Social-Learning-Theory-onlinecef社會化的社會化心理機制課件

SocialLearningTheoryLearningfromobservation1AlbertBandura–SocialLearningTheoristAlbertBandurawasbornonDecember4,1925inasmalltowncalledMundareinnorthernAlberta,Canada(50mileseastofEdmonton).Hewastheyoungestandonlyboyofsixchildren.2AlbertBandura–SocialLearningTheorist1949:

BandurareceivedhisB.A.degreefromtheUniversityofBritishColumbia1951:

M.A.receivedfromtheUniversityofIowa1952:

Ph.D.receivedfromUniversityofIowa

underthedirectionofArthurBentonWhilestudyingatIowa,Bandura’sinterestinchildhoodaggressionbeganIdeaofsociallearningtheoryestablishedwhilepursuingPh.D.atUniversityofIowa1964-Present:

FullprofessorpositiongiventoBanduraatStanford

1977:

BandurabecameknownastheFatheroftheCognitiveTheory.3AlbertBandura-Education4SocialLearningTheorySociallearningtheoryfocusesonthelearningthatoccurswithinasocialcontextSociallearningtheoryconsidershowpeoplelearnfromoneanotherbyobserving,imitating,andmodeling.Insociallearningtheory,people(observers)aretryingtolearnbyimitationormodeling.Therefore,themodelorthirdpersoncanbeareinforcer.Forinstance,fromanoperantconditionperspective,learnersarereinforcedoftenenoughthattheycontinuetocopythosearoundthem.Asaresult,theirimitation(copying)itselfbecomesahabitwhichiscalledgeneralized.5SocialLearningTheory“SocialLearningTheory”hasbeenrenamed‘SocialCognitiveTheory”toaccommodatelaterdevelopmentsofthetheorybecauseofhisfocusonmotivationalfactorsandself-regulatorymechanismsthatcontributetoaperson’sbehavior,ratherthanjustenvironmentalfactors.AccordingtoBandura,humanbeingshavespecificabilitiesrelatedtolearningthatsetsthemapartfromotherspecies6SocialcognitivetheorySocialcognitivetheorystatesthattherearethreecharacteristicsthatareuniquetohumans:Vicariousconsequences(Modelandimitateothers)Self–efficacy(selfreflection)Performancestandardsandmoralconduct(Abilitytoregulateone’sownbehavior)7GeneralprinciplesofsociallearningtheoryPeoplecanlearnbyobservingthebehaviorofothersandthenimitatingthebehaviorovertly.Learningcanoccurwithoutachangeinbehavior.Cognitionplaysaroleinlearning.Individualsaremorelikelytoadoptamodeledbehaviorifitresultsinoutcomestheyvalue.Individualsaremorelikelytoadoptamodeledbehaviorifthemodelissimilartotheobservedandhasadmiredstatusandthebehaviorhasfunctionalvalue.8Bandura’sExperimentonModelingExperimentthatshowedchildrencouldeasilylearnthroughobservationallearningmodelingFrustratedchildrengotobeatontheclownafterseeingadultmodeldothesame.Reinforcementsandpunishmentmayinfluencewhatweimitate.9Bandura’sExperimentonModelingTheBoboDollStudy“Bobodoll”studiesshowedobservationallearningandtheimpactitcanhaveonviolentbehaviorinchildren.AlbertBandura’sBobodollstudyin1961wasaclassicstudythatdemonstratesthesociallearningtheory.ThestudyshowedthatafterviewingadultsstrikeandkickaBobodoll,childrenwouldimitatethebehaviorinanotherenvironment.Thiswasimportant,asitsuggeststhattheviolencecouldbeimitatedbyviewers.Resultsshowed88%ofthechildrenimitatedaggressivebehaviorfollowingtheviewingofthetapeofadultsactingaggressivelytowardthedoll.8monthslater40%ofthesamechildrenreproducedtheviolentbehaviorobservedintheBobodollexperiment.10Thechildrenwereshownthreedifferentendingstothevideo.Thevideofirstshowedthattheadultswerepraisedfortheiraggressivebehavior.Thesecondgrouptheadultwastoldtositinacorner.Thethirdgroupshowedtheadultwalkoutoftheroom.Whilecontroversial,Banduramaintainedthathisexperimentdemonstratedthatchildrenareinfluencedbywitnessingormodelingofaggressioninothers.TheBoboDollStudy(continued…)11ProcessofLearningthroughModelingAttention:

Ifyouaregoingtolearnanything,youhavetobepayingattention.Thepersonmustfirstpayattentiontothemodel.Retention:Youmustbeabletoretainorrememberwhatyouhavepaidattentionto.Weretainmentalimagesorverbaldescriptions.Reproduction:Youhavetotranslatetheimagesordescriptionsintoactualbehaviors.Motivation:thefinalnecessaryingredientformodelingtooccurismotivation,learnersmustwanttodemonstratewhattheyhavelearned.(Ifpositivereinforcementispotentiallyavailable,enactthemodeledbehavior)

(Rememberthatsincethesefourconditionsvaryamongindividuals,differentpeoplewillreproducethesamebehaviordifferently).12Example

Childrenwhoseeanadultbehaveaggressivelymightviewthataggressivebehaviorasapositivething(i.e.,expectpositivereinforcementofsometypeforthatbehavior),andthereforemightimitatethataggressivebehavior.13EducationalimplicationsofsociallearningtheoryStudentsoftenlearnagreatdealsimplybyobservingotherpeople.Topromoteeffectivemodelingateachermustmakesurethatthefouressentialconditionsexist;attention,retention,motorreproduction,andmotivation.Teachersandparentsmustmodelappropriatebehaviorsandtakecarethattheydonotmodelinappropriatebehaviors.Teachersshoulde