照明基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)

BasicsofLighting

ISCLearningCentreJuly2009Basicsoflighting-ContentsIntroductionSelectionparametersOverviewofbuildinglightingOverviewofhomelightingOverviewofothertypesoflightingIntroductiontolightingbusWhythismodule?WiththeworldfocusingonhowtoreducetheenergybillWithprofessionalswantingmoreefficiencyandsafetyatworkWithconsumersseekingtoimprovecomfortandsecurityThetypesoflightinghaveemoreandmorevariedThechoiceoflightingisingmoreandmoreimportantTheobjectiveofthismoduleistogiveyoubasicinformationonthedifferentlightsfoundonthemarketandhelpyouunderstandtheirconnectionwithourlightingcontroloffer.>

IntroductionThismoduleisthefirstofasetofbasicmodulesonLightingControl(seelistattheendofthemodule)Lighting&energyconsumptionLightingaloneisresponsiblefor19%oftheworld'selectricitydemandLightingaccountsfor10to33%(USA)ofeachcountry'selectricityconsumptionAhugeconcernespeciallyforpubliclighting(30%morethan20yearsold)Citylighting,park,carpark,roadlighting,stations,gamefields,docks,etc.>

IntroductionBuildingsLighting=25to50%(average40%)ofelectricitybillOffices,hotels,shops&supermarkets>

Lighting&EnergyConsumptionSchools,gymnasiums,medicalcareIndustry&HousingLighting=10to15%oftheelectricitybillPowerplant,heavyindustry,laboratory,warehouse,factories,workshop…Apartmentbuildings,homes>

Lighting&EnergyConsumptionOnthemarkettodayTwomaintechnologiesIncandescentlampsGasdischargelampsSeveraltypesofapplications

differentneedsseveraltypesoflightsProfessionaluse PrivateuseTypesofcontrolConventional(wiring)Field-busCentralsystems…>

OverviewoflightsonthemarketTechnologiesonthemarketIncandescentbulbs"GLS"*:MostcommonbulbsLV&ELV*halogenGasdischargelamps:Fluorescentlights:LowpressuremercuryfluorescenttubesCompactFluorescentLamps"CFL"HighIntensityDischargelights"HID"HighPressureMercury"MBF"LowPressureSodium"LPS,SLP,SOX"HighPressureSodium"HPS,SHP,SON"MetalHalide"MH,HQI,MIB"Others:LightEmittingDiodes"LED",induction*GLS=GlobalLightSource*ELV:ExtraLowVoltage(12Vdc)>

OverviewoflightsonthemarketApplications/Lights:BuildingsFluorescenttubesMetalhalide"MH,HQI,MIB"Lightsforhomes,smallshops&offices,hotelsIncandescentbulbs+LV&ELVhalogenFluorescenttubes+CompactFluorescentLamps"CFL"Others:LightEmittingDiodes"LED",inductionOthers(suchaspubliclighting,outdoorlighting)HighIntensityDischargelights"HID"HighPressureMercury"MBF"LowPressureSodium"LPS,SLP,SOX"HighPressureSodium"HPS,SHP,SON"MetalHalide"MH,HQI,MIB">

OverviewoflightsonthemarketLighting-SelectionparametersLightingneedsinrelationtoend-useRequiredbrightness(lightingpowerlevel)Environment(temperature,humidity,etc.)AestheticsColourrendering(capacityoflightingtorenderthecoloursoftheilluminatedobject)Lifetime(withrespecttodailyandyearlyoperatingtime)Frequencyofswitching(dailyon/offoperations)Lampstartingandwarm-uptimes(howlongittakestoreachthefulllightoutput)Dimmingcapability(sometypesoflightsarenotdimmable)SizeforcompatibilitywithexistinglightfixturesDiffusedorspotlighting,mountingheight(lowbay/highbay)Safety,extralowvoltage,CFLnottooclosetopeople'sheadsEasymaintenanceOverallcost(investmentcost+operatingcost)>

OverviewoflightsonthemarketFluorescenttubesThemostfrequentlyused!AcceptfrequentOn/OffswitchingLamppower:4to140W,lightoutputupto14000LumensLifetimeoffluorescenttubesdependsondailyOn/OfffrequencyandtypeofballastSeveraltypesoffixturesaccordingtouse:3mto12mheight(highefficiency),hanging,surfaceorflushmounted,single,twinormultipletubefixture,IP65version...>

OverviewofbuildinglightingT12(40-65lm/W)T8(80-95lm/W)T5(95-105lm/W)38mm26mm16mmLighting/consumption:

Lifetime:

Output:Colour:On/off: FrequentControl:BallastDimmable:YesControlcircuitsforfluorescenttubes&highintensitydischargelampsElectronicballastPleasenote:MostCompactFluorescentLamps(CFL)haveanelectronicballastbuiltintothebaseMagneticballast>

OverviewofbuildinglightingorDimmableFluorescenttubes-WiringdiagramsSingletube,magneticballastwithnocompensation(inductiveload)

p.f.<0.5,flicker,noise,lowlifetime8000h,inrushcurrent13In/5-10ms

simple,cheapSingletube,magneticballastwithparallelcompensation

flicker,noise,veryhighinrushcurrent20-60In/1ms

p.f.

>0.85,improvedlifetimeSingletube,magneticballastwithserialcompensation(cap.load)

flicker,noise,highinrushcurrent13In/5-10ms

p.f.

>0.85,improvedlifetimeTwincompensatedtubeswithmagneticballast

Highinrushcurrent20In/1ms

Limitedflicker,lownoise,

p.f.

>0.85,improvedlifetimeOneormoretubeswithelectronicballast

Veryhighinrushcurrent30-100In/0.5ms,HFearthleakage

detectedbyRCD

Noflicker,silent,highefficiency(+25%),longerlifetime(+50%),

p.f.>0.9Controlcircuit>

OverviewofbuildinglightingFluorescenttubes-LifetimeFluorescenttubeslifetimeDailyOn/Offfrequency+typeofballastDailyOn/Offswitchingfrequency(h)Lifetime(x1000h)Typeofcontrolballast:

electronicwithprogressivewarm-upprocess

compensatedmagnetic

noncompensatedmagnetic123>

OverviewofbuildinglightingConventionalON/OFF10Aor16AswitchLNCanbeconnectedtoSingletube,magneticballastwithnocompensationSingletube,magneticballastwithparallelcompensationSingletube,magneticballastwithserialcompensationTwincompensatedtubeswithmagneticballastLimitedtolargeinstallations>

Buildinglighting-Fluorescenttubes-ControlmethodsConventionalDimmingStand-AloneElectronicPotentiometerCanbeconnectedtoelectronicballastMaturetechnology

Limitedtolargeinstallations>

Buildinglighting-Fluorescenttubes-ControlmethodsMoreinfo?-SeeBasicsofDimming10%100%ElectronicPotentiometerElectronicBallast1Output+TubeLN1-10VdcElectronicBallast2+TubePowerlineBusPush-Buttons

CanbeconnectedtoelectronicballastTube+Ballast+Starter+TubeDimmingwithControlUnit0-10Vdc

CanbeconnectedtoalltypeoftubesON/OFFbyswitchactuatorMoreinfo?-SeeourKNXandLONcourses>

Buildinglighting-Fluorescenttubes-ControlmethodsDirectControlby

BusManagementSystem(BMS):Controlbylightingbus:DALIBus–Whatisit?DALIstandsfor:

DigitalAddressableLightingInterfaceAnopenprotocolsetoutinthetechnicalstandardEN/IEC60929Developedbyallleadingballastmanufacturers,forbuildinginstallations.GrowingtechnologyinbuildingsSchneiderhastomanageitS-Eoffersgateways:KNX/Dali,LON/DALIElectronicballastforfluorescenttubes,HID,LED,andtransformersforLVhalogen.protectiveearthDALIz.B.NYM5x...neutralwirephaseDALI>

Buildinglighting-Fluorescenttubes-ControlmethodsMoreinfoonDALI?-SeeDALIsystemstructure>

Buildinglighting-Fluorescenttubes-ControlmethodsDALIPowermax.300mDALISlavesmax.64EVGsDALI

Master32DALI

PowersupplyGatewayforfluorescenttubesonDALIbusandconventionalpush-buttons.Synergywithouroffer:Connectiontoour

DALI/KNXgatewayvia2binaryinputs>

Buildinglighting-Fluorescenttubes-ControlmethodsDALIbusDimmableFluorescenttubesLNExternalpowersupplyAC9-24VorDC9-36VDaliGatewayPush-ButtonsDALIbusDimmablefluorescenttubesLNKNXBusPush-ButtonsConnectiontoourKNXSystemthrough

ourDALIgateway>

Buildinglighting-Fluorescenttubes-ControlmethodsMoreinfoonbusesorDALIgateway?-SeeourKNXandLONcoursesConnectiontoourLONDALIgateway>

Buildinglighting-Fluorescenttubes-ControlmethodsDALIPowermax.300mDALISlavesmax.64EVG′sDALI

Gateway32DALIPowerSupplyDALILONOtherOptionDALIControllerDALILONMoreinfoonLON?ContactISCtrainingteamMoreinfoonhowtochoosebetweenLONandKNX?-DiscoverNewWaycourseBenefitscomparedto1-10VcontrolsystemsIndividualcontroloffixturesMulti-channellingbyonlyonepairofcontrolcablesNomainsswitchingneededBackchannellingSimpleDALIwiring:simpletwo-wirecableEasysystemre-configurationEasytoaddnewcomponents>

Buildinglighting-Fluorescenttubes-ControlmethodsDifferencesbetweenDALIandBAbuses

(KNX,LON)64addressesLightingControl-Largenumberofcomponents-Controloflighting,HVAC,alarmsystems,etc.Complementarity+>

Buildinglighting-Fluorescenttubes-ControlmethodsDSIforDigitalSerialProtocol1991ProprietarysystemfromTridonic-Atco(Zumtobel)An"intelligent"centralunit+AllfixturesconnectedtoitManywires>

Otherlightingsystemsonthemarket:DSIMoreinfoonDSI?-SeeIntroductiontohomelightingEnergyefficientlightinginhomesLightingmayaccountforuptoafifthofahousehold'selectricityconsumption.Upgradingthelampscanreduceahousehold'stotalelectricityconsumption

byupto10-15%TheEcodesignDirectiveprovidesaframework:EUenergylabelonhouseholdlampsMostenergyefficientbulbsarecompactfluorescentlamps:

A-classWorst:incandescentbulbs:

GtoE-class(Directive1998/11/EC).>

Overviewofhome&smallofficelightingIncandescentlamp(GLS)(E-class)1879(ThomasEdison)Lamppower:15to1000WLightOutput:upto15,000lumensClassGtoE:EuropehasdecidedtoremovetheselightsfromtheEUmarketbefore2012E27(ES)E14(SES)B22(BC)S14S15S19Efficiency:

Lifetime:Output(lm):Colour:

On/off:FrequentControl:DirectEfficiency=Lighting/consumptionAdvantagesBrightpointlightsource(iftransparentglass)DisadvantagesEnergy-guzzler–verylowefficiency

(E,ForG-class)FullcompatibilitywithexistingluminariesRisksduetohighoperatingtemperatureFulldimmableonanydimmerGoodqualityandperformanceShortlifetime(1000hours)>

Overviewofhome&smallofficelightingConventionalhalogenlamps(DorE-class)1980s230Vaclampsor12Vdclamps(+transformer)ImprovedincandescentlamptechnologyMuchsmallerlampsizeEqualorslightlyhigherefficiencythanincandescentlights230Vaclamppower:25to2000W,LightOutput:upto40,000lumensE27E14R7SGU/GZ10G9GU6.35G4GU5.3230Vac12VdcEfficiency:

Lifetime:Output:

Colour:

On/off:DailyControl:DirectEfficiency=Lighting/consumptionAdvantagesBrightpointlightsourceDisadvantagesLowefficiency,nooratbest15%energySavingsatmainsvoltagecomparedtoincandescentlamps(D,EorFclass,lowvoltage:Cclass,25%savings)FullcompatibilitywithexistingluminariesRisksduetohighoperatingtemperatureFulldimmableonanydimmerGoodqualityandperformanceRelativelyshortlifetime(1000–3000hours)>

Overviewofhome&smallofficelighting12Vdclamps(+transformer)Lamppower:5to500W,LightOutput:upto12,000lumens12Vdclamps

safetyinhumidroomsMagnetictransformer(LV/ELV)=InductiveloadElectronicconverter("ballast")=CapacitiveloadGU6.35G4GU5.312VdcFordimming,veryimportanttoknowthetypeofload(seeBasicsofDimming)ConventionalhalogenlampsLightingEfficiency:

Lifetime:

Output:

Colour:

On/offFrequentControl:Ballast>

Overviewofhome&smallofficelightingHalogenlampswithxenongasfilling(C-class)Recenttechnology

Withxenongasfilling,about25%less

energy/sameincandescentlightsComeintwoversionsOnlythefillinggasisreplaced,thesocketandthedimensionsofthelamparethesameasforconventionalhalogenlights.Theimprovedhalogencapsuleisplacedinglassbulbsshapedlikeincandescentlamps(soldasretrofit"energysaverlamps”).AdvantagesBrightpointlightsourceDisadvantages25%energysavings(Cclass)comparedtothebestincandescentlampsFullcompatibilitywithexistingluminariesRisksduetohighoperatingtemperatureFulldimmableonanydimmerGoodqualityandperformanceRelativelyshortlifetime(2000–3000hours)>

Overviewofhome&smallofficelightingHalogenlampswithinfraredcoating(B-class)RecenttechnologyInfraredcoatingaddedtothewallofhalogenlampcapsules

about45%lessenergy/Sameincandescentlights.Butonlypossiblewithlowvoltagelamps,Soatransformerisneeded(separateunitorintegratedintothefixtureorlampforincandescentretrofitsolution)BothspecialsocketcapsulesandincandescentretrofitlampsareavailableinB-classLampwithintegratedtransformerlimitedto60W(toomuchheat)AdvantagesBrightpointlightsource45%energysavings(Bclass)comparedtothebestincandescentlampsGoodqualityandperformanceRisksduetohighoperatingtemperatureFulldimmableonanydimmerRelativelyshortlifetime(3000hours)DisadvantagesToolargeforsomeluminariesNoequivalentyettoGLS>60WOnlyoneproducercurrentlyforGLSretrofit>

Overviewofhome&smallofficelightingCompactfluorescentlamps(CFLs)(A-class)Fluorescentlamptubes,withintegratedballast,ingastand-aloneretrofitsolutiontoreplaceincandescentlamps.1980s.Longlifetimeandhighefficiency,between65%and80%lessenergy/sameincandescentlights.Sometimeswithanexternalenvelopethathidesthetubesandmakesthemevenmoresimilartolightbulbs(althoughdecreasingefficiency).Theenvelopealsoshieldsoffanyunwantedultravioletradiationandrisksconnectedtoincorrectdisposal.Power:5-55W,Light<5000LumensEfficiency:

Lifetime:Output:Colour:

On/off:Daily>

Overviewofhome&smallofficelightingAdvantagesUpto80%energysaving(AclassorupperendofBclass)comparedtoincandescentlampsDisadvantagesNobrightpointlightingMoney-saverOftennotdimmableEnvironmentally-friendlySuboptimalcolourrenderingLonglifetime(6timeslongercomparedtoincandescentlamps)RelativelylowstartingandwarmuptimeAvailablewithwarmorcoollightSafetyissues(canbeavoidedwithpropercoatingToolargeforsomeluminariesLight-emittingdiodes(LEDs)VerylonglifetimeQuicklyemergingtechnologywithrecentprogressinefficiencyForroomlighting,onlyinthefirstphasesofcommercialisationandrarelymeetsallconsumerexpectationsintermsoflightoutputandotherfunctions.LikelytoetruealternativetoCFLsveryrapidly.Electricpower:0.05-0.1W(1LED)toseveralWatts(LEDarray),LightOutput:afewLumens(1LED)tothousandslm(LEDarray)G10G5.3E27E14Mainuse:Trafficlights,signalling/displayboards,decorationspotlights,portableorisolatedELVDClighting(battery,photovoltaic),etc.Light.Efficiency:

Lifetime:Output:Colour:On/off:DailyControl:>

Overviewofhome&smallofficelightingEfficiencyoflamptechnologiescomparedwithincandescentlamps(E-class)LamptechnologyI. IncandescentlampsEnergysavings-

EnergyclassE,F,G

II.1 Conventionalhalogens(mainsvoltage220V)0–15%D,E,F

II.1 Conventionalhalogens(lowvoltage12V)25%C

II.2 Halogenswithxenongasfilling(mainsvoltage220V)25%C

II.3 Halogenswithinfraredcoating45%B(lowerend)

III. CFLswithbulb-shapedcoverandlowlightoutput65%B(higherend)

III. CFLswithbaretubesorhighlightoutput80%A

>

SummaryofhomelightingclassificationWiringDevicesforessentiallightingapplicationsControlforadvancedlightingapplicationsSchneiderproductstocontrolthistypeoflighting>

SchneiderproductsAnya,Sedna,Unica,SystemM,Aztec,Alvais,Altira,Cedar+,Mureva,Aquadesign,Anti-vandal…IndoorOutdoorWall-mountedStand-aloneelectronicsKNX,IHCDinRailStandaloneelectronicsWirelessSolutionsTimers,dimmers,twilightswitches,timeswitches…Timers,dimmers,presence&movementdetectors,…HighIntensityDischargelamps(HID)Producelightbymeansofanelectricarc.Severaltypes:MercuryvapourlampsMetalhalide(MH)lampsCeramicMHlampsSodiumvapourlamps

Xenonshort-arclampsUltra-HighPerformance(UHP)

Higherlightingefficiencythanincandescentlampsorfluorescenttubes>

OverviewofothertypesoflightingMainuse:Publiclighting,industry,shelters,docks,

withhighbayfixturesTechnicalcharacteristics:TheoldestHIDgasdischargelampAdecliningtrend:replacedbyHPSodiumorMetalHalidelampsExceptforballast-freeversion(candirectlyreplace

standardincandescentbulbs),mostmercurylampsneed

aballasttowork.Lamppower:48to1000W.

LightOutput:upto65000LumensorLight.Efficiency:

Lifetime:Output:Colour:On/off:DailyControl:ballast>

OverviewofothertypesoflightingHighPressureMercuryvapourlamps(MBF)Mainuse:Outdoorsonly,road&securitylighting,

withhighbayfixturesTechnicalcharacteristics:Mostefficient,longlifegasdischargelampTrendtowardreplacementbyHighPressureSodiumlamps.Aballastisrequired.Severalminutesstartingtime.Lamppower:18to185W.

Lightoutput:upto35,000LumensLight.Efficiency:

Lifetime:Output:Colour:On/off:DailyControl:ballast>

OverviewofothertypesoflightingLowPressureSodiumvapourlamps

(LPSorSOX)Mainuse:Streets,monuments,tunnels,airports,docks,carparks,parks,shoppingmalls,warehouses,halls,etc.withhighbayfixturesorprojectorsTechnicalcharacteristics:Longlife,powerful,quiteefficientHIDlampTrendtowardreplacementofMetalHalideforbettercolourrenderingBallastrequired.Severalminutestostart.Workbelow-25°CLamppower:35to1000W.Lightoutput:upto140,000LumensorLightEfficiency:

Lifetime:Output:

Colour:

On/off:DailyControl:ballast>

OverviewofothertypesoflightingHighPressurevapoursodium(SON)Mainuse:streets,carparks,shoppingmalls,shops,halls,gymnasiums,factories,workshops,warehouses,gardenlights,etc.withhighorlowbayfixturesTechnicalcharacteristics:powerful&efficientwithgoodrenderingTrendtowardreplacementofHighPressureSodiumlampsBallastrequired.Severalminutestostart.Workbelow-25°CLamppower:30to2000W.Lightoutput:upto180,000LumensR7SE27LightEfficiency:

Lifetime:Output:

Colour:

On/off: DailyControl:Ballast>

OverviewofothertypesoflightingMetalHalidelamps(MBI)Mainuse:areaswithdifficultaccessorrequiringhighservicecontinuity:Highceilings,tunnels,airports,uninterruptableprocesses,freezers,etc.Technicalcharacteristics:verylonglife,mediumpowerlightsource.Exceptforcompactbulbversion,thiselectrode-lessHFfluorescentlampneedsanelectronicballast.Instantaneousstart.Workdownto-40°C.Lamppower:55to165W.Lightoutput:upto12,000LumensLightEfficiency:

Lifetime:

Output:Colour:

On/off:FrequentControl:>

OverviewofothertypesoflightingInductionlampsSchneiderproducts

tocontrolthistypeoflightingTimeswitchesIH,IHPTwilightswitchesIC2000,IC2000P+,ICAstroCombinedwithpowercontactorsMovement& Presencedetectors>

OverviewofothertypesoflightingLNi.e