英語段落寫作課件

EnglishParagraphWriting英語段落寫作

段落寫作

段落是文章內容中具有一個完整意義的外部表現形

態(tài)，是文章結構的基本單位。段落通常由若干個對

一個主要觀點展開論述的相互關聯(lián)的句子組成。但

段落并非是句子的隨意堆砌，句子內容之間應該具

有連貫和邏輯性。段落表達的內容應該是單一的，

一個段落只能表達一個意思，而不能把意思上互不

相關的句子堆砌在一起，造成段落內容的龐雜錯亂

；段落表達的內容應該是完整的，一個意思應當盡

量集中在一個段落里陳述，最好不要分割成兩段或

幾段，而使段落內容支離破碎。

EnglishParagraphWriting1ParagraphStructure

段落的構成

2ParagraphUnity

段落的整體性

3ParagraphCoherence

段落的連貫性

1.ParagraphStructure段落的構成

OneEnglishparagraphusuallyincludesthefollowingthreeparts:(1)TopicSentence主題句

(2)Supporting/DevelopingSentence

輔助句/支撐句/發(fā)展句

(3)ConcludingSentence

結尾句

Topicsentence主題句

?在段落中用于概括段落主旨大意的句子，叫做主題句。一個好的主題句能夠準確地表達作者的觀點或態(tài)度。關于主題的這個觀點或態(tài)度成為主題思想（controllingidea）。主題句限定了在一個單獨的段落中所允許討論的內容。

?例：

主題句Gold,apreciousmetal,isprizedfortwoimportantcharacteristics.該句中gold是主題詞，twoimportantcharacteristics是表達主題思想的關鍵詞。

HowtoWriteaGoodTopicSentenceThreeessentialpoints:3個要點

1.主題句必須是一個完整的句子，包括一個主語，一

個謂語動詞，常常還帶有其它修飾語。下面的例子中

雖然有的包括主題思想，但并不是完整的句子。

Fragments：

?Drivingonfreeways.?Howtoregisterforcollegeclasses.?Thebenefitsoftelevisiontochildren.Fragments：

?Drivingonfreeways.?Howtoregisterforcollegeclasses.?Thebenefitsoftelevisiontochildren.Revisedsentences:?Drivingonfreewaysrequiresskillandalertness機敏.?Registeringforcollegeclassescanbeafrustratingexperiencefornewstudents.?Televisionbenefitsyoungchildreninthreemajorways.HowtoWriteaGoodTopicSentenceThreeessentialpoints:2.主題句由主題詞和主題思想的表述兩部分構成

主題詞表明討論的對象。主題思想的表述部分

限制或控制這個主題在一個段落中能夠被論述

的具體方面。它應該是能夠展述主題思想的一

個詞或一個短語，即關鍵詞。

Topicandcontrollingidea

?Thetopicsentencegivesaparagraphdirectionandpurpose.Ittellswhattheparagraphisabout(thetopic),andhowthewriterwilldevelopthattopic(thecontrollingidea).

?試分析下列的主題句：

例1

TheWomen'sMovementhashadseveraleffects

ontheEnglishlanguage.

在這個主題句中，表達主題思想的關鍵詞是severaleffects，它規(guī)定了談論的主題和內容。為了論證這個主題思想，作者應提供具體細節(jié)或實例來回答這樣的問題：“WhatreasonsdidIhaveforsayingseveraleffects?”有可能列出以下原因：

1）IthascreatedMs.,atitleforwomencomparabletoMr.formen.2)TheMovementhaschangedtheendingofseveralcompoundwordsfrom–manto–person.3)TheMovementisresponsibleforsomenewterms.

例2Studentsonthiscampusrecentlyvoicedseveralcomplaints.

問題：該主題句中，表達主題思想的關鍵詞是什么？

答案：

severalcomplaints所以在主題句后，應輔以細節(jié)來論證主題思想severalcomplaints。有可能列出下列事實：

1）Theyvoiceddissatisfactionwiththecampuslighting.2)Theyexpressedtheirdisgustwiththecafeteriafood.3)Theyprotestedthegradingpoliticsoftheinstructors.例3Smokingcigarettescanbeanexpensivehabit.該主題句中，主題是thehabitofsmoking

cigarettes,

主題思想是Smokingcigarettescanbeexpensive。

在此句中expensive是表示主題思想的關鍵詞，在展開

主題句的段落中，應論證吸煙的確是開銷較大的一種習

慣。下面是一個說明主題展開的段落提綱。

1）Cigarettescostaboutseventy-fivecents.2）Theaveragesmokersmokestwopacksaday.3）Theannualexpenseforthissmokeris$547.50.4）Thesmokermustalsopayforextracleaningofcarpets,furniture,andclothes.HowtoWriteaGoodTopicSentence3.由于主題句僅僅提及主題思想，因此只是一種概括性

的陳述而不提供具體的細節(jié)，它能被段落中其它句子

解釋、論證或分析。主題句應該對該段落內容進行適當

概括和限制。主題句如果太過籠統(tǒng)，就不能包含具體的

思想和觀點，對段落如何展開缺乏指導和限定，使讀者

由于內容太空泛而很難確切地知道本段要談論的內容；

主題句如果太具體，讀者就會發(fā)現作者對這段內容已無

發(fā)揮、充實的余地，而無法將主題句展開。

Whichisagoodtopicsentence??1.Americanfoodisterrible.?2.AmericanfoodistastelessandgreasybecauseAmericansusetoomanycanned,frozen,andprepackagedfoodsandbecauseeverythingisfriedinoilorbutter.?3.Americanfoodistastelessandgreasy.

1.Americanfoodisterrible.

第一句作為主題句不合適，因為句子內容闡述過于籠統(tǒng)和抽象，段落擴展的發(fā)揮點不明確。

2.AmericanfoodistastelessandgreasybecauseAmericansusetoomanycanned,frozen,andprepackagedfoodsandbecauseeverythingisfriedinoilorbutter.

第二句缺乏概括性的特點，局限于某個具體事務，而在文字和內容上無法再進一步展開。

3.Americanfoodistastelessandgreasy.

第三句具有概括性的觀點，可以通過列舉事實、說明理由，補充細節(jié)材料，展開段落內容。所以，這是一個比較好的主題句。

?試分析下面的句子：是否能做主題句？

?HongKongisfamousforitsdevelopedeconomy,highstandardofliving,andinterculturalatmosphere.?分析：這個句子包含了過多的信息，主體不明確，這會使段落缺乏統(tǒng)一性。句中所闡述的三個部分的內容是互不相關的，不能單獨放再單獨的一個段落內敘述，而應放在三個段落里寫。改寫為：HongKongisfamousforitsdevelopedeconomy，就可以成為一個比較好的主題句了。

ActivityIdentifywhichisthetopicsentence:?1.Systolicpressure收縮壓between140and160indicatesborderlinehypertension.

?2.Intheusualbloodpressurereading,thesystolicmeasurementisgivenfirstandisthehigherofthetwo.?3.Systolicpressureistakenwhentheheartiscontractingtopumpblood;diastolicpressure舒張壓

istakenwhentheheartisrestingbetweenbeats.?心臟收縮泵血時測得收縮壓；心臟舒張時測得舒張壓

ActivityIdentifywhichisthetopicsentence:?4.Bloodpressuremeasurementhastwocomponents:systolicanddiastolic.?5.Normalbloodpressureisasystolicmeasurementof140,andwhenthesystolicpressureis160orhigher,thenhypertensionexists.HowtoWriteaGoodTopicSentencePositionofTopicSentence:主題句的位置

?主題句的位置比較靈活，通常位于段首，其優(yōu)

點是開門見山，一目了然。用演繹法寫的段落也

稱

“擴張法”，就是以概述主題開首，隨之輔以細

說，即用具體細節(jié)或事例來演繹展開主題句中的

主題思想。

?主題句有時也位于段落的中間。這種寫作方法

常用來比較或對比不同的對象。段中主題句起承

上啟下，使上下文平衡的作用。

HowtoWriteaGoodTopicSentencePositionofTopicSentence:主題句的位置

?用歸納法寫段落也稱作“收攏法”，從細節(jié)出發(fā)，最后歸納到段落的中心論點。用此種方法寫作時，主題句一般位于段落的末尾，它是依據上文的細節(jié)推論出的論點，起到畫龍點睛的作用。

?在有的段落中，主題句甚至不直接寫出來，而是通過細節(jié)的陳述含蓄地表達出段落的主題思想。是，需有讀者意會。

?盡管主題句可以出現在段落中的任何位置，但對于英語寫作的初學者來說，大多數情況下，采用段首主題句的方法進行寫作練習，便于擴展和限制全段的寫作，是一種行之有效的方法。我們必須明確，主題句無論出現在段落的何處，都必須是段落內容的焦點，即必須涵蓋段落其它句子所闡述的論點。

PracticeReadeachofthefollowingparagraphs.Ifyoufindatopicsentence,underlineit.

?Paragraph1?Changesinthepricesofgoodscancausechangesinproductionandconsumption.Productionincreaseswhenthepricesarehigh.Asthepricesofgoodsgoup,producersmakemoregoodsbecausetheycanmakemoremoneywhentheysellthegoods.Ontheotherhand,consumptionincrassateswhenthepricesarelow.Asthepricesgoodsgodown,consumersbuymoregoodsbecauseofthelowprices.?Paragraph2?AlbertEinstein,oneoftheworld'sgeniuses,failedhisuniversityentranceexaminationsonhisfirstattempt.WilliamFaulkner,oneofAmerican'snotedwriters,neverfinishedcollegebecausehecouldnotpasshisEnglishcourses.SirWinstonChurchill,whoisconsideredoneofthemastersoftheEnglishlanguage,hadtohavespecialtutoringinEnglishduringelementaryschool.Theseexamplesshowthatfailureinschooldoesnotalwayspredictfailureinlife.HowtoWriteGoodSupportingSentences

輔助句也稱展開句或推展句。

輔助句是主題句的延伸

，是段落中對主題句進行具體論證的句子，即以具體

的和真實的細節(jié)對段落主題進行闡述、說明、舉證或

引申，從而擴展深化主題。

學生在英語寫作中存在的一個最大的問題常常是在文

章中缺乏組走的信息和具體細節(jié)來說明或支持段落主

題。要寫好輔助句，必須注意所有輔助句的闡述都要

與主題密切相關，要有充分的論證細節(jié)來說明主題思

想，保持句子的連貫性，所有的句子都應按其邏輯順

序排列。

?例

MyroommatePaulpossessesthecharacteristicsofagoodstudent.Oneofhischaracteristicsisalwaysbeingpreparedforclasses.Forexample,whenhisphilosophyprofessorassignsaclassdiscussionontheideaofKant（康德）,hegoestothelibraryanddoesextensiveresearchonthesubject.Inaddition,whenhisEnglishinstructorassignsanout-of-classessay,hebringstoclassthefinalcopyofanessaythathehasrevisedseveraltimes.?在這個段落中，輔助句以簡明和獨特的具體實例來論證和展開主題句，而且所有句子都統(tǒng)一于這個主題。

ActivityTrydevelopingthetopicsentences.Illustrateyourpersonalitywithspecificexamples.

–Iamaverysensitiveperson.–Iamaveryindependentperson.–IthinkIwouldbeagoodfriend.Iamaverysensitiveperson,andthat'sgoodtoapoint.Ifeeleveryoneshouldbeabletofeelorunderstandwhatothersaregoingthrough.Butwhenyouhurt,cry,orareunhappyforpeopleyoudon'tknow,orforamoviethatisnotreal,thenIthinkthat'salittletoosensitive.That'sthewayIam.Iamaveryindependentperson.Imustdothingsformyself.Idon'tlikepeopledoingthingsforme,orhelpingme,orgivingmethings.It'snotthatIdon'tappreciateit,becauseIdo.Ijustfeelthatwhensomeonedoessomethingforyou,youowethem,andifthereisonethingIdon'tliketofeel,it'sthatIoweanyoneanything.

IthinkIwouldbeagoodfriend.IwoulddoalmostanythingforsomeoneIlike,andwouldshareorgiveanythingIhave.I'mverycaringandunderstanding.Peopletrustmewiththeirsecrets,andthey'rerightfordoingsobecauseInevertellanysecretthatistoldtome.I'malwaystheretohelpinanywaythatIcan.Allyouhavetodoisask.

HowtoWriteaGoodConcludingSentence?使用表示段落結尾的轉承信號詞，如“inconclusion,insummary,finally,inbrief,insum,toconclude,allinall”等。

?對段落要點加以總結。

?對主題加以評論，給讀者留下深刻的印象。

ActivityWriteaconcludingsentencebasedonthegivenoutline.TopicSentence:Therearethreethingsthatwouldmakemethehappiestpersonintheworld.BodyPart:–Ahappyfamilylife–Asatisfyingcareer–InnerpeaceandsecurityConcludingSentence:Inconclusion,ifIcouldhaveagoodhomelife,achallengingjob,andinnerstrength,Iwouldbecontentedandsatisfiedwithmylife.

PracticeFinishwritingtheconcludingsentences:

Producersmakemoregoodswhenpricesarehigh,andconsumersbuymoregoodswhenpricesarelow.Aspricesgoup,producersmakemoregoodsbecausetheycanmakemoremoneyfortheirgoods.Aspricesgodown,consumersbuymoregoodsbecauseofthelowhowchangesinthepricesofgoodsprices.Thisshowsus…

cancausechangesinproductionand

consumption.PracticeTrytoappreciatethefollowingparagraph,andidentify：

(1)Topicsentence(2)Supportingsentences(3)ConcludingsentencesOfallthefourseasons,Ihaveastrongerpreferenceforspring.Springistheseasonwhennaturewakesupfromherlongwintersleep,andeverythingstartstogrow.Youcanalwayslistenforbirdssinging,witnessbutterfliesdancingandwatchbeesbusywithflowers.Springisaseasonassociatedwithbeautifullandscape.Theskyiscrystalclear,soisthewaterwithbeautifulredflowersandlovelygreengrasssurroundingyou.Springisasoftsong,sweetandmelodious.WhenIaminabadmood,Iwilloccasionallysearchmymemoriesforthenotesofthissong.WhenImeetwithdifficulties,Isingthesongtofindcomfort,nourishment,strengthandinspirationinitsgentletune.Thatisspring—

myfavoriteseason,dynamicandcolorful,whichalwaysfillsmewithjoyandgivesmepeaceofmind.

keys主題句

Ofallthefourseasons,Ihaveastrongerpreferenceforspring.Springistheseasonwhennaturewakesupfromherlongwintersleep,andeverythingstartstogrow.Youcanalwayslistenforbirdssinging,witnessbutterfliesdancingandwatchbeesbusywithflowers.Springisaseasonassociatedwithbeautifullandscape.Theskyiscrystalclear,soisthewaterwithbeautifulredflowersandlovelygreengrasssurroundingkeys結尾句

you.Springisasoftsong,sweetandmelodious.WhenIaminabadmood,Iwilloccasionallysearchmymemoriesforthenotesofthissong.WhenImeetwithdifficulties,Isingthesongtofindcomfort,nourishment,strengthandinspirationinitsgentletune.Thatisspring—

myfavoriteseason,dynamicandcolorful,whichalwaysfillsmewithjoyandgivesmepeaceofmind.

2.2ParagraphUnity

段落的一致性是指文章基于一個統(tǒng)一的主題，段落內容應保持一致，每個段落只能闡述一個中心思想，每一個句子都應與主題句密切相關，那些與主題無關和不能展開論證主題思想的句子應刪去，從而形成一個嚴謹的段落結構。

閱讀下面段落，并分析段落是否具有一致性。

例1Therearefewplacesintheworldtodaythathavenotbeenspoiledbyindustrialdevelopmentandpollution.Theairwebreatheismoreoftenthannotpollutedbythesmokefromfactorychimneysandtheexhaustfumesofmotorvehicles,whilechemicalwastepoisonsourrivers,lakesandseas.Andbycoveringmoreandmoreoftheearth'ssurfacewithbuildingsandroads,weareerectinghugebarriersofconcretebetweenourselvesandnature.Itwouldappearthatwearepurposelycuttingourselvesofffromnatureanddestroyingwildlifeaswedoso.

分析例1：

這段例文中，所有的句子都是圍繞著“我們

生存環(huán)境被污染，生態(tài)環(huán)境被破壞”這一主題

論述的，具有較好的統(tǒng)一性。

例2Anotherproblemfacinganumberofelderlypeopleislivingonareducedincome.Uponretiring,oldpeoplemayreceiveapensionfromtheircompanyorSocialSecurityfromthegovernment.Theamountoftheirmonthlychecksisoftenhalftheamountthecheckstheyreceivedwhentheywereemployed.Suddenly,retireesfindthattheycannolongercontinuethelife-stylethattheyhadbecomeaccustomedto,evenifthatlifestylewasamodestone.Manyfind,afterpayingtheirmonthlybills,thatthereisnomoneyleftforamovieoradinnerout.Ofcourse,sometimestheycan'tgooutbecauseoftheirhealth.Maybetheyhavearthritisorrheumatism,anditispainfulforthemtomovearound.Thiscanalsochangetheirlifestyle.Someolderpeople,however,discoverthatthesmallamountofmoneytheyreceivewillnotevencovertheirmonthlybills.Theyrealizewithhorrorthatelectricity,atelephone,andnourishingfoodareluxuriestheycannolongerafford.Theyresorttoshiveringinthedark,eatingcatfoodinordertomakeendsmeet.(Smalley&Ruetten,1990,p.17)

分析例2：

?這個段落的主題是“Anotherproblemfacinganumberofelderlypeople”，中心思想是“l(fā)ivingonareducedincome”.因此，所有的句子都應圍繞這個主題。但是在這個段落中，

有三個句子并沒有討論這一特定的主題。所以，這些句子應從這個段落中刪除，或應在另一個段落中展開。

Canyoufindoutthesesentences?三個和主題不相關的句子

?Ofcourse,sometimestheycan'tgooutbecauseoftheirhealth.?Maybetheyhavearthritis(

[ɑ‘θraitis]

關節(jié)炎)orrheumatism（

['ru:m?tiz(?)m]風濕?。?anditispainfulforthemtomovearound.?Thiscanalsochangetheirlifestyle.ActivityIdentifywhetherthefollowingparagraphsareunified.Pickoutanysentencewhichisnotrelatedtothecontrollingideaoftheparagraph.

Forhundredsofyears,manhasmadeuseofthetalentsofmonkeys.AncientEgyptianpaintingsshowbaboons狒狒gatheringfruitfortheirmasters.Evenin1879,inAbyssinia,monkeyswerestillbeingusedastorchbearers持火炬者

atfeasts.Themonkeyswouldsitinarowonabenchandholdthelightsuntiltheguestswenthome.Thenthemonkeyswouldeat.Mostoftheworld'szooscontainavarietyofmonkeysforpeopletowatch.

Whichisnottalent?Monkey'stalents:?baboonsgatheringfruit?Monkeysbeingusedastorchbearers?Monkeysinzooforpeopletowatch?下面是論述同一題目的兩個段落。試比較哪個段落具有整體性。

Paragraph1

Progressisgraduallybeingmadeinthefightagainstcancer.Intheearly1900s,fewcancerpatientshadanyhopeoflong-termsurvival.Inthe1930s,lessthanoneinfivecancervictimslivedmorethanfiveyears.Inthe1950s,theratiowasoneinfour.Currently,theratioisdowntooneinthree.Thegainfromoneinfourtooneinthreerepresentsabout58,000livessavedeachyear.

Paragraph2

Progressisgraduallybeingmadeinthefightagainstcancer.Intheearly1900s,fewcancerpatientshadanyhopeoflong-termsurvival.Butbecauseofadvancesinmedicaltechnology,progresshasbeenmadesothatcurrentlyoneinthreecancerpatientssurvives.Ithasbeenproventhatsmokingisadirectcauseoflungcancer.However,thebattlehasnotyetbeenwon.Althoughcuresforsomeformsofcancerhavebeendiscovered,otherformsofcancerarestillincreasingHeartdiseaseisalsoincreasing.分析結果：

這兩個段落都是討論關于“survivingcancer”問題的，

兩段的主題句相同，且均位于段首。第一段例文闡明主題句之后，用連續(xù)直敘的方法展述，并用三個輔助句以具體事實對其觀點進行論證。結論句在前面展述的基礎上進行總結，并與主題句相呼應。整個段落緊扣主題，結構層次清楚，具有同一性。在第二段例文中，并不是每個句子都緊扣主題，破壞了段落內容的整體性，段落顯得缺乏統(tǒng)一性，是不可取的。

3ParagraphCoherence

Coherenceinaparagraphreferstothewaythesentencesarearrangedandtotheirrelationshiptooneanother.Whenaparagraphiscoherent,thesentencesarearrangedinaclearandlogicalorder,thetransitionsaresmoothandnatural,andideasflowsmoothlyandgracefullyfromonesentencetothenext.Asaresult,thereaderfindsiteasytofollowthewriter's

trainofthought.段落的連貫性

3ParagraphCoherence?cohere表示“tostick”或“toholdtogether”。連貫，一是指結構上的連貫；二是指內容上的連貫。

?也就是文章的結構層次和連接應按照一定的邏輯順序編排，在一個句子銜接下個句子時或是一個段落連接下個段落時，必須合乎邏輯、連貫緊湊、不應有跳躍。這樣句子或段落銜接自然流暢，文章層次分明，脈絡清晰。讀者就會比較容易跟隨作者的思路深入理解寫作內容。

3ParagraphCoherence兩種保持段落連貫性的方法。

?第一，用轉承詞語或稱轉承信號詞表明一個意思是怎樣與下一個意思相連的；Transitionsignals?第二，按照一定的邏輯順序排列句子，采用何種邏

?輯順序應取決于文章的主體和寫作目的。最常用的邏輯順序是時間順序、空間順序和主次順序。Logicalorder?ChronologicalOrder時間順序

?SpatialOrder空間順序

?OrderofImportance重要性次序

TransitionSignals轉承信號詞

Transitionsignalsarewordssuchasfirst,second,

next,finally,therefore,andhowever,orphrasessuchasinconclusion,ontheotherhand,andasaresult.Thinkoftransitionsignalsastrafficsignsthattellyourreaderwhentogoforward,turn,slowdown,andstop.Inotherwords,theytellthereaderwhenyouaregivingasimilaridea(similarly,moreover,furthermore,inaddition),anoppositeidea(ontheotherhand,however,incontrast),anexample(forexample),aresult(asaresult),oraconclusion(inconclusion).

轉承詞是保持段落連貫的一個重要方法。轉承詞與像橋梁一樣把一個句子的意思同里一個句子連接起來。轉承詞與是用于指示寫作方向的詞語，告訴讀者：作者在什么時候闡述一個相同的意思，什么時候闡述一個相反的意思，什么時候舉例，什么時候給出結果或結論。因此運用轉承詞與不僅能使行文連貫，而且能指導讀者跟隨作者的思路進行閱讀，清楚地掌握該短的脈絡。

Herearesomeofthemostcommontransitionalwordsandphrasesandtherelationships

they

show.?

toshowaddition:and,too,also,again,aswellas,besides,inaddition,moreover,further,furthermore,both…and…,

not

only…but

also...

?Toshowconcession:although,though,eventhough,evenif,inspiteof,despite,naturally,

of

course?Toshowtimesequenceonce,before,after,afterward,always,when,atonce,assoonas,tobeginwith,first(second,third),inthemeantime,inthepast(future),later,then,next,until,atlast,finally,eventually,fromthenon,sincethenand,again,first,second,third…

?Toshowplaceinfrontof,ontheotherside,behind,inside,outside,nearby,nextto,opposite,beyond,below,under,atthispoint?Toshowresultso,thus,hence,asaresult,forthisreason,consequently,accordingly,therefore,allinall,altogether,finally,inbrief,inconclusion,inshort,insummary,tosummarize…

?Tocomparesimilarly,inthesameway,likewise…?Tocontrasthowever,incontrast,instead,nevertheless然而,notwithstanding雖然,onthecontrary,ontheotherhand,

otherwise否則

?Toillustrateorexplain

for

example,

for

instance,namely,inparticular

尤其,suchas,thatis,toillustrate說明，顯示

?Toemphasizeindeed,infact,aboveall,ofcourse,unquestionably,mostimportant,lastbutnotleast,specifically?Tosummarizeinbrief,inotherwords,inshort,ashasbeensaid,onthewhole,tosumup,inconclusionReadthefollowingparagraphandidentifythetransitionalwordsinit.Nowadays,underthenewtuitionsystem,anincreasingnumberofstudents,especiallythosepoverty-strickenstudents,nowseemtobedefeatedbythecrushingtuitionburden.ThereforeTherefore,manypeoplecomplainthatthenewtuitionsystemkeepspoverty-strickenstudentsawayfromcollege.HoweverHowever,inmyopinion,thenewtuitionsystemdoesaddmuchdifficultiestothepoor

students

bbutut

it

will

never

keepsthemawayfromcollege.FirstFirst,carryingoutthenewtuitionsystem,,inthegovernmentalshouldprovidesomespecialpolicyforpoorstudent.BesidesBesides,theyareentitledtotakealoanfrombanksordosomepart-timejobsduringtheirsparetime,suchsuchasasweekendsandholidays.Finally,Finallytheycantrytowinscholarshipbyadditionalefforts.Inshort,Inshortmanproposes,andGoddisposes.Noonewillbekeptoutofcollegeduetofinancialburdenunlessheisdefeatedbyhimself.PracticePleaseanalyzeandidentifythetransitiondevicesusedinthefollowingparagraph.

Transitionsarethegluethatholdsaparagraphtogether.These

devicesleadthereaderfromsentencetosentence,smoothingoverthegapsbetweenbyindicatingtherelationshipbetweenthesentences.Ifthisglueismissing,theparagraphwillalmostinevitablysoundchoppyorchildish,evenifeverysentenceinitrespondstoasingletopiccommitment.However,transitionsarenotsubstitutesfortopicunity:likemostglue,theyaremosteffectivewhenjoiningsimilarobjects,or,inthiscase,similarideas.Forexample,inaparagraphdescribingachickenegg,notransitioncouldbridgethegapcreatedbytheinclusionofasentenceconcernedwithnavallossesintheCivilWar.Inotherwords,transitionscancallattentiontothetopicrelationshipsbetweensentences,buttheycannotcreatethoserelationships.

PracticeReadthefollowingparagraphscarefullyandanswerquestions.Whatistheprimarymethodusedtoarrangedetails:timeorder,spatialorder,ororderofimportance?

Inmy25yearsasasecretary,Ihavehadtomasterthreedifferentkindsofwritingmachines.Ibeganmycareeronthemanualtypewriter.Isoonlearnedtohandleitefficientlyandtypedbetweensixty-fiveandseventywordsperminute.Thentenyearslater,Ifoundmyselfbeingforcedtoadap