介詞 公開課教學設計

中學英語語法講義-介詞介詞是一種虛詞，不能單獨用作句子成分，通常用于名詞或代詞等之前，表示其后詞語與句中其他詞語之間的關系。它不能單獨作句子成分。介詞的種類：簡單介詞(如about,at,by,in,on,to,near,with)合成介詞(如inside,into,,outof,without,upon)短語介詞(insteadof,infrontof)等。介詞短語介詞可以用名詞、代詞（或相當于名詞的其他詞類、短語或從句）作它的賓語。介詞及其賓語構成介詞短語。如：Afterawhile,atsixthirty,intheend,onwatch,underthetree三、介詞短語的句法功能1.表語Hewaswithafriend.他和一個朋友在一起。Healthisabovewealth.健康勝過財富。Thisknifeisforcuttingbread.這把小刀是用于切面包的。注：有些介詞(如becauseof)引出的短語通常只用作狀語，不用作表語：誤：Hisabsenceisbecauseoftherain.正：Hisabsenceisduetotherain.他因雨未來。但是，若主語是代詞(不是名詞)，becauseof引出的短語可用作表語：Itisbecauseofhardwork.那是因為辛苦工作的原因。2.狀語Don’ttouchitwithyourhands.別用手去摸它。Didyoudothisbydesignorbyaccident?你這樣做是有意的還是無意的？3.定語Thisishisreplytoyourletter.這是他給你的回信。Thisisthebestwayofdoingit.這是做此事最好的方法。Myloveforyouisdeeperthanthesea.我對你的愛比海深。4.賓語補足語Ifoundeverythingingoodcondition.我發(fā)現(xiàn)一切正常。Herillnesskeptherinbedforaweek.她因生病在床上躺了一星期。注：用作賓語補足語的介詞短語在相應的被動語態(tài)中則為主語補足語：Hewasregardedasahero.他被看成是英雄。5.賓語Amansteppedoutfrombehindthewall.一個人從墻后走出來。HecannotspareanytimeexceptonSunday.除星期日外，他抽不出時間。Iwon’tgohomeuntilaftertheexam.我要等考完后再回家。。6.主語Between6and7suitsme.六點到七點對我比較適合。Aftertheexamsisthetimetorelax.考試后是輕松一下的時間。注：介詞短語通常不用作主語，盡管有時也像上面這樣用作主語，但通?？梢暈槭窃谝欢ǖ纳舷挛闹杏兴÷裕骸癢henarewegoingtohavethenextmeeting?”“OnTuesdaymaybeconvenient.”“我們下次什么時候見面？”“星期二可能比較方便?！贝司渲衞nTuesday雖用作主語，但可視為是其前省略了meeting一詞，即：Meetingduringthevacationmaybeconvenient.幾個介詞的基本用法about關于Canyoutellmeaboutyourcountry?大約Ithinkit'saboutfiveo'clock.在……周圍Everythingaboutthelakeisbeautiful.常用于下列詞組中：How/Whatabout…?2、above1)（表示位置，與below相對）在……上方Themountainisover3,000metersabovesealevel.(常與數(shù)字一起用，與below相對）在……上面，超過Thetemperaturewillstayabovezerointhedaytime,butatnightitwillfallbelowzeroagain.3、across穿過，模過Goacrossthebridge,please.在（河、街）另一邊Thereisabusstopacrossthestreet.4、after(時間）在……后Weoftengooutforawalkaftersupper.注：after和in在表示時間時，都有“在……后”的意思，但用法上有區(qū)別。in+時間段用于將來時如：He'llcomebackinaweek.in+時間點用于一般過去時如：Hecameherein1999.after+時間段用于一般過去時如：Hecamebackafteraweek.after+時間點用于將來時如：He'llgotothepostofficeaftertwoo'clockthisafternoon.(順序）在……后面，緊接著Summercomesafterspring.（與某些動詞一起用）追Thechildrenranafterthemonkeys.常用于下列詞組afterclass,afterschool,thedayaftertomorrow,hourafterhour5、along沿著Goalongtheroad,please.注：along常與river,road,street等一起用。Among在……中間Heisthetallestamongus.……中之一ShanghaiisamongthebiggestcitiesinChina.7、around（與同義round)在……周圍，環(huán)繞著Themoontravelsaroundtheearth.在……附近，在范圍內HelivessomewherearoundFuzhou.常用于下列詞組中：Aroundtheworld,aroundthecorner8、as1）如同Theytalkedasfriends.2）作為Englishisusedverywidelyasaforeignlanguageinmanyothercountriesoftheworld.9at(表示時間）在……時刻Wegotoschoolatseveno'clockinthemorning.注：介詞at,in和on用于時間方面在意義和用法上有區(qū)別：at用于時間的一點，主要用來表示鐘點、時刻。如：athalfpastfiveatthattimein表示時間的一段，如：世紀、年份、季節(jié)、月份或泛指每天中的上午、下午、晚上等。如：inthetwentiethcenturyin2001insummerinmayinthemorning(afternoon,evening)On用于表示特定的時日，如日期、星期幾、節(jié)日或某一天的上午、下午、、晚上。如：OnSundayOnJune1.2011OnChristmasEveOnthemorningofJuly2(表示地點，場所，或空間的點）在……旁邊Heiswaitingforattheschoolgate.注：介詞in、on、at用于表示地點位置時，它們間的區(qū)別的很復雜，一般說來，它們區(qū)別如下：At表示位置是在一個點上。如：attheendoftheroadatthebusstopatthestreetcornerin表示地點位置在一個立體內。如:intheclassroonintheboxon表示的位置在一個平面上。如：onthemoonontheislandonthewall在……旁邊Wewillmeeteachotherattheschoolgate.在……方面TheyaregoodatEnglish.（指方向與目標）向著、對著Don'tshoutattheanimals.由于、因為Hefeltveryhappyatthenews.（表示價格、速度等）以Iboughtthecaratthatptice.常用于下列詞組中：Atfirst,atlast,atnight,atnoon,atmidnight,atonce,atthebeginningof,atthesametime,atthefootof,attheendof,attheheadof,atthemoment,atthistimeofyear,atabadtimeof,attimes,athome,atschool,atsea,atleast,atall,attheageof.9before(表示時間）在……之前Youcan'tbuythingsintheshopbefore9o'clock.(表示位置）在……前面，當著……的面Atlasthetooktheboybeforehisfather.注：表示地點“在……之前”時，不用before而用infrontof.如：Thereisatreeinfrontofthehouse.(表示次序）在……之前，先于Iarrivedtwodaysbeforeyou.常用于下列詞組thedaybeforeyesterday,beforelong10behind(表示位置）在……之后Therearesomeboysbehindthehouse.落后于Hesoonfellbehindtheothers.11beside在……旁邊Comeandsitbesideme.12besides除了TherewerefiveofusbesidesJohnwatchingthegame.注：besides與except作介詞用時，besides表示“除……之外……還有”（有包括在內），except表示“把……除外”（不包括在內）。試比較：Hegavemeabookbesidesapencil.IgetupearlyeverydayexceptSunday.12between(表示空間）在（兩者）之間Thereisabigrockbetweenthetwotrees.(表示時間）在（兩者）之間Hewillsetoffbetween9:00and10:00.(表示數(shù)量）在（兩者）之間Heisamanbetweenthirtyandforty.常用于between…and詞組中13by（表示位置）在……旁邊Someboysandgirlsaredrawingbythelake.乘（車、船）等Hegoestoworkbybus/train/plane.（表示方法、手段）用，通過HetaughtEdisonhowtosendmessagebytelegraph.被、由（用于被動語態(tài)）Thetreewasplantedbyhimyesterday.在……以前，一遲于CanyoufinishtheworkbyFriday.常用于下列詞組中bytheway,bythen,allbyoneself,onebyone,bythetime14down沿著……往下Thecatclimbeddownthetree.沿著，向……盡頭Hewaswalkingondownthestreet.15during在……期間Hewasn'tathomeduringtheholiday.16for為WhatcanIdoforyou?（表示對象）對于Thislessonistoodifficultforme.(表示用途）供，適合于There'sashopforclothesover.（表示錢物等交換的比值）換Iboughtthisdictionaryforthirtyyuan.(后接間接賓語）給Pleasebuymeabook.=Pleasebuyabookforme.注：動詞buy,make,draw,sing等后跟直接賓語和間接賓語時，間接賓語要用for連接。(表示目的、去向）往IleftforShanghailastmonth.(表示時間、距離等）計、達Theyhavelivedherefortwentyyears.(表示價格）花……錢HeboughttheCDplayerformorethan300yuan.常用于下列詞組：forlong,forever,forexample,forawhile17from(表示起點）從，自HetravelledherefromBeijing.2)(表示開始的時間）從……起Heworksfromeightuntiltwelve.(表示距離）離HowfarawayisSydneyfromBeijing.(表示來源）從……來Ihavegotaletterfromhim.(表示發(fā)源地）從，由HecomesfromAustralia.(表示阻止）阻止Thetreesintheforestscankeepraindropsfromhittingthesoildirectly.常用于下列詞組中：from…to,fromnowon,farfrom.18in(指場所）在……里，在……中What'sinthebox?在，于Hewasbornin1998.3)(指時間）在……后They'llfinishbuildingthehouseinthreemonth.（表示方位或方向）在TheylivedinthesouthofChina.用……語言CanyoutellmethestoryinEnglish？用……方法Inthisway,floodsareprevented.在……方面TheydowellinFrench.（表示比較范圍）在Hejumpsthehighestinourclass.（表示衣著穿戴）穿Doyouknowthemaninthehat?常用于下列詞組中：Inaminute,infront,insurprise,intime,introuble,inbed,infrontof,inline,intheend,intheopenair,inthemiddleof,inthemorning(afternoon,evening),inthedaytime,inahurry,inafewyears'time,intheair,intheworld.19into到……里Theboyisjumpingintothewater.變成PleaseputthissentenceintoEnglish.20like像，跟……一樣Shelookslikehermother.21near在……的附近Theshoesnearthedooraremine.22of(表示所屬關系）……的LondonisthecapitalofEngland.(表示數(shù)量關系）abagofeggsacupoftea(表示同位關系）ThecityofLondon（表示部分關系）oneofus(表示比較范圍）Heisthetallestofthethree.(表示材料）用Thetableismadeofwood.(表示原因）因Heisproudofhischildren.常用于下列詞組中：Ofcourse,plentyof,alot/lotsof,abottleof,apieceof,apairof,becauseof,allkindsof,outof23off從……向下，從……離開Hefelloffthebikeandhurthimself.2)在……附近，靠近TheyhaveattackedanumberofpeopleoffthebeachesofAmerican.24on(表示地點、位置）在……上面（有相接觸的面）Therearesomebooksontheshelf.（表示時間）在HewatchesTVonlyonSaturday.在……旁邊，靠近HesatonLucy'sleft.靠Thepeopleinthesouthfeedonrice.關于Therearealotofbooksonmanydifferentsubjectsinthelibrary.……的成員Mybrotherisonthisteam.常用于下列詞組中onduty,onshow,ondisplay,ontime,on(the)earth,ontopof,onfoot,onone'swayhome,ontheotherhand,ontheedgeof,ontheleft/right,onwatch,online,onTV,ontheradio.25over在……上（沒有面的接觸）Theskyisoverourheads.從……上方（越過，飛過）Thedogjumpedoverthetable.遍于Theyhavetravelledallovertheworld.超過，多于Thecityisn'tverylarge,butitspopulationisovertwomillion.26past從（旁）經過Theywalkedpastlucy.(時間）過Tenpastfivehalfpastnineaquarterpastten27since自……以來，自從Ihavebeenheresince8o'clockthismorning.注：since后常跟過去某一個點的時間，表示從那時一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在。Since表示的時間短語常與完成時連用。28through從……通過，穿過Thesunlightwascominginthroughthewindow.在（整整一段時間）中，一直到Heworkedthroughthenight.29to(表示方向）到、向、往WewenttotheSummerPalacelastSunday.(表示關連）……的Canyougivemetheanswertothequestion.（表示時間）差（幾分）到（幾點）Fivetosevenaquartertoten(后接間接賓語）給Hegavemeagoldnecklacetomelastweek.(表示對比關系）比Thescorewas2to1.對（于）He'salwayspolitetopeople.常用于下列詞組中：Toone'ssurprise,thanksto,30under在……下面Myhatisunderthebed.(表示數(shù)量、年齡等）不到Allthechildrenareundersix.常用于詞組underthesea中。31until直到……為止I'mgoingtoworkhereuntil5o'clock.（用于否定句中）直到……才，不到……不Wedidn'tmeeteachotheruntilyesterday.32up1)沿著……往上Hiscatclimbedupthetree.沿著……（走）去/來Isawhimcomingupthestreet.33with(表示伴隨）和……一起IwenttotheGreatWallwithmyclassmatesyesterday.和（某人進行某事）Theteacheristalkingwithhisfather.在（身邊）Ihavenomoneywithme.(指情緒、態(tài)度等）對Heisoftenangrywithhisson.用Elephantsworkwiththeirnoses.有IlikeChineseteawithsugarinit.常用于下列詞組中：withone'shelp,withthesewords34without沒有Youcan'tbuythingswithoutmoney.七、誤用介詞的三種情況1.多用介詞。多用介詞可能是受漢語意思的影響將及物動詞誤用作不及物動詞，也可能是受相關結構的影響而用錯：1)誤：Wediscussedabouttheplan.正：Wediscussedtheplan.我們討論了計劃。2)誤：Didhementionabouttheaccident?正：Didhementiontheaccident?他提到那次事故了嗎?3)誤：Isawherenterintothebank.正：Isawherenterthebank.我看見她進了銀行。4)誤：Hemarriedwith[to]anurse.正：Hemarriedanurse.他同一位護士結了婚。5)誤：Howcancontactwithyou?正：Howcancontactyou?我怎么與你聯(lián)系?6)誤：Weshouldserveforthepeopleheartandsoul.正：Weshouldservethepeopleheartandsoul.我們應該全心全意地為人民服務。7)誤：Whocontrolsoverthefactory?(但名詞control可接over)正：Whocontrolsthefactory?誰管理這個工廠?8)誤：Hehasagreatmanyoffriendshere.(比較agreatnumberof)正：Hehasagreatmanyfriendshere.他在這兒有很多朋友。2.漏用介詞。漏用介詞可能是受漢語意思的影響將不及物動詞誤用作及物動詞，或是受相關結構的影響的影響而用錯等：1)誤：Thismatterisdifficulttodeal.(dealwith=處理)正：Thismatterisdifficulttodealwith.這事很難處理。2)誤：Heisnotamantobedepended.正：Heisnotamantobedependedon.他不是個可靠的人。3)誤：Hetookacupoftea,andwentonthestory.正：Hetookacupoftea,andwentonwiththestory.他喝了一口茶，又接著講故事。4)誤：Mymotherstillregardsmeachild.(比較consider…as中的as可省略)正：Mymotherstillregardsmeasachild.我母親還把我當小孩看。5)誤：Theyinsistedsendingacarovertofetchus.6)正：Theyinsistedonsendingacarovertofetchus.他們堅持要派車來接我們。7)誤：Whathesaysisworthlistening.正：Whathesaidisworthlisteningto.他的話值得一聽。3.錯用介詞。錯用介詞的情況比較復雜，可能是因受漢語意思的而錯，也可能是因弄不清搭配關系而錯，可能是混淆用法而錯，也可能是受相關結構的影響而錯，可能是忽略語境而錯，也可能是想當?shù)赜缅e：1)誤：Shecalledonhisofficeyesterday.(callon+人，callat+地點)正：Shecalledathisofficeyesterday.她昨天去了他辦公室拜訪。2)誤：Heisengagedwithanurse.正：Heisengagedtoanurse.他與一位護士訂了婚。3)誤：Thesunrisesfromtheeast.正：Thesunrisesintheeast.太陽從東方升起。4)誤：Underhishelp,Ifinisheditintime.正：Withhishelp,Ifinisheditintime.在他的幫助下，我及時做完了。5)誤：DuringhewasinJapan,hevisitedmanyplaces.正：DuringhisstayinJapan,hevisitedmanyplaces.他在日本期間,參觀過許多地方。6)誤：Wearefamiliartohischaracter.正：Wearefamiliarwithhischaracter.我們了解他的性格。7)誤：Helpyourselfwiththefruit.正：Helpyourselftothefruit.吃點水果吧。六、重點考點原創(chuàng)精練1.There’ssomething_______herthatIreallydon’tlike.A.withB.forC.toD.about