中國鐵路治沙情況綜述教學(xué)材料

中國鐵路治沙情況綜述THE

SYNOPSIS

OF

RAILWAY

SANDCONTROL

IN

CHINA中國Lanzhou蘭州China鐵道第一勘察設(shè)計院The

First

Railway

Survey

and

Design

Institute

of

China塔克拉瑪干沙漠是世界上第二大移動性沙漠，1996年，中國建成了穿越該沙漠的世界上最長的沙漠公路。這條公路是為了運輸塔里木盆地的石油、天然氣，發(fā)展中國西北經(jīng)濟而修建的。

Taklimakan

Desert

is

the

second

largest

movingdesert

in

the

world.

In

1996,

China

completedthe

522-km

Taklimakan

desert

road,

which

is

thelongest

road

of

its

kind

running

through

a

desert.It

is

playing

an

important

role

for

thetransportation

of

petroleum

and

gas

from

TarimBasin

and

for

promoting

economic

developmentin

the

northwest

part

of

China.中國政府已經(jīng)決定分三步，為這條沙漠公路修建綠化帶。China

has

kicked

off

a

three-phaseproject

to

build

a

green

belt

for

this

road.到2000年底，中國的科學(xué)家成功的在這條線上建

成了6.3km長的試驗帶。By

the

end

of

2000,Chinese

scientists

have

built

a

pilot

project,

a6.3-km-long

forest

shelter,

along

the

highway.現(xiàn)在，這條路的兩側(cè)正在植樹造林。Now,

treesare

being

planted

along

both

sides

of

thehighway

,which

will

be

522km

long.沙漠鐵路位置圖一Main

desert

railway

planimetric

map沙漠鐵路位置圖二Taklimakan

Desert包蘭鐵路沙坡頭段是中國最早的、最成功的鐵路沙害整治工程，現(xiàn)在，這里已經(jīng)是著名的旅游景點了。Shapotou

sand

damage

control

engineering

of

Bao-Lan

railway

is

theearliest

and

most

effective

engineering

on

railway

sand

damage

controNow,

it

is

a

famous

tourist

attraction2.風(fēng)沙給鐵路運營和養(yǎng)護造成的危害The

Harm

to

the

Railway

Operation

and

MaintenanceCaused

by

wind-sand①

風(fēng)蝕路基邊坡Corroding

the

slope

of

subgrade②

沙埋Burying

steel

rail--Derail③

停車或減速Retarding

train

movement

orcausing

unexpected

stops.④

拱道Raising

of

track-bed.⑤

低接頭Sinking

of

the

joint

of

the

rails.⑥

鋼軌垂直磨耗The

severe

wearing

on

the

verticalplane

of

rails.⑦

堵塞橋涵Blocking

bridges

&

culvertsSand

blown

by

the

wind堵塞橋涵Blocking

bridges

&

culvertsBury

steel

railCorroding

the

slope

of

subgrade3.沙害治理的原理和方法The

Basic

Principles

and

methods

of

Sand

Damage

Control原理Principle凝結(jié)表層沙粒Coagulating

the

looseSand

of

surface削弱或降低近地表風(fēng)速Weakening

the

velocityof

wind

near

the

ground減少風(fēng)與地表沙粒接觸Decreasing

the

engagement

areaBetween

wind

and

sandmethodmethodmethod特殊的選線原則Special

principles

ofSelecting

line

location植物治沙Biologicalmethods工程治沙Engineeringmethods3.1風(fēng)沙地區(qū)鐵路選線原則Special

principles

of

selecting

railway

line

locatiothe

desert盡量選擇于河岸、固定或半固定沙丘帶。Locating

the

line

on

the

river

bank,

semi-fixed

dune

or

fixed

dune

as

far

as

possible.線路走向盡量與通過地區(qū)主導(dǎo)風(fēng)向平行。Line

orintation

parallels

to

the

dominantwind

as

far

as

possible.盡量以路堤形式通過，避免較長（>30m）和較深（>6m）的路塹。Selectingembankment

,avoiding

long(>30m)

ordeep(>6m)

cut,

as

far

as

possible.3.2主要的鐵路防、治沙技術(shù)The

main

Sand

Damage

Prevention/treatmentMeasurements

in

China

Railway路基本體防風(fēng)蝕措施Measures

of

sandprevention

on

the

body

of

subgrade路基兩側(cè)固沙措施Measures

of

sandprevention

on

both

sides

of

subgrade典型的防、治沙工程實例Typical

engineeringexamples3.2.1路基本體防風(fēng)蝕措施Measures

of

sand

prevention

on

the

body

ofsubgrade卵（碎）石土護坡Pebble/crushed

stone

soilprevention

on

the

slope.栽砌卵石方格pebble

grid

protection粘性土防護Sticky

soil

protection水泥砂漿板與瀝青膠砂板防護Cementmortar

board

or

bitumen

board

protection土工網(wǎng)結(jié)合種草防護Geonet

and

plantprotection卵（碎）石土護坡Pebble/crushed

stone

soil

prevention

on

the

slope.栽砌卵石方格pebble

grid

protection制作石方格

Pebble/gravel

grid粘性土防護Sticky

soil

protection水泥砂漿板與瀝青膠砂板防護Cement

mortar

board

or

bitumen

board

protection土工網(wǎng)結(jié)合種草防護（一）--橫斷面Geonet

and

plant

protection—cross

section土工網(wǎng)結(jié)合種草防護（二）--工程實例

Geonet

and

plant

protection—engineeringexample土工網(wǎng)結(jié)合種草防護（三）--工程實例

Geonet

and

plant

protection—engineeringexample3.3.2路基兩側(cè)固沙措施Measures

of

sand

prevention

on

both

sides

ofsubgrade堆鋪、平鋪卵礫石土

Piled/flatly

pave

thepebble/gravel

soil噴灑乳化石油瀝青、渣油瀝青Spraying

theemulsified

bitumen

and

the

residuum

bitumen土工網(wǎng)方格沙障Geonet

grid

barrier稻草方格沙障Rice/reed

straw

grid

sand

barrier草方格沙障高立式沙障Grass

grid

sand

barrierErected

sand

barrier截沙溝、擋沙堤Sand-hold

ditch

and

sand-blockembankment防護林Forest

shelter堆/平鋪卵/礫石/粘性土Piled/flatly

pave

the

pebble/gravel/sticky

soil噴灑乳化石油瀝青、渣油瀝青Spraying

the

emulsified

bitumen

/

residuum

bitumen方格沙障Grid

barrier制作稻草方格(一)Making

rice

straw

grid土工網(wǎng)方格沙障Geonet

grid

barrier稻草（蘆葦）草方格沙障Rice

straw

grid

sand

barrier稻草（蘆葦）方格沙障Reed

straw

grid

sand

barrier草方格沙障Grass

grid

sand

barrier高立式沙障Erected

sand

barrier高立式沙障（example）Erected

sand

barrier高立式沙障（example）Erected

sand

barrier截沙溝、擋沙堤Sand-hold

ditch

and

sand-block

embankment截沙溝、擋沙堤（example）Sand-hold

ditch

and

sand-block

embankment防護林(一)Forest

shelter植物固沙措施是一種長期有效治本的措施，故鐵路的防沙，在條件允許情況下盡可能采用植物固

沙措施。To

fix

the

sand

with

vegetation

is

along-term

effective

measurement,

so,

in

railwayline,

this

method

should

be

used

to

the

mostextent

when

there

is

a

possibility

exists.通常，防護林系統(tǒng)由防火帶

、防護林帶

、空留帶等組成。usually

,fireproof

belt/forestbelt/space

belt/engineering

sand

control

beltform

a

forest

sand prevention

system.防護林Forest

shelter--example防護林Forest

shelter--exampleplanting

treesarborbush防護林(二)-典型橫斷面Forestation-typical

cross

section防護林(三)-橫斷面形式Forestation-cross

section

varying sand

calamityextent防護林(四)–植物種類Forest

shelter-species沙漠地區(qū)，年降雨量一般在200mm以下，年蒸發(fā)量高達2000~3000mm，氣溫日較差大，風(fēng)多，風(fēng)沙大。因此，需要培育適合沙漠環(huán)境生長的物種。

Usually,in

the

desert,the

annual

precipitation

below200mm，however,the

annual

rate

of

evaporation

arrivesto

2000~3000mm,the

difference

of

temperate

in

a

day

is

upto

20℃,and

blows

strong

wind

with

sand

often.So

it

isimportant

to

grow

saplings

which

are

adaptable

to

thedesert

environment.中國的科學(xué)家經(jīng)過多年的實踐，根據(jù)存活率、生長狀況和固沙效果，選出了下面這些抗風(fēng)蝕、抗沙埋、抗干旱以及聚沙、阻沙能力強的物種。According

tosurvival

ratio,resistance

and

growing

situation,based

othe

ability

of

preventing

erosion,sand-burying

and

drougthe

following

species

are

selected

by

Chinese

scientistswho

have

spent

years

studying.半灌木semi-bush：油蒿（Artemisiaordosica）、籽蒿（Artemisia

sphaerocephala）差巴嘎蒿（Artemisiahalodendron）灌木bush:：花棒（Hedysarum

scoparium）、小葉錦雞兒（Caragana

microphylla）、檸條（Caraganakorshinskii）、胡枝子（Lespedeza

bicolor）、紫穗槐（Amorpha

fruticosa）、黃柳（Salix

flavida）、檉柳（Tamarix

chinensis）又名紅柳、沙拐棗（CalligonumSpp）。喬木

arbor:梭梭（Haloxylon

ammodendron）、沙棗（Elaeagnus

angustifolia）、樟子松（Pinussylvestris

var.mongolica）、油松（Pinustabulaeformis）、小葉楊（Populus

simonii）、二白楊（Populus

nigra

var.thevestina）、胡楊（Populuseuphratica）、新疆揚（Populus

bolleana

Lauche）沙蒿Sand

Artemisia梭梭Haloxylon

ammodendron檸條Caragana

korshinskii花棒Hedysarum

scoparium紫穗槐

Amorpha

fruticosa新疆揚Populus

bolleana

Lauche微灌節(jié)水造林Tiny

(drip)

irrigation微灌節(jié)水造林技術(shù)具有節(jié)約投資、節(jié)約水資源、保護既有植被，適應(yīng)地形等優(yōu)點。這項技術(shù)已經(jīng)廣泛應(yīng)用于神延、南疆鐵路治沙工程。As

amatter

of

fact,

to

establish

the

forest

shelter

ithe

desert

with

the

tiny

(drip)

irrigation

is

cossaving,

water

saving,

fitting

to

the

landform,

ait

can

reduce

the

destruction

to

the

existingvegetation.

This

technology

now

has

beenwidely

used

in

the

sand

damage

control

projectof

Shenmu-Yan’an

railway

line,

Nanjiang(Kuerle-Kashi)

railway

line.The

control

centerArranging

irrigation

belFilter

unitWater

storage

basinFilter

unitfertilizer

apparatusCheck

wellWeep

pineForest

with

drip

irrigationPopulus

bolleana

Lauche典型的防、治沙工程實例（北京-通遼線）Typical

engineering

examples

on

Beitong

line典型的防、治沙工程實例（包蘭線）Typical

engineering

examples

on

Baolan

line沙漠公路Desert

road近10年來，中國在沙漠里面修建了數(shù)條公路和高速公路，運用的治沙措施跟鐵路上的治沙措施是一致的。In

the

past

10years, China

has

built

several

highways

inthe

desert

area.

The

measurements

of

sanddamage

control

of

these

highways

areidentical

in

nature

with

the

railway

projects.沙漠公路(二)Desert

road沙漠公路(三)Desert

road經(jīng)驗總結(jié)Conclusion鐵路沙害是可以預(yù)防和治理的。The

sand

damage

to railway

is

possible

to

be

prevented

and

treated.鐵路沙害防治的方法不是單一的，要根據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)氐淖匀粭l件、沙害的類型和經(jīng)濟條件采取不同的模