2022屆初中英語二輪復(fù)習(xí)重難點(diǎn)題型講解訓(xùn)練專題10閱讀理解之詞義猜測(cè)含解析

PAGE專題10閱讀理解之詞義猜測(cè)在中考英語閱讀理解的考題中，有一類很常見的題，即詞義猜測(cè)題，是對(duì)學(xué)生來說最困難的部分，也是失分最大的一個(gè)題型。其實(shí)，出題老師在出題的時(shí)候，絕不會(huì)隨意出一個(gè)生詞來刁難大家，一定是可以根據(jù)某個(gè)線索推斷出來。因此，本課介紹的方法，就是給大家尋找線索的方法，幫助大家攻克這類題型。此外，即使不是考題，我們也可能在閱讀中遇到生詞，會(huì)給學(xué)生的心理上造成很大障礙。但是如果能夠合理地猜測(cè)出詞義，也會(huì)大大增加閱讀的效率和準(zhǔn)確性。在閱讀的時(shí)候，常常會(huì)遇到一些生詞，影響我們的閱讀速度，其實(shí)大部分生詞的意思都可以通過上下文的關(guān)系猜出來，下面就介紹一些猜詞的技巧：1.通過因果關(guān)系猜詞通過因果關(guān)系猜詞，首先是找出生詞與上下文之間的邏輯關(guān)系，然后才能猜詞。有時(shí)文章借助關(guān)聯(lián)詞（如because,since,as,for,so,thus,asaresult,ofcourse,therefore等等）表示前因后果。例如：Youshouldn’thaveblamedhimforthat,foritwasn’thisfault.通過for引出的句子所表示的原因（那不是他的錯(cuò)），可猜出blame的詞義，指責(zé)、責(zé)怪。2.通過同義詞和反義詞的關(guān)系猜詞如：Tomislazybuthisbrotherisindustrious.通過同義詞猜詞，要看由and或or連接的同義詞詞組，如Weliveahappyandgaylife，即使我們不認(rèn)識(shí)gay這個(gè)詞，也可以知道它是happy意思；通過反義詞猜詞，一是看表轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的連詞或副詞，如but,while,however等；二是看與not搭配的或表示否定意義的詞語，如：Heissohomely,notatallashandsomeashisbrother.根據(jù)notatall...handsome我們不難推測(cè)出homely的意思，即nothandsome的意思。3.通過構(gòu)詞法猜詞在閱讀文章時(shí)，我們總會(huì)遇上一些新詞匯，有時(shí)很難根據(jù)上下文來推斷其詞意，而它們對(duì)文章的理解又有著舉足輕重的作用。此時(shí)，如掌握了一些常用的詞根、前綴、后綴等語法知識(shí)，這些問題便不難解決了。如：1)ThecolorsofHawaiiinsummerareunforgettable.2)Wewantthistobeclearsocustomersarenotmisinterpretingtheinformationandwastingalotoffood.A.payingattentiontoB.takingnonoticeofC.makingguessesaboutD.havingawrongideaabout3)breathlessshortenbeautifygeneralizeprogressivelycontinuouseducationistadaptable氣喘吁吁的使…縮短使…美麗概括不斷進(jìn)步地持續(xù)的教育家可適應(yīng)的4.通過定義或釋義關(guān)系來推測(cè)詞義例：Butsometimes,norainfallsforalong,longtime.Thenthereisadryperiod,ordrought.Sheisstudyingglaucoma,akindofdiseaseontheeyes.這種同義或釋義關(guān)系常由is,or,thatis,inotherwords,becalled或破折號(hào)等來表示。5.通過句法功能來推測(cè)詞義例如：Bananas,oranges,pineapples,coconutsandsomeotherkindoffruitgrowinwarmareas.假如pineapples和coconuts是生詞，我們可以從這兩個(gè)詞在句中所處的位置來判斷它們大致的意思。從句中不難看出pineapples,coconuts和bananas,oranges是同類關(guān)系，同屬水果。6.通過描述猜詞描述即為幫助讀者更深更感性地了解某人或某物而對(duì)該人或該物作出的外在相貌或內(nèi)在特征的描寫。例：ThepenguinisakindofseabirdlivingintheSouthPole.Itisfatandwalksinafunnyway.Althoughitcannotfly,itcanswimintheicywatertocatchthefish.從例句的描述中可以得知penguin是一種生活在南極的鳥類。后面更詳盡地描述了該鳥類的生活習(xí)性。7.根據(jù)常識(shí)來推測(cè)如：Waterusuallyboilsat100centigrade.精講精練【例題1】Spacerubbishisalsothoughttobeagreatdangertospacemen．It'sreportedthattherewere9，000man-madethingsflyinginspace．About30%ofthesearesatellites，10%arespaceships，andtherestarespacerubbish．Anexplosion（爆炸）inspacein1999madeacloudof300，000fragments，eachatleast4mminsize．Asmallpieceoftheseevenknockedaspaceshipwindowandcausedsomedamage（損壞）．Theunderlinedword"fragments"means____．A．碎片B．泡沫C．煙霧D．飛碟【答案】A【解析】根據(jù)下文中的smallpiece等，可以看出該詞意為"碎片"，故選：A．【例題2】Noonewantstogetupatfouro'clockinthemorningandfighttogetagooddealonBlackFriday(thefirstFridayatChristmastime).It'ssurelyverydifficulttopickupthecourageandgetoutthereinthecoldforagooddeal.Butsometimesitcanbewellworth.Manyretailersofferspecialsallthroughtheday.SomeevenofferonlineBlackFridayspecials,sowemaystillbeabletogetagreatdealonBlackFriday.Theunderlinedword"specials"inParagraph2means______．A．贈(zèng)品B．奢侈品C．特價(jià)商品D．圣誕禮品【答案】C【解析】可根據(jù)詞性變換來推測(cè)詞義。special作形容詞，意思是特殊的，因此轉(zhuǎn)換成名詞時(shí)，也會(huì)和“特殊”這個(gè)含義有關(guān)。結(jié)合文意，文章討論的和商品有關(guān)，因此選C?！纠}3】Manyofthestudentsinmyclasscouldn'tactatall.Theycouldn'tevenreadwithoutmakinglotsofmistakes.IwassurethatIwouldgetabigpartintheplay.However,theteachergavemethepartofasoldier.Hehasonlyoneline.Itis,“Yes，sir!”Iwasverydisappointed.AttheendofthelessonIwentuptoherandaskedherwhyIhadsuchasmallpart."Youputtoomuchexpressioninyouracting,"shesaid."Goodactingisnotbigacting.Itisactingtheaudiencecanbelievein."IthinkIknowwhatshemeans．Whatdoestheunderlinedword"expression"inthepassagemean？____A．表情B．建議C．模仿D．服飾．【答案】A【解析】由Iputalotofexpressionintomyacting．IthoughtIactedreallywell．我表現(xiàn)得繪聲繪色．我滿以為我是表現(xiàn)得很到位的．可知作者在表演中加入了過多的表情．答案是A，其它不正確。【練習(xí)1】Moreandmoreparentsleavetheirhomeandcomeintothebigcitiestomakemoney．Buttheirchildrencan'tgowiththembecausetheirchildrenmustgotoschoolintheirhometown．Theyarecalledhome-leftchildren（留守兒童）．Theproblemsofhome-leftchildrenbecomemoreandmoreserious．Anditbecomesabigburdenofoursociety．Themainproblemisthatsomehome-leftchildrenbecomeverylonelywhentheydon'thavetheirparents’love．Andtheyaretooyoungtotellrightorwronginmanythings．Sotheyarefooledveryeasilybyothers．XiaoMei，a14-year-oldgirl，isahome-leftchild．HerparentsareallinShanghai．Sheisinherhometownwithhergrandpa．ShelikesplayinggamesontheInternet．Herparentsandgrandpaonlygivehermoneyandfood．Theyhardlyevercareforherstudies．Oneday，shehadnomoneytopayforthegamesintheNetbar（網(wǎng)吧）．Soshestole（偷）somemoneyfromherneighbor．Justatthattime，XiaoFang，a9-year-oldgirlsawit．XiaoMeiwasafraidthatXiaoFangwouldtellothersaboutit．ShecutXiaoFang'sthroatwithaknife，thenshewenttoschooljustlikenothinghappened．Luckily，XiaoFangwassavedbythedoctors．Whensheopenedhereyesandwrotethefacttothepolicemanwithapencil，everybodywasverysurprised．Thissadstoryremindstheparentstocarefortheirchildrennomatterhowbusytheyare．Areyouoneofthehome-leftchildren？Whatdoyouneedfromyourparents？Food，moneyorlove？Ithinkmostchildrenneedlovemostly．Let'scareforthegrouptogether．1．Whycan'tthechildrengotothebigcitieswiththeirparents？___A．Becausetheyhavetogotoschoolintheirhometown．B．Becausetheirparentshavenomoney．C．Becausetheydon'tliketogothere．D．Becausetheyarenotallowed．2．What'sthemeaningoftheunderlinedword"burden"inChinese？___A．負(fù)擔(dān)B．象征C．任務(wù)D．地位3．WhatdoXiaoMei'sparentsonlygiveher？___A．Clothes．B．Love．C．Moneyandfood．D．Computers．4．WhatdoesthestoryofXiaoMeimainlytellus？___A．Wecan'tplaycomputergames．B．Parentsshouldcarefortheirchildren．C．Weshouldgetalongwellwithneighbors．D．Goingtothebigcitiesisnotgood．5．WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtothepassage？___A．Home-leftchildrencantellrightorwrongeasily．B．Home-leftchildrenneverfeellonely．C．XiaoFanglikesplayinggames．D．XiaoMeireallyneedslove．【答案】AACBD【解析】56．答案：A細(xì)節(jié)理解題．根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容Buttheirchildrencan'tgowiththembecausetheirchildrenhavetogotoschoolintheirhometown．但是孩子不能和他們一起，因?yàn)樗麄兊暮⒆颖仨氃诩亦l(xiāng)的學(xué)校上學(xué)．故選：A．57．答案：A詞義猜測(cè)題．前文講到留守兒童成為一個(gè)嚴(yán)重的社會(huì)問題．此句為：而且它也成為社會(huì)的負(fù)擔(dān)．Burden負(fù)擔(dān)，故選：A．58．答案：C細(xì)節(jié)理解題．根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容Herparentsandgrandpaonlygivehermoneyandfood她的父母和爺爺只能給她錢和食物．故選：C．59．答案：B細(xì)節(jié)理解題．根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容Thissadstoryremindstheparentstocarefortheirchildrennomatterhowbusytheyare．這個(gè)故事提醒父母不管他們有多忙，都應(yīng)該照顧好他們的孩子．故選：B．60．答案：D判斷推理題．由文章內(nèi)容得知，小梅由于缺少父母的關(guān)愛和照顧，喜歡上網(wǎng)，所以才會(huì)在網(wǎng)吧將鄰居小孩刺傷，由此判斷D正確，小梅需要關(guān)愛．故選：D．【練習(xí)2】WeusetheInternetformanythings:business,shopping，writingletters,talkingtopeople,findinginformationandsoon.InrecentyearsanewkindofEnglishhasgrownontheInternet.There’snorealwordforityet,sowe’llcallite-talk.Peopledon’tliketypingtoomuch.Tosavetime,theyturnphrasesintoafewletterscalledacronyms.Acronymsareoftenusedinchatrooms.Someofthemare.BTW（bytheway）BRB(berightback)LOL(laughingoutloud)IMO(inmyopinion)Peoplealsousemanyabbreviations(縮寫),Theyareshortenedformsofwords.Somecommonabbreviationsare:Info(information)purer(computer)Pie(picture)sec(second)Weusuallydon?tseepeoplewhenwecommunicate(交流)ontheNet,sopeoplehavenewwaystoshowfeelings.Mostpeopleusetheirkeywordstodraw“feeling”.suchas::-)(happy):-p(joking):-((sad):-0(surprised)Thesedays,manyforums(論壇)havepicturefeelings.Forexample，Thereareevenwholenewwords,like‘newbie’s’(someonewhoisnewonachatboardorforum).Ittakestimeforpeopletogetusedtoe-talk.Also,differentgroupsontheNethavetheirownspecialwaysofcommunicating.Newbie’shavetoaskotherpeoplewhattheymean.AstheInternetgrows,e-talkwillcontinuetogrowandchange.1.Whatdoestheunderline“acronyms”mean?A.網(wǎng)友B.聊天室C.首字母縮寫詞2.Whydopeopletypeacronyms?A.toshowtheirfeelings.B.Becausepeoplecantypethemquickly.C.Inthiswaynewbie’swon’tunderstandthem.3.Whatdoes“BTW,mypurerisnotworkingwell:-(“mean?A.Thepersonisangryatsomebody.B.Thepersonishappyaboutgettinganewcomputer.C.Thepersonissadthathiscomputerishavingproblems.74.E-talkwillsprobably______.A.keepchanging.B.beeasybypeopleonthetelephoneC.beusedbypeopleonthetelephone【答案】CBCA【解析】【主旨大意】本文主要介紹了一下用來在網(wǎng)上聊天或交流的e-talk.本文主要介紹了三種e-talk。一是“acronyms”首字母縮寫詞；二是“abbreviations”縮寫詞；三是feelings。1．C細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中所舉的四個(gè)例子“BTB（bytheway);BRB(berightback);LOL(laughingoutloud);IMO(inmyopinion)”可判斷acronyms是“首字母縮寫詞”的意思，故選C。2．B細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段的最后第二句話“Tosavetime,theyturnphrasesintoafewletterscalledacronyms.”，可知選項(xiàng)B是正確的。3．C細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)縮寫詞"puter(computer)"及feelings標(biāo)志“：-（(sad）”可知選項(xiàng)C是正確的。4．A細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段的最后一句話“AstheInternetgrows,e-talkwillcontinuetogrowandchange.”可推斷為選項(xiàng)A。由最后一段的第一句話“Ittakestimeforpeopletogetusedtoe-talk.”可知B項(xiàng)是錯(cuò)誤的；根據(jù)第一段的第二句話和第一句話“Inrecentyears,anewkindofEnglishhasgrownintheInternet.Thereisnorealwordforityet,sowewillcallite-talk.”可知e-talk是在Internet上使用的，所以C項(xiàng)是錯(cuò)誤的。故選A?！揪毩?xí)3】Threedaysago,thebossofagoldshopreceivedaletter.Ashewasverybusy,theletterwasonhisdesktilldinnertime.Whenheopenedit,a$1000notefelloutontothedesk.Withthenotewasashortletter:Dearsir,Igotmarriedfortyyearsago.Unfortunately,atthattimetherewasalotofunemploymentandIgotnojob.IwasoutofworkforaboutsixmonthsbeforeIgotanotherone.OfcourseIwasveryshortofmoney.Icametoyourshoptobuyaweddingringoneday.Theassistantbroughtsomeringsformetohavealook,latershewascalledawayforamoment,andthenIputoneoftheringsintomypocket.Whenshecameback,IsaidIdidnotknowthesizeofmygirlfriend?sfinger.SoIlefttheshopwiththeringbutIdidn’tpayforit.Mywifediedamonthago,andthefactthatIneverpaidforherringhasbeenonmyconscience(讓我良心不安)alltheseyears.Ialwaysfeelguiltyaboutthat.Atthattimetheringcost$100,andIthinkthatisabouttentimesattoday?sprice.Now,Iamsendingyouthatamount.Yourstruly,AcustomerAfterreadingtheletter,thebosssaid,“Well,lifeisalwaysfullofsurprise!”1.Thebossofthegoldshopgota_________3daysago.A.ringB.letterC.gold2.Theunderlinedword“unemployment”means“______”inChinese.A.辭職B.失業(yè)C.就業(yè)3.Theringthecustomerputintohispocketwas__________40yearsago.A.$1000B.$10000C.$1004.Thecustomerwrotetothebossinorderto________.A.sendthemoneyfortheringB.saythankstohimC.returnthering5.WhichisNOTwrongaccordingtothepassage?A.Thebossopenedtheletterbyhimself.B.Thebossdidn’tthinklifewasalwaysfullofsurprise.C.Whenthecustomer?swifeknewthefact,shewasannoyed.【答案】BBCAA【解析】一個(gè)人對(duì)四十年前所做的一件錯(cuò)事心懷內(nèi)疚，多年以來的負(fù)罪感和妻子的去世終于使他下定決心償還這一筆債務(wù)。文章讀來頗感人。1.B細(xì)節(jié)對(duì)應(yīng)題。句子Withthenotewasashortletter.給出了答案。2.B綜合判斷題。劃線單詞的下文gotnojob“沒有找到工作”和outofwork“失業(yè)”，都在提示上文的劃線單詞意義為“失業(yè)”。正是因?yàn)槭I(yè)的窘境才導(dǎo)致寫信者偷了店里的戒指。3.C細(xì)節(jié)對(duì)應(yīng)題。信件的末尾句Atthattimetheringcost$100提示答案。4.A綜合理解題。寫信的人是通過償還自己四十年前所拿戒指的錢來求得心理解脫。5.A細(xì)節(jié)對(duì)應(yīng)題。通過短文開始Whenheopenedit,可知是老板親自打開了信件。課后作業(yè)Scottwasnothappy.Hehadnomoneylefttobuythenewtoytrainhewanted.Suddenly,hehadanidea!"I’llaskmybrotherAlanifIcanborrowsomemoney.Healwayshasmoneytolendpeople."ScottfoundAlaninhisroom."Alan,mayIborrow$20fromyoutobuymyselfanewtrain?"Alanreplied,"IjustspentallofmymoneyonMom’sbirthdaypresent.Ihavenomoneyleft.Youarebarkingupthewrongtree."Scottwasver