2021譯林版高中英語選擇性必修四Unit-2課文翻譯

UNIT2UnderstandingeachotherWehavetwoearsandonemouthsothatwecanlistentwiceasmuchaswespeak.——Epictetus我們只有兩只耳朵和一張嘴巴，所以我們可以聽到的是我們所說的兩倍?！獝郾瓤颂┑翿eading(p16-17)Effectivecommunication有效溝通Ifyouheardsomeoneshout“Heyyou!”fromacrosstheroom,howwouldyoureact?Justthesetwowordscancarryalotofinformation.Theycouldbeinterpretedasawelcominggreetingfromaclosefriend,especiallyifaccompaniedbyagentlesmile.Whenspokenbyastranger,theycanfunctionasameansofattractingyourattention.Muchofwhatwecommunicateisdependentnotonlyonthewordsweuse,butalsoonhowweusethem.So.let’slookalittledeeperintothetopicofcommunication.如果你聽到有人從房間的另一頭喊“嘿,你!”,你會作何反應(yīng)?僅僅這兩個(gè)詞就可以承載很多信息。它們(這兩個(gè)詞)可以解讀成來自親密朋友的熱情問候,特別是如果伴隨著親切的笑容。當(dāng)陌生人這樣說話時(shí),它們可以作為吸引你注意的一種方式。我們交流的大部分內(nèi)容不僅取決于我們使用的詞語,還取決于我們?nèi)绾问褂盟鼈儭Ｄ敲?咱們更深入地探討一下交流的話題吧。Communicationistheprocessofexchanginginformationbetweenasenderandareceiver.Thesenderencodesamessageandsendsitfacetoface,orthroughvideo,telephone,mailorsocialmedia.Thismessageisthenreceivedanddecodedbythereceiver.Inresponse,thereceiversendsanencodedmessageback,whichisreferredtoasfeedback,Thisfeedbackisdecodedbytheoriginalsenderandtheentirecyclerepeatsitselfuntiltheyhavefinishedcommunicating.溝通是發(fā)送者和接收者之間交換信息的過程。發(fā)送者對信息進(jìn)行編碼,然后面對面發(fā)通或通過視頻、電話、郵件或社交媒體發(fā)送,然后該消息被接收方接收并解碼,作為回應(yīng),接收者發(fā)回一組編碼的信息,這被稱為反饋。這個(gè)反饋信息被原始發(fā)送者解碼,然后整個(gè)循環(huán)重復(fù),直到他們完成通信。Thiscommunicationprocesscanbechallengingbut,withpracticeandpatience,youcanbecomeahighlycompetentcommunicator.Toaccomplishthis,youneedtoknowwithwhomyouarecommunicating.Whatistheirageorposition?Whatistheirrelationshipwithyou?Whatexpectationsandculturalbackgroundsdotheyhave?Onceyouhaveobtainedthisinformationyoucanuseittodeterminehowbesttocommunicatewiththem.Dependingonwhetheryouarecommunicatingwithastranger,friend,familymemberorco-worker,youwillneedtodecidewhichcommunicationchannelbestsuitsthesituation.Furthermore,youwillneedtodeterminetheappropriatestyletouseandhowcomplexyourchoiceofwordsshouldbe.Forexample,ifyouareabusinesspersonnegotiatingwithalargeenterpriseaboutadeal,youshoulddoitfacetoface,usingformallanguageinastraightforwardmanner.這個(gè)溝通過程可能是具有挑戰(zhàn)性的,但是,通過練習(xí)和耐心,你可以成為一個(gè)非常稱職的溝通者。要做到這一點(diǎn),你需要知道你在和誰交流,他們的年齡或職位是什么?他們和你的關(guān)系如何?他們有什么樣的期望和文化背景?一旦你獲得了此休息,你可以用它來決定如何最好地與他們溝通。根據(jù)你是與陌生人、朋友、家人還是問事溝通,你需要決定哪種溝通渠道最適合這類情況。此外,你還需要確定使用的方式適當(dāng),以及你的措辭應(yīng)該多復(fù)雜。例如,如果你是一個(gè)商人,正在與一家大企業(yè)洽談一筆交易,你應(yīng)該面對面地,用正式的語言,以直截了當(dāng)?shù)姆绞竭M(jìn)行溝通。Yourbodylanguageisequallyimportant,sinceitrevealsalotaboutyourthoughtsandattitudes.Makesureitclearlysupportsthemessageyouwanttodeliver.Asmileshowsyouareattentivetotheissuesbeingdiscussed,whilelookingawaywithyourarmsfoldedcanindicatedisinterestandcreatedistrustorfriction.Additionally,youshouldnotignoretheotherperson’sbodylanguage,whichwillgiveyoucluesastowhethertheconversationisgoingwellornot.Whenyounoticeachangeintheotherperson’sbodylanguage.youshouldadjusthowyouarecommunicatingaccordingly.Ifsomeonelooksatyouwithaconfusedexpression,thiscouldindicatethattheyhavenotcompletelyunderstoodyourpoint.Thenyouwillneedtoclarifyyourmessagebeforemovingon.你的肢體語言同樣重要,因?yàn)樗沂玖四愕南敕ê蛻B(tài)度。確保它清楚地支持你想要傳遞的信息。微笑表明你對正在討論的問題很關(guān)注,而雙臂交叉、日光移開可能表明你不感興趣,這樣會造成不信任或?qū)е履Σ痢Ａ硗?你也不應(yīng)該忽視對方的肢體語言,因?yàn)樗鼤崾灸銓υ捠欠耥樌?。?dāng)你注意到別人肢體語言的變化時(shí),你應(yīng)該相應(yīng)地調(diào)整你交流的方式。如果有人帶著困惑的表情看著你,這可能表明他們沒有完全理解你的觀點(diǎn)。那么在繼續(xù)之前,你需要闡明你的信息。Whilebeingknowledgeableaboutbodylanguageisvital,thevalueofempathyshouldnotbeunderstated.Seektounderstandtheotherperson’semotions,byputtingyourselfintheirshoesandlookingatthesituationfromtheirperspective.Supposeyouarediscussingaprojectwithyourpartner,whohasjustlostanimportantbasketballgameandisinactive.Toengagehimorherinthediscussionandmakeyourcommunicationmoreeffective.youmayexpressyoursympathyby,forinstance,saying,“Iunderstandhowyoufeel...”However,someissuesmaybecomplicatedandyoumayheconfusedaboutwhyothersfeelthewaytheydo.Onlywhenyougiveseriousconsiderationtotheirpointsofviewwillyoubeabletoseewhataccountsfortheiremotionsandempathizewiththem.Youmaynotapproveoftheirideasbutatleastyouwillseewheretheyarecomingfrom,whichmeansyoucanmakeadjustmentstoyourowntoneandchoiceofwordsaccordingly.雖然了解肢體語言很重要,但同情的價(jià)值也不應(yīng)該被低估,通過設(shè)身處地從對方的角度看問題來試著理解對方的情緒。假設(shè)你和你的伙伴正在討論一個(gè)項(xiàng)目,他/她剛剛輸了一場重要的籃球比賽,而且現(xiàn)在不活躍。為了讓他或她參與討論,使你的交流更有效,你可以表達(dá)你的同情,例如,說:“我理解你的感受······”但是,有些問題可能很復(fù)雜,你可能會困惑為什么其他人會有這樣的感覺。只有當(dāng)你認(rèn)真考慮他們的觀點(diǎn),你才能明白他們的情緒是如何產(chǎn)生的,并與他們產(chǎn)生共鳴。你可能不贊成他們的想法,但至少你會明白這些想法從何而來,這意味著你可以相應(yīng)地調(diào)整自己的語氣和措辭。Effectivecommunicationwillenableyoutosettledifferencesanddisagreementsappropriatelyandimproveyourinteractionswithothers.Goodcommunicationskillswillalsohelpyoubuildtrustandgainrespect,allowingrelationshipstobecomemorepositiveandproductive.So,getpractisingandgoodluck!有效的溝通能讓你恰當(dāng)?shù)亟鉀Q差異與分歧,并改善你與他人的互動交流。良好的溝通技巧還能幫助你建立信任,獲得尊重,使人際關(guān)系變得更加積極和富有成效。所以,好好練習(xí),祝你好運(yùn)!Grammarandusage(p20)SomepeoplesaythattheUKandtheUSAaretwocountriesthatareseparatedbyacommonlanguage.However,afterstudyingineachofthem.Ifounditismorethanthat.Apartfromthedifferencesinlanguagesuchaspronunciationandvocabulary,thereisasignificantgapintermsofcommunicationstyles.有人說英國和美國是被一種共同的語言分開的兩個(gè)國家。然而,在兩個(gè)國家(的學(xué)校)學(xué)習(xí)之后,我發(fā)現(xiàn)不止那些。除了像發(fā)音、詞匯這種語言上的差異外,在交際風(fēng)格上也存在著顯著的差異。IspentonetermintheUK,wherethegreatestchallengewastheindirectmannerofspeaking.Britishpeopleareknowntobepolite.Sopolite,infact,thattheywillsometimessaythecompleteoppositeofwhattheyreallymean:acommonopinionis“It’snotbad”,whichusuallytranslatesas“It’sawful”.NosoonerhadIbeguntounderstandhowBritishpeoplecommunicatethanitwastimetoheadbackhome.Butitsurelyleftanimpressiononme.Later,IhadtheopportunitytostudyasanexchangestudentintheUSAforoneyear.Now,whenspeakingtoAmericans,whohaveapreferenceforthedirectstyle,IfoundthatIoftenfailedtogetstraighttothepoint.Thereweretimeswhenquestionslike“Wouldyoumindpassingmethejam,please?”wouldbemetwiththereply“WhywouldImind?”Ihadtolearnawholenewwayofcommunicating.我在英國待過一個(gè)學(xué)期,在那里最大的挑戰(zhàn)是間接的說話方式。英國人以彬彬有禮著稱。事實(shí)上,他們太禮貌了,以至于有時(shí)會說與他們真正想說的完全相反的話:一個(gè)普遍的看法——“還不錯(cuò)”,通常被翻譯成“太糟糕了”。我剛開始了解英國人的溝通方式就到要回家的時(shí)候了。但它確實(shí)給我留下了印象。后來,我有機(jī)會到美國作為交換生學(xué)習(xí)一年?，F(xiàn)在,當(dāng)我和偏愛直接風(fēng)格的美國人說話時(shí),我發(fā)現(xiàn)我經(jīng)常不能直接切入主題。有些時(shí)候,像“你介意把果醬遞給我嗎?”這樣的問題會碰到“我為什么介意?”這樣的回答。我不得不學(xué)習(xí)一種全新的交流方式。Bytheendoftheexchangeyear,Ihadasomewhatbetterunderstandingofhowtocommunicateinbothcountries,butIstillhavealottomaster.Asmyexperiencesclearlyshow,learningalanguageisjustthebeginning!到交換年結(jié)束的時(shí)候,我對如何在兩國交流有了一些更好的了解,但我還有很多需要掌握的。正如我的經(jīng)歷清楚地表明,學(xué)習(xí)一門語言只是開始!Integratedskills(p23)PopularityoflearningChinese漢語學(xué)習(xí)的流行Mary-JoSaundersgoestokindergarteneverymorning,justlikemanyotherfive-year-oldsinNewYork.Today,sheislearningapoem.WhatisspecialisthatitisaChinesepoemandthatsheisabletoreciteitwithoutanaccent.SoonsheisgoingtolearnChinesehandwritingtoo.“Learningtheworld’smostspokenlanguagemightgiveMary-Joaheadstartinherfuturecareer,“sayshermotherAlison.“Ithinkit’sgoodforhertostretchherselfbylisteningtoandpronouncingnewsounds,aswellaslearningtoreadandwriteChinesecharacters.”MoreandmoreambitiousparentsintheworldaresigningtheirchildrenupforChineseclasses.Keenfortheirsonsanddaughterstosucceedinlife.theyseebeingfluentinasecondorthirdlanguageasanadvantage.LearningChineseisbecomingsopopularthatthelanguagehasbeenincludedintheeducationsystemsofmorethan75countries.Over4,000overseasuniversitiesofferChineselanguagecoursesandabout25millionpeoplearelearningChineseoutsideChina.ItiseasytounderstandwhyChineseisbecomingsopopular.LearningChinesemayhelppeoplegetmorejobopportunities.Chinaisalreadyaglobaleconomicpower,anditsinfluenceisgrowing.Forexample.thereisChina’sBeltandRoadInitiative,whichmotivatesmanycountriesalongtheSilkRoadtocooperatemoreclosely.Ithascreatedthousandsoflocaljobs,manyofwhichneedpeoplewithaknowledgeofChinese.AnotherreasonisthatstudyingChineseprovidesaccesstowonderfulChinesehistoryandculture.AdamTurner,aschoolheadteacherintheUK,citesthisasoneofthemostappealingaspectsoftherecentlyaddedChinesecourse.“StudentslovethemysteryofChina,”heexplains.“Theywanttoknowallaboutitstraditions,dynastiesandartforms.LearningChinesehelpsthemseelifefromanewperspectiveandbroadentheirmindstotheoutsideworld.”瑪麗喬·桑德斯每天早上都去幼兒園,就像紐約許多其他五歲的孩子一樣。今天,她在學(xué)一首詩。特別的是,這是一首中國詩,并且她可以不帶口音地吟誦。不久地也要學(xué)習(xí)中文書法?！皩W(xué)習(xí)世界上說得最多的語言可能會讓瑪麗喬在未來的職業(yè)生涯中領(lǐng)先,”她的母親艾莉森說?！拔艺J(rèn)為,通過聽新音、發(fā)新音,以及學(xué)習(xí)讀和寫漢字來鍛煉自己,對她來說是有好處的。”世界上越來越多雄心勃勃的父母給孩子報(bào)名上中文課。希望自己的子女能在生活中取得成功,他們認(rèn)為會流利地說第二或第三種語言是一種優(yōu)勢。學(xué)習(xí)漢語變得如此流行,以至于超過75個(gè)國家的教育系統(tǒng)中都包含了漢語。4000多所海外大學(xué)開設(shè)了漢語課程,約2500萬人在國外學(xué)習(xí)漢語。很容易理解為什么漢語變得如此受歡迎。學(xué)習(xí)漢語可以幫助人們獲得更多的工作機(jī)會。中國已經(jīng)是一個(gè)全球經(jīng)濟(jì)大國,其影響力正在增長。比如,中國的“一帶一路”倡議推動了絲綢之路沿線許多國家更親密地合作。它為當(dāng)?shù)貏?chuàng)造了數(shù)千個(gè)就業(yè)機(jī)會,其中許多需要懂中文的人。另一個(gè)原因是學(xué)習(xí)漢語提供了讓你了解令人驚嘆的中國的歷史和文化的機(jī)會。英國一所學(xué)校的校長亞當(dāng)·特納稱,這是最近新增的中文課程最吸引人的地方之一。“學(xué)生們喜歡中國的神秘,”他解釋說,“他們想了解它的所有傳統(tǒng)、王朝和藝術(shù)形式。學(xué)習(xí)中文幫助他們從一個(gè)新的視角看待生活,并且拓寬他們的視野,讓他們看到外面的世界?！盓xtendedreading(p25-26)Borrowedwords外來詞“Therestaurant’sfriedtofuisdelicious.”Isthereanythingspecialaboutthissentence?Well,allthewordsexcept“the”and“is”areborrowedfromotherlanguages!Thiscomesasnosurprise,giventhatEnglishhasborrowedwordsfrommorethan300differentlanguages,includingLatin,Greek,FrenchandChinese.However,Englishisnotaloneinborrowingwordsfromotherlanguages—borrowedwordscanbefoundinalmostalllanguages.Forexample.EnglishwordsthatareborrowedintotheChineselanguageinclude“bacon”.“這家餐館的炸豆腐很美味”這個(gè)句子有什么特別之處嗎?好吧,除了“the”和“is”之外,所有的單詞都是從其他語言中借來的!這并不奇怪,鑒于英語中有超過300種不同語言的外來詞,包括拉丁語、希臘語、法語和漢語。然而,英語并不是唯一一種從其他語言中借用詞匯的語言——幾手所有語言中都有借用詞匯的現(xiàn)象。例如,借用到漢語中的英語單詞包括“bacon”“tank”和“golf”。Wordborrowingcomesaboutwhentwocultureswithdifferentlanguagesinteract.Thistendstohappenwhenthereisnosuitablewordforanobjectorideainthenativetongue.Thisphenomenonhasbeenoccurringforthousandsofyears.Inthecurrentageofglobalization,whencommunicationstechnologybringsdifferentculturesclosertogether,wordsareevenmorelikelytobeborrowedstraightfromthesourcelanguageatafasterpacethaneverbefore,especiallythoserelatedtotechnologicaldevelopments,suchas“email”and“Internet”.當(dāng)兩種不同語言的文化相互作用時(shí),就會出現(xiàn)詞匯借用。這種情況往往發(fā)生在母語中沒有合適的詞來表示一個(gè)物體或想法的時(shí)候。這種現(xiàn)象已經(jīng)發(fā)生了幾千年。在當(dāng)今的全球化時(shí)代,通信技術(shù)使不同的文化更緊密地聯(lián)系在一起,詞匯甚至更有可能直接從源語言借用的速度比以往任何時(shí)候都快,特別是那些與技術(shù)發(fā)展有關(guān)的詞匯,如“電子郵件”和“互聯(lián)網(wǎng)”。Thoughborrowingwordshasbecomefaster,theprocessisstillcomplex,andittakestimebeforenewwordsareintegratedintoeverydayspeech.Atfirst,theborrowedwordisonlyusedbybilingualspeakers.Itthenspreadstopeoplewhodonotknowtheoriginallanguage,andtheywillchangethepronunciationtofitthewaytheyspeak,almostunknowingly.Anexampleofthisistheword“kungfu”,whichreferstoChinesemartialarts.ThiswordcomesfromChinesegongfu,Overtime,thesoundsthataredifficulttopronouncehavebeenreplacedwithmorefamiliarones.Thelongeraborrowedwordhasbeeninuse,themoreitsoundsandevenlookslikethenativelanguage.雖然借詞已變得更快,但是過程仍然復(fù)雜,新詞需要一段時(shí)間才能融入日常用語中。起初,只有雙語者才會使用外來詞。然后,它傳播給了不了解源語言的人,他們會在幾乎不知不覺中改變發(fā)音,以適應(yīng)自己的說話方式?！盞ungfu”這個(gè)詞就是這樣一個(gè)例子,它指的是中國武術(shù),這個(gè)詞來自漢語“功夫”。隨著時(shí)間的推移,那些難發(fā)的青已經(jīng)被更熟悉的音取代,一個(gè)外來詞使用的時(shí)間越長,它聽起來,甚至看起來就越像母語。Borrowedwordsareanoutcomeoflanguagedevelopmentthatcanhardlybeavoided,butsomelanguagecommunitiesopposeadoptingwordsfromothercultures.Therearecountriesthatmakeinterventionstokeeptheirnativelanguagepureinordertodefendtheiridentity.TheFrenchspecificallyhaveanofficialorganizationthatcreatesnewwordsinordertoavoidborrowedwords.Somelanguageshaveanextremelysmallnumberofspeakers,suchastheNativeAmericanNavajolanguage,usedonlybythemembersofthetribe.Underthiscircumstance,itbecomesamatterofsurvivalforthenativelanguagetorejectoutsideinfluences.雖然外來詞是語言發(fā)展幾乎難以避免的結(jié)果,但是一些語言群體反對從其他文化中吸收詞匯。有些國家采取干預(yù)措施,以保持其母語的純正,以捍衛(wèi)其身份。法國人專門有一個(gè)創(chuàng)造新詞的官方組織,以避免外來詞。有些語言的使用者人數(shù)非常少,例