測控技術(shù)與儀器專業(yè)英語-Unit-1

Chapter1IntroductiontoMeasurementUnit1DefinitionofMeasurementandMeasurementTheory

測控技術(shù)與儀器專業(yè)英語Japanrobotschat,play--andhelpfindlostspecsNews2023-7-302Japanrobotschat,play--andhelpfindlostspecsRobotsthatcanchat,findmisplacedglasses,drawaeroplanesandplaywithyourchildrenareattractingthousandsofvisitorsduringanexpoinTokyoasJapanadaptstochangesinsociety.在日本東京日前舉辦的一個博覽會上，能與人交談、幫人找眼鏡、會畫飛機以及能陪孩子玩耍的機器人吸引了成千上萬的參觀者。日本研發(fā)出的這些新型機器人主要是為了適應(yīng)社會的需要。

News2023-7-303Japanrobotschat,play--andhelpfindlostspecsRobots,suchasthesound-sensitiveChapit,answersimplequestionsandevenjokewithpeopletohelpthesolitaryfightlonelinessandstayalertinoldage.其中像聲控型機器人Chapit等〔能與人交流的〕機器人能答復(fù)簡單提問，甚至?xí)c人逗笑，可以給人解悶，讓老年人保持活力。News2023-7-304Q1Whatisnecessarybutnotsufficientdefinition,andhowtogiveanecessaryandsufficientdefinitiontomeasurement?Q2Whatisasatisfyingdefinitionandunderwhatconditioncanadefinitionofmeasurementbeconsideredasasatisfyingone?Questionsbeforereading必要的、充分的令人滿意的5Q3Whataconceptisthemeasurementestablishedbasedon?Q4Whatapointonmeasurementresultsissetupinthistheory?Q5Whatisthetheoreticallyrestricteddefinitionofmeasurement?Q6Whatisanempiricalrelationalsystem?Questionsbeforereading思想觀點公認(rèn)、既定理論上嚴(yán)格的定義經(jīng)驗相關(guān)系統(tǒng)6acquisitionofinformation信息采集measurand被測量objective客觀的subjective主觀的magneticfields磁場measurementinstrument’soutput測量裝置輸出mappingofelements元素的映射sourceset源集imageset像集electricaldomain電氣域assignmentalgorithm分配算法settheory集合論relationalsystem相關(guān)系統(tǒng)WordsandExpressions7Maincontent

DefinitionofMeasurement1MeasurementTheory281DefinitionofMeasurementApossibleoperationaldescriptionoftermmeasurementwhichagreeswithourintuitionisthefollowing：“measurementistheacquisitionofinformation〞；theaspectofgatheringinformationisoneofthemostessentialaspectsofmeasurement；measurementsareconductedtolearnabouttheobjectofmeasurement；themeasurand.operationaldescription操作性描述measurement測量acquisitionofinformation信息采集objectofmeasurement測量對象measurand被測量1.191DefinitionofMeasurementApossibleoperationaldescriptionoftermmeasurementwhichagreeswithourintuitionisthefollowing：“measurementistheacquisitionofinformation〞；theaspectofgatheringinformationisoneofthemostessentialaspectsofmeasurement；measurementsareconductedtolearnabouttheobjectofmeasurement；themeasurand.根據(jù)我們的直覺，術(shù)語“測量〞的可操作性描述如下：“測量就是信息的采集〞，收集信息是測量的主要作用之一，實施測量是為了了解測量對象，即被測量。1.1101DefinitionofMeasurementThismeansthatameasurementmustbedescriptivewithregardtothatstateorthatphenomenonintheworldarounduswhichwearemeasuring.Theremustbearelationshipbetweenthisstateorphenomenonandthemeasurementresult.這意味著：測量必是以周圍環(huán)境中所測量的狀態(tài)和現(xiàn)象來描述的。狀態(tài)或現(xiàn)象與測量結(jié)果之間必定存在某種關(guān)系。

1.4111DefinitionofMeasurementAlthoughtheaspectofacquiringinformationiselementary,itismerelyanecessaryandnotasufficientaspectofmeasurement：whenonereadsatextbook,onegathersinformation,butonedoesnotperformameasurement.雖然采集信息是測量的根底，但它僅是一個必要但不充分的方面：當(dāng)某人閱讀記事本時，他收集了記事本上的信息，但這并不構(gòu)成測量。1.7121DefinitionofMeasurementAsecondaspectofmeasurementisthatitmustbeselective.Itmayonlyprovideinformationaboutwhatwewishtomeasure(themeasurand)andnotaboutanyotherofthemanystatesorphenomenaaroundus.Thisaspecttooisanecessarybutnotsufficientaspectofmeasurement.測量的第二個特征是它必須具有選擇性。它可能只提供我們希望測量的信息，而不包括我們周圍其他的許多狀態(tài)和現(xiàn)象。這仍然是對測量必要而不充分的描述。2.1131DefinitionofMeasurementAthirdandnecessaryaspectofmeasurementisthatitmustbeobjective.測量的第三個也是必要的方面是必須具有客觀性。Besidesthesubjectivityofourobservation,wehumanobserversarealsohandicappedbythefactthattherearemanystatesorphenomenaintherealworldarounduswhichwecannotobserveatall(e.g.magneticfields),oronlypoorly(e.g.extremelylowtemperaturesorhigh-speedmovement).除了主觀性外，現(xiàn)實世界中有很多我們無法直接觀測的狀態(tài)和現(xiàn)象〔如磁場〕，人類觀測者也會受到此類蒙蔽，或者是非常極端的情況〔如極低溫或高速運動〕。3.13.9141DefinitionofMeasurementInotherwords,theinstrumentconvertstheinitialobservationintoarepresentationthatallobserverscanobserveandwillagreeon.Forthemeasurementinstrument’soutput,therefore,objectivelyobservableoutputsuchasnumbersonanalpha-numericaldisplayshouldbeusedratherthansubjectiveassessmentofsuchthingsascolor,etc...instrument

儀器represention表示形式output輸出alpha-numericaldisplay字母數(shù)字顯示Subjectiveassessment主觀估計3.16151DefinitionofMeasurementInotherwords,theinstrumentconvertstheinitialobservationintoarepresentationthatallobserverscanobserveandwillagreeon.Forthemeasurementinstrument’soutput,therefore,objectivelyobservableoutputsuchasnumbersonanalpha-numericaldisplayshouldbeusedratherthansubjectiveassessmentofsuchthingsascolor,etc...換句話說，儀器將最初觀測情況轉(zhuǎn)變成了另一種表示法，使所有觀測者均可觀測并對結(jié)果達(dá)成一致。因此，對于測量儀器的輸出，應(yīng)該使用客觀的可觀測的輸出形式〔如字母數(shù)字顯示〕而非對于顏色的主觀估計。3.16161DefinitionofMeasurementWecandistinguishtwotypesofinformation:informationonthestate,structureornatureofacertaincharacteristic,so-calledstructuralinformation,andinformationonthemagnitude,amplitudeorintensityofacertaincharacteristic,so-calledmetricinformation.Theacquisitionofstructuralinformationiscalledaqualitativemeasurement,theacquisitionofmetricinformationiscalledaquantitativemeasurement.

我們能夠區(qū)分兩類信息：具有一定特征的狀態(tài)、結(jié)構(gòu)或性質(zhì)信息，稱為結(jié)構(gòu)信息，具有一定特征的大小、幅度或強度信息，稱為公制信息。結(jié)構(gòu)信息的采集稱為質(zhì)量測量。公制信息的采集稱為數(shù)量測量。4.517MaincontentDefinitionofMeasurement1MeasurementTheory2182MeasurementTheoryIntheprevioussectionwehaveseenthatmeasurementsformtheessentiallinkbetweentheempiricalworldandourtheoretical,abstractimageoftheworld.Thisconceptformsthebasisofatheoryofmeasurement.Inthistheoryameasurementresultisconsideredtobearepresentationoftheactualempiricalquantity.在前面章節(jié)里，我們已經(jīng)了解到測量構(gòu)成了經(jīng)驗世界與理論的、抽象映像世界之間的主要聯(lián)系〔紐帶〕，它是客觀世界的抽象映像。這種思想形成了測量理論的根底。在這個理論中，測量結(jié)果即是實際經(jīng)驗數(shù)量的表達(dá)。1.1192MeasurementTheoryMeasurementtheorytreatsmeasurementsasamappingofelementsofasourcesetbelongingtotheempiricaldomainspace(seeFig.1.1)ontotheelementsofanimage(oroutcome)setwhichispartoftheabstractrange(orimage)space.測量理論把測量理解為屬于經(jīng)驗域空間的源集的元素到作為一個抽象范圍〔或稱映像〕空間的一局部的映像集元素的映射。1.4Fig.1.1202MeasurementTheoryThequantitytobemeasured(themeaurand)isanelementofthesourceset.Forinstance,intheelectricaldomainwemeasureelectricalcurrent(sourceset)butonlywithinacertainrangeofmagnitude(elements).待測量是源集中的一個元素。例如，在電氣域中，我們測量電流〔源集〕僅僅在其幅值的一定范圍內(nèi)取值〔元素〕。1.7212MeasurementTheoryTheresultofthemeasurementprocessisabstract;itformsanelementoftheimagesetintheabstractrangespace.Forexample,themagnitudeoftheelectricalcurrenttobemeasuredintheaboveexampleis(bymeasurement)assignedacertainnumber(element)outofthesetofrealnumbers(imageset).測量過程的結(jié)果是抽象的，它將形成抽象域空間的像集中的一個元素。例如，上例中所測量的電流大小是實際數(shù)字集合〔像集〕中的某一個數(shù)字。1.9222MeasurementTheoryThetransformationfunctionconsistsoftheassignmentalgorithms,rulesorproceduresthatdefinetherepresentationofempiricalquantitiesbyabstractsymbols.利用抽象符號定義經(jīng)驗數(shù)量表達(dá)式的分配算法、規(guī)那么或程序構(gòu)成了轉(zhuǎn)換函數(shù)。Inpracticetheassignmentalgorithm,ruleorprocedureisimplementedbytheemployedmeasurementsystem.Themeasurementsystemthereforedeterminestherepresentation.實際上，分配算法、規(guī)那么和程序均由使用的測量系統(tǒng)來實現(xiàn)。因此，測量系統(tǒng)決定了表示法。2.32.523Ameasurementmustbedescriptive.Inmeasurementtheorythisisdescribedintermsofsettheory:therelationsthatexistbetweentheelementsofthesourcesetmustbemaintainedunderthetransformationintheimageset,forexample,‘largerthan’,‘equalto’and‘smallerthan’.測量必須是可描述的。這在測量理論中可以根據(jù)集合論來描述：源集中元素之間的關(guān)系在轉(zhuǎn)換到像集后必須得以保持，例如，大于、等于和小于。Thesetofrelationsbetweentheelementsofthesourcesetisreferredtoastherelationalsystem(ofthesourceset).源集中元素的關(guān)系集合被定義為〔源集的〕相關(guān)系統(tǒng)。2MeasurementTheory3.13.4242MeasurementTheoryThisempiricalrelationalsystemdeterminesthestructureofthesourceset.Likewise,anabstractrelationalsystemdeterminesthestructureoftheimageset(forinstance,thesetofrelationsthatapplytothesetofintegernumbers).經(jīng)驗相關(guān)系統(tǒng)決定了源集的結(jié)構(gòu)。同樣，抽象相關(guān)系統(tǒng)決定了像集的結(jié)構(gòu)〔例如，應(yīng)用于整數(shù)集合的關(guān)系集〕4.1252MeasurementTheoryThemeasurementonlyrepresentsthatwhichismeasuredifthetworelationalsystemsareidentical;otherwiseinformationislostinthemapping.如果兩個相關(guān)系統(tǒng)是同一的，那么測量只是指出了被測量，否那么信息將在映射過程中喪失。Anexampleismeasuringwithaverylowresolution;twodifferentcurrentmagnitudesaremappedontothesameoutcome,andareindistinguishablefromeachother.在一個分辨率較低的測量實例中，兩個不同的電流幅值被映射成了相同的測量結(jié)果，彼此無法區(qū)分。4.54.726ReadingMaterial1Whyistheresomuchmeasuringgoingon?Apparentlytoprovideinformationabouttheworldthatsurroundsus,theobservers.Onereasonmaythereforebethatwewishtoaddtoandtoimproveourperceptionofthatworld.Abstractlyspeaking,ouraimistoincreaseourknowledgeofthesurroundingworldandtherelationshipsthatexistbetweencharacteristics,statesandphenomenainthisworld.Inotherwords,theinformationallowsustocreatemodelsof〔partsof〕theworldandformulatelawsandtheorems.127ReadingMaterial1為什么要進(jìn)行如此多的測量呢？很明顯，可以提取我們〔觀測者〕周圍的信息。因此，原因可能是我們希望增加或改進(jìn)我們對環(huán)境的認(rèn)知。簡言之，我們的目的是增加對周圍環(huán)境以及存在于特性、狀態(tài)和現(xiàn)象之間的關(guān)系的了解。換句話說，我們可以利用〔收集到的〕信息建立局部環(huán)境的模型并歸納〔用公式表達(dá)〕規(guī)律和定理。128Wemustthendetermine(againbymeasuring)whetherthesemodels,hypotheses,theoremsandlawsareavalidrepresentationoftheworld.