2022屆高考英語(yǔ)閱讀之說(shuō)明文基礎(chǔ)訓(xùn)練（一）

2022高考英語(yǔ)閱讀之說(shuō)明文基礎(chǔ)訓(xùn)練(一)

(A)

WhenourScottishpuppy,Annie,reachedadolescence,shesuddenlystopped

followingmycommands.Previously,ifIcalled"come”,shewouldflyacrossouryard

tomyarms.Now,the8-month-oldgavemealookandrantheotherway.Ourdog

traineradvisedustostopworrying."She'sateenager,shesaid."She'llgrowoutofit.”

Now,anewstudyisbackingthatup:Dogsexperienceaperiodthatmakesthem

actout,justlikehumanteenagers.Puppiesbondwithhumansmuchaschildrendo.

“Butownersoftenfeellikethey'refailingwhentheirpuppiesreachadolescence,said

LucyAsher,leadauthorofthenewstudy.

Asherandherteammonitored70femaledogsbeingraisedasguidedogs.They

askedcaregiverstoscorethemontheirattention-seekingbehaviorslikesittingcloseto

theirownersandseparation-relatedbehaviorsliketremblingwhenleftbehind.Both

typesofbehaviorsshowgeneralanxietyandfearfulness.Dogswithhighscoresentered

adolescenceearlier—atabout5months,comparedwith8monthsforthosewithlower

scores.Further,adolescentdogsthatwerestressedbyseparationfromtheircaregivers

werealsoincreasinglydisobedienttothatperson,butnotothers.

Totestobedience,thescientistsassessedaseparategroupof69guidedogs,firstat

5monthsandlaterat8months.Theyaskedthedog*scaregiverandastrangertogive

thecommandto"sit”.Allofthepreadolescentpuppiesquicklysatforbothpeople,but

whenthesamepuppiesreachedadolescence,theyrefusedtofollowtheorderfromtheir

caregivers.However,theyreadilyobeyedthestranger.Dogsthatweren'tsecurely

attachedtotheircaregiverswereevenmorewillingtofollowthestranger'scommands.

Becauseofthesimilaritybetweenadolescentpuppiesandhumans,dogscould

serveasamodelspeciesforstudyingadolescenceinhumans.Andonamorepractical

note,thetemporarynatureofdogdisobediencemightmakeusworrylesswhenour

puppiessuddenlygetmindsoftheirown.JustaskAnnie—she'snowhappytocome,

sit,andstayawhile.

1.WhatcanweinferaboutAnnie'sdisobedienceaccordingtoAsher?

A.Itisnatural.B.Itisfoolish.

C.Itisunique.D.Itisimpolite.

2.Howdidtheguidedogsaged8monthsbehaveintheobediencetest?

A.Theybecameveryfierce.

B.Theywerebarelyattachedtoanyone.

C.Theybecamealittleexhausted.

D.Theywereobedientinfrontofthestranger.

3Whatisimpliedinthelastsentenceofthetext?

A.Theauthorfeelsgratefulforthetrainer'sadvice.

B.Theauthorislearninghowtogetonwithhisdog.

C.Theauthor'sdoghasbeenoutofitsadolescence.

D.Theauthor'sdoghasbecomeamodelforotherdogs.

4.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

A.AdolescentDogsActlikeHumanTeenagers

B.HumansShouldCareaboutTheirPuppiesMore

C.PuppiesAreCloselyRelatedtoHumanTeenagers

D.DogsTendtoObeyTheirOwners'Orders

(B)

AninternationalgroupofcoffeeexpertshasconsideredEthiopia'scoffeeasthe

bestintheworld.Coffeeisatopexport(出口物)ofthecountry.Butathome,itisseen

asnationalpride.Ethiopiansfeelgoodabouttheircoffee,andenjoyingadrinkwith

friendsisalongtradition.

Somepeoplesaytheclimateproducesqualitybeans.MortonWennersgarrdisa

coffeeimporter.Hesaid,"'Ethiopiahasdifferentancienttypesofcoffee.Theyare

plantedinplaceswithperfectsoil,perfectaltitude,andclimatesthatarereally

suitableforcoffeeprocessing?9Findingthebestqualitybeansisoftenanissueof

taste.Theprocessisknownascupping-tastingandcomparingcoffeefromdifferent

roastedbeans,gradingandthenpricingthem.Butbeforeinternationalexpertscome

totaste,coffeebeansarestudiedinsmallcoffeelaboratories.HelenAssefa,alab

2

technician,describestheprocess,“Whenthecoffeecomestothelab,weassess（評(píng)

價(jià)）itsqualityfirstbyrecordingthedetails.Thenweweighthemoisture（水分）level

andweexaminethebeansforanalysis.Afterthatwegrind（磨碎）thecoffeebeans

andtastethesamples.Intheendwecheckfordefective（有壬段疵的）beans.^^Mubarik

Abaoliisalabworker.Hesaysthattestingisaverydifficultandlongprocess.uWe

selectoutthedefectsbyhand.Andweselectoutthedefectaccordingtothedefect

types.”

Ethiopiahasgotalotofmoneybyexportingcoffeetomorethan120

countries.Thecountryhasanexportrevenue（稅收）ofmorethan840milliona

year.ButnotallthebestcoffeeleavesEthiopia.Fortypercentofthecoffeegrownin

thecountrystaysthere.ltremainsanimportantpartofeverydaylifeatwork,athome

andatceremonies.

1.Ethiopians*attitudetowardscoffeemaybestbedescribedas.

A.braveB.Relaxed

C.proudD.Doubtful

2.Thethirdparagraphismainlyabout.

A.thewaysofmakingcoffee

B.theinfluenceofthecoffee

C.thetipsonplantingthebestcoffee

D.theprocessofassessingthecoffee

3.Whatcanwelearnfromthelastparagraph?

A.CoffeeplaysanimportantroleinEthiopians1life.

B.Morethan120countriesexportcoffeetoEthiopia.

C.40%ofthecoffeegrowninEthiopiaisexported.

D.Ethiopiansearntheirlivingbyexportingcoffee.

4.Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?

A.ToadvertisethecoffeeinEthiopia.

B.Tocommentoncoffeeexperts*work.

C.Tointroducethebestcoffeeintheworld.

D.TorecommendactivitiesinEthiopiatotourists.

3

（C）

OneofthemosttraditionalBritishholidaysistheseasideholiday.Typically,

familiestraveltoBritishseasidetowns.

Inthelate1970s,airtravelbecameaffordablefortheaveragefamily,andmore

andmoreBritishpeoplestartedtravellingabroadfortheirsummerholidays.Afterall,

theBritishweatherisn'tverygood,eveninsummer.

Inthe1980sand1990s,Britishyoungpeoplebecamewealthier.Theystartedto

goabroadingroups.Onceattheirdestinationtheysocializedwithotheryoungpeople

andhadonelongparty.

Britishholidayinghabitshavebeguntochange,however.TheUKnowhasa

warmerclimatethanbefore,sopeopledon'talwaysfeeltheyneedtogooverseas.

Also,theworldseemsalesscertainplaceasinterconnectedeconomicriseandfall,

whichmeansthatthecostofforeignholidaysislesspredictablethanbefore.The

domestic（國(guó)內(nèi)的）tourismindustry—whenpeoplegoonholidayintheirown

country——ishealthierthanithasbeenindecades.UKnewspapershaveeven

inventedanewword:a"staycation”.

Insomeways,therefore,theUKhascomefullcircle.Thereisnowanincreased

appreciationamongBritonsforthediversityoftheUK.Itisnotjustthegeography,

whichrangesfromtheflatfens（沼澤）ofEastAngliatothevalleysofWalestothe

mountainsofScotland,whichisdiverse.Anditisnotjustthediversityof

climate-basedactivitiesonoffer,whichrangefromsurfinginthewarmsouthwestof

England,tohillwalkingandskiinginthenorth.Itisalsothediversityofthecultures

intheUKthatisbeginningtobeofinteresttodomestictourists.Peopleforget

sometimesthattherearedifferentaccents,languages,traditions,cuisinesandpeoples

acrossallthepartsoftheUK.

1.WhydomoreBritishpeopletaketheirholidaysintheirowncountry?

A.TheInternetmakesthemcloser.

B.Theyarewealthierandmoresociable.

C.Theglobalclimateisgettingmuchwarmer.

D.Theexpenseonforeignholidaysisunsteady.

4

2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“staycation“inParagraph4referto?

A.Avacationspentathome.B.Ahealthierstyleofliving.

C.Anewwaytospendholiday.D.Afashionabletourismindustry.

3.WhichisthebestheadingthatmatchesParagraph5?

A.Flightsoffancy.B.Sun,seaandsand.

C.Thelengthandwidth.D.Footlooseandfancy-free.

4.Whatisthepurposeoftheauthorinwritingthepassage?

A.ToprovetheUKhasdiversescenery.

B.ToshowtheUKstartstodiscoveritself.

C.TotellthedevelopmentoftheUnitedKingdom.

D.ToexplainwhytheBritishpreferspendingholidaysinland.

(D)

Halfoftheworld'sbeachescoulddisappearby2100,astudypublishedinthe

journalNatureClimateChangesuggests.

MichalisVousdoukas,oftheEuropeanUnion'sJointResearchCenterinIspra,

Italy,wastheleadresearchist."Touristareaswhichhavesandybeachesastheirmain

sellingpointwillprobablyfacestrongconsequences/hesaid.Asidefromeconomic

value,beachesplayanimportantenvironmentalrole.nSandybeachesareimportant

habitatssupportingawiderangeofspecies.Theyalsoprotectthecoastfromtheeffects

ofstorms,sowithoutsandybeachesotherinlandenvironmentscanbeaffectedbythe

effectsofwavesandsaltwaterentering,HVousdoukasadded.

Themaincausesarerisingsea-levelanderosion(侵蝕)fromstorms,thestudy

says,whichwarnedofthenear-disappearanceofalmosthalfoftheworld'ssandy

beachesbytheendofthecentury.BeachesintheUnitedStateswillbe"greatly

affected^,aswillshorelinesinCanada,Mexico,ChinaandChile.IntheU.S.,beaches

alongtheEastCoastandtheGulfCoastwillexperiencethemosterosion.

MichalisVbusdoukasandotherresearchersusedsatelliteimagestotracktheway

beacheshavechangedoverthepast30yearsandpatternedhowglobalwarmingmight

affecttheminthefuture.TheyfoundthatWestAfricawillseesomeoftheworstlosses,

wheremorethan60%ofsandycoastlinemaybelostincountriessuchasTheGambia

5

andGuinea-Bissau.Australiawillalsotakeahit:whenthetotallengthofsandybeach

projectedtobelostisanalyzed,Australiawouldbehitthehardest,withmorethan

7,000milesatrisk.

1.Whatmainlycausedthedisappearanceofhalfoftheworld*sbeaches?

A.Overpopulationandmoretourism.

B.Severeerosionandcoastlinelosses.

C.Globalwarmingandclimatechange.

D.Sea-levelriseandstormdestruction.

2.Whichcountrypossiblylosesmorethanhalfofsandycoastlineaccordingtothe

study?

A.Chile.B.TheGambia.C.Australia.D.TheUnitedStates.

3.Whyarebeachesimportanttowildlife?

A.Theycanprovidehabitatsforspecies.

B.Theycanblockoutwavesandstorms.

C.Theycanbepopulartouristattractions.

D.Theycanstoperosionfromhappening.

4.Whatistheauthor'spurposeinwritingthistext?

A.Tointroducebeaches.B.Tomakeacomparison.

C.Toprotectenvironment.D.Toexplainastudy.

(E)

Astrongcoffeeafterapoornight'ssleepisthekick-startmanypeopleneedinthe

morningbutnewresearchsuggeststhatitmightbebesttohaveabitetoeatfirst.

Astudyhasfoundthatdrinkingcoffeefirstcanhaveanegativeeffectonblood

sugarcontrol-ariskfactorfordiabetesandheartdisease.

“Weknowthatnearlyhalfofuswillwakeinthemorningand,beforedoing

anythingelse,drinkcoffee—subjectivelythemoretiredwefeel,thestrongerthe

coffee,saidProfessorJamesBetts,attheUniversityofBathintheUK.

Fortheirstudy,researchersattheUniversityofBathgot29healthymenand

womentotakepartinthreedifferentovernightexperiments,withatleastaweek

betweenthem.

6

Inone,theparticipantshadanormalnight'ssleep,roughlyfrom11p.m.to7a.m.,

andwereaskedtoconsumeasugarydrinkonwakinginthemorning.Theythen

experiencedaninterruptednight'ssleep,wheretheresearcherswokethemeveryhour

forfiveminutesbysendingthemtextmessagestowhichtheyhadtorespond一and

uponwakingweregiventhesamesugarydrink.

Onanothernight,participantsexperiencedthesamesleepinterruption,butthis

timewerefirstgivenastrongblackcoffee30minutesbeforeconsumingthesugary

drink.

Theyfoundthatonenightofinterruptedsleepdidnotworsentheparticipants9

bloodsugarandinsulinresponseswhencomparedtothenormalnight's

sleep-althoughpreviousresearchsuggestedthatlosingmanyhoursofsleepormany

nightsofpoorsleepcouldhaveanegativeeffect.However,strongblackcoffee

consumedbeforebreakfastactuallyincreasedthebloodsugarresponsebyaround

50%—suggestingthatrelyingoncoffeeafterabadnighttostopfeelingsleepycould

limityourbody'sabilitytotoleratethesugarinyourbreakfast.

1.Whatwasunchangedinthethreeexperiments?

A.Thesugarydrink.B.Thebloodsugarresponse.

C.Theamountofsleep.D.Theintakeofcoffee.

2.Whatincreasedtheparticipants9bloodsugarresponsemostbeforebreakfast?

A.Anormalsugarydrink.B.Anormalnight'ssleep.

C.Acupofstrongblackcoffee.D.Aninterruptednight'ssleep.

3.Howdidresearchersdrawtheconclusion?

A.Byreferringtosomedocuments.B.Bylistingsomeexamples.

C.Bysurveyingtheparticipants.D.Bycomparingtheresults.

參考答案：

(A)：ADCA

(B)：CDAC

(C)：DAAB

(D)

lo根據(jù)第三段中“Themaincausesarerisingsea-levelanderosion(侵蝕)fromstorms,the

7

studysays,whichwarnedofthenear-disappearanceofalmosthalfoftheworld'ssandybeachesby

theendofthecentury."（研究報(bào)告說(shuō)，主要原因是海平面上升和風(fēng)暴侵蝕，該研究警告說(shuō)，

到本世紀(jì)末，世界上近一半的沙灘將消失。）可知，沙灘消失的主要原因是海平面上升和風(fēng)

暴的侵蝕，故選D。

2o根據(jù)最后一段中“TheyfoundthatWestAfricawillseesomeoftheworstlosses,where

morethan60%ofsandycoastlinemaybelostincountriessuchasTheGambiaand

Guinea-Bissau.w（他們發(fā)現(xiàn)，西非將出現(xiàn)一些損失最嚴(yán)重的地區(qū)，岡比亞和幾內(nèi)亞比紹等

國(guó)可能會(huì)損失60%以上的沙質(zhì)海岸線。）可知，Gambia和Guinea-Bissau等國(guó)家60%以上的

海岸線可能會(huì)消失，故選B。

3o根據(jù)第二段中uSandybeachesareimportanthabitatssupportingawiderangeof

species.”可知，沙灘是各種各樣的物種提供棲息地，因此很重要，故選A。

4o根據(jù)第一段"Halfoftheworld*sbeachescoulddisappearby2100”可知，到2100年,

世界上一半的海灘可能會(huì)消失；在第二段中uSandybeachesareimportanthabitatssupportinga

widerangeofspecies.v（沙灘是一個(gè)重要的棲息地，支持各種各樣的物種）介紹了海灘的

重要性，因此可以推斷出作者寫本文的主要目的是引起人們的注意，共同保護(hù)環(huán)境，故選

Co

（E）

1o根據(jù)第五段“Inone,theparticipantshadanormalnightssleep,roughlyfrom11p.m.to7a.m.,

andwereaskedtoconsumeasugarydrinkonwakinginthemorning.Theythenexperiencedan

interruptednight'ssleep,wheretheresearcherswokethemeveryhourforfiveminutesbysending

themtextmessagestowhichtheyhadtorespond—anduponwakingwere