhichC.ThatD.What6.---________hatisthis?----It’s________.A.Whose;meB.Who;mineC.Whom;hisD.Whose;mine7.Hehas________totellus.A.somethingimportantB.importantsomethingC.anythingusefulD.usefulnothing8._____oftheteachersareOKinourschool.A.EveryB.EachC.EitherD.All9.Ofthethreeforeigners,oneisfromLondon,and_____arefromthexUSA.A.twoothersB.theothertwoC..anothertwoD.theboth10.---Whichwouldyoulike,sir,teaorcoffee?---Idon’tmind.______isOK.A.EitherB.NeitherC.AnyD.Both11.________ofushasreadthenewspaper,soweknownothingaboutit.A.SomeB.BothC.NoneD.All12.Heisnotawarm-heartedman,so_____peoplecangetonwellwithhm.A.fewB.afewC.littleD.alittle七、冠詞1.什么是冠詞?冠詞是一種虛詞,它置于名詞前,幫助說(shuō)明名詞的含義。本身沒(méi)有意義,不可單獨(dú)使用,只能和名詞連用。英語(yǔ)中的冠詞分不定冠詞a/an和定冠詞the兩種。2.不定冠詞的含義和主要用法不定冠詞a/an通常泛指同類(lèi)事物中的某一個(gè)(位、塊、片……)。其中,a用在輔音音素開(kāi)頭的單詞前,如abook;an用在元音音素開(kāi)頭的單詞前,如anorange.不定冠詞主要有以下四種用法:指人或事物的某一種類(lèi)。It’sabasketball.Ahorseisausefulanimal.Thisisaninterestingmovie.表示“一”這個(gè)數(shù)量,但數(shù)的概念沒(méi)有強(qiáng)烈。Shehasasmallnoseandlonghair.(3)指某人或某物,但不具體說(shuō)明是何人或何物。Hisgrandfatherisanoldman.Thereisaneraseronthedesk.(4)用于一些固定短語(yǔ)中,如:afew,alittle,alotof等。3.定冠詞的含義和主要用法定冠詞the通常對(duì)所修飾的名詞有指定作用,表示“這(那)個(gè)”,“這(那)些”。定冠詞主要有以下用法:特指某(些)人或某(些)事物Thegirlinanorangedressismysister.指談話雙方都知道的人或物Pleaselookattheblackboard.指上文提過(guò)得人或物IwenttothePeople’sParkyesterday.Theparkisbeautiful.指世界上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的事物Thesunisbiggerthantheearth.用在序數(shù)詞和形容詞最高級(jí)前GaoShanlivesonthefifthfloor.用在由普通名詞構(gòu)成的專有名詞前theGreatWall,thePalaceMuseum用在江、河、湖、海等專有名詞前theChangjiangRiver,theYellowRiver用在姓氏的復(fù)數(shù)形式前指一家TheBrownsareveryfriendly.用在樂(lè)器名稱前CanTomplaytheviolin?(10)用在一些習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)中inthemorning,/afternoon/evening,intheend4.什么叫零冠詞?什么情況下不用冠詞?有些情況下,名詞前面可以不用冠詞。專有名詞前HewenttiNanjingthreedaysago.月份、周日、節(jié)日、季節(jié)前HewasbornonJuly1st,1990.三餐名詞前LiuTaohaslunchatschool.球類(lèi)運(yùn)動(dòng)名稱前MrBrownplaystennisverywell.職位、頭銜和稱呼語(yǔ)等名詞前Mum!Wherearemyshoes?復(fù)數(shù)名詞表示一類(lèi)人或事物時(shí)Ilikepotatoes.語(yǔ)言、學(xué)科等名稱前WehaveMathfourtimesaweek.兩個(gè)詞義相同或相近的名詞連用時(shí)Heworksharddayandnight.名詞前已經(jīng)有作定語(yǔ)的指示代詞、物主代詞和不定代詞時(shí)Thisbookisinteresting.泛指人類(lèi)時(shí)Mancan’tlivewithoutair.用在固定詞組中g(shù)otoschool,bytrain,inhospital,atnight.例題引路單項(xiàng)選擇1.Hegivemysister____

溫馨提示

  • 1. 本站所有資源如無(wú)特殊說(shuō)明,都需要本地電腦安裝OFFICE2007和PDF閱讀器。圖紙軟件為CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.壓縮文件請(qǐng)下載最新的WinRAR軟件解壓。
  • 2. 本站的文檔不包含任何第三方提供的附件圖紙等,如果需要附件,請(qǐng)聯(lián)系上傳者。文件的所有權(quán)益歸上傳用戶所有。
  • 3. 本站RAR壓縮包中若帶圖紙,網(wǎng)頁(yè)內(nèi)容里面會(huì)有圖紙預(yù)覽,若沒(méi)有圖紙預(yù)覽就沒(méi)有圖紙。
  • 4. 未經(jīng)權(quán)益所有人同意不得將文件中的內(nèi)容挪作商業(yè)或盈利用途。
  • 5. 人人文庫(kù)網(wǎng)僅提供信息存儲(chǔ)空間,僅對(duì)用戶上傳內(nèi)容的表現(xiàn)方式做保護(hù)處理,對(duì)用戶上傳分享的文檔內(nèi)容本身不做任何修改或編輯,并不能對(duì)任何下載內(nèi)容負(fù)責(zé)。
  • 6. 下載文件中如有侵權(quán)或不適當(dāng)內(nèi)容,請(qǐng)與我們聯(lián)系,我們立即糾正。
  • 7. 本站不保證下載資源的準(zhǔn)確性、安全性和完整性, 同時(shí)也不承擔(dān)用戶因使用這些下載資源對(duì)自己和他人造成任何形式的傷害或損失。

最新文檔

評(píng)論

0/150

提交評(píng)論