網(wǎng)絡(luò)基礎(chǔ)培訓(xùn)課程資料

2006年4月

計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)事業(yè)部客服技術(shù)支持部網(wǎng)絡(luò)根底培訓(xùn)課程資料

(二)TCP/IP根底知識IP地址根底知識優(yōu)化IP地址的分配第2章TCP/IP協(xié)議概述第一節(jié)：TCP/IP根底知識TCP/IP簡介TCP/IP協(xié)議棧名字解析數(shù)據(jù)的路由TCP/IP簡介通信過程TCP/IP的分層定義應(yīng)用程序通信過程N(yùn)ameAddressPostOfficePostOfficeNameAddressNameAddressPostOfficePostOfficeNameAddressTCP/IP的分層ApplicationLayerTransportLayerInternetLayerNetworkInterfaceLayerInternet層IPICMPIGMPARP網(wǎng)絡(luò)接口層EthernetATM傳輸層UDPTCP應(yīng)用層FTPHTTPOSITCP/IPApplicationPresentationSessionApplicationDataLinkPhysicalNetworkInterfaceTransportNetworkTransportInternetIPTCPOSI模型與TCP/IP模型的比較定義應(yīng)用程序UDPTCPFTPHTTP50FTPServerHTTPServerTCPPort20,21TCPPort80IPAddress+TCPPortorUDPPort=SocketTCP/IP協(xié)議棧TransmissionControlProtocol(TCP)UserDatagramProtocol(UDP)InternetProtocol(IP)InternetControlMessageProtocol(ICMP)InternetGroupManagementProtocol(IGMP)AddressResolutionProtocol(ARP)TCP/IPUtilities傳輸控制協(xié)議(TCP)IPICMPIGMPARPUDPTCP用戶數(shù)據(jù)報(bào)協(xié)議(UDP)

UDPTCPIPICMPIGMPARPInternet協(xié)議(IP)RouterUDPTCPIPICMPIGMPARPInternet控制消息協(xié)議(ICMP)UDPTCPIPICMPIGMPARPRouterInternet組管理協(xié)議(IGMP)UDPTCPIPICMPIGMPARP地址解析協(xié)議(ARP)UDPTCPIPICMPIGMPARP

BCAARPCache214651.ARPcacheischecked2.ARPrequestissent3.ARPentryisadded4.ARPreplyissent5.ARPentryisadded6.IPpacketissentARPCache3TCP/IP工具Server-basedSoftwareDiagnosticUtilitiesConnectivityUtilitiesFtpTelnetTftpArpHostnameIpconfigNbstatNetstatPingTracertTCP/IPPrintingServiceInternetInformationServices數(shù)據(jù)的路由IP路由跨路由器的數(shù)據(jù)傳輸IP路由

Router

PortionofRoutingTable

Isdestinationlocal? Yes,addthedestinationMACaddress

No,addtheRouter’sMACaddressAlwaysaddthedestination’sIPaddress跨路由器的數(shù)據(jù)傳輸VerifypacketDecreaseTTLIsdestinationlocal?

Yes,addthedestinationMACaddress

No,addanotherRouter’sMACaddressVerifypacketVerifyIPaddressSendthepacketuptothenextlayerIsdestinationlocal? Yes,addthedestinationMACaddress

No,addtherouter’sMACaddressAlwaysaddthedestination’sIPaddressVerifypacketVerifyIPaddressSendthepacketuptothenextlayerVerifypacketDecreaseTTLIsdestinationlocal?

Yes,addthedestinationMACaddress

No,addanotherrouter’sMACaddressRouter2Router1ABCD第二節(jié)：IP地址根底知識IP地址格式IP地址分類子網(wǎng)掩碼規(guī)劃IP地址設(shè)置IP地址IP地址格式192.168.1.100192.168.2.101192.168.2.100192.168.3.10000IPAddressHostIDNetworkIDIP地址分類wxyzClassANetworkIDHostIDClassBNetworkIDHostIDClassCNetworkIDHostIDIP地址范圍 *127(011111111)isaClassAaddressreservedforloopbacktestingandcannotbeassignedtoanetwork.子網(wǎng)掩碼子網(wǎng)子網(wǎng)掩碼(SubnetMasks)確定本地和遠(yuǎn)程主機(jī)

子網(wǎng)RouterSubnet1Subnet212HubHub子網(wǎng)掩碼IPAddressHostIDNetworkID192.168.2.200SubnetMask255.255.0.0192.168.IPAddress10.50.100.200SubnetMask255.0.0.0NetworkID10.0.0.0IPAddress10.50.100.200SubnetMask255.255.0.0NetworkID10.50.0.0IPAddress10.50.100.200SubnetMask255.255.255.0NetworkID10.50.100.0確定本地和遠(yuǎn)程主機(jī)Example1

100LocalHosts

00

2

RouterSubnet

MaskABCDEFExample2

100

2RemoteHosts

00

RouterSubnet

MaskABCDEF規(guī)劃IP地址設(shè)置IP地址的原那么設(shè)置網(wǎng)絡(luò)IDs設(shè)置主機(jī)IDs設(shè)置IP地址的原那么主機(jī)ID不能全為0主機(jī)ID不能全為255第一個(gè)數(shù)不能為127IP地址必須是唯一的設(shè)置網(wǎng)絡(luò)IDs

12

3

Router10.0.0.0192.168.2.0172.16.0.0設(shè)置主機(jī)IDs

12

Router172.16.172.16.172.16.101010.11.10192.168.2.110.172.16.310.0.0.0192.168.2.0172.16.0.0設(shè)置IP地址靜態(tài)IP地址自動IP地址查看IP地址靜態(tài)IP地址InternetProtocol(TCP/IP)PropertiesGeneralYoucangetIPsettingsassignedautomaticallyifyournetworksupportsthiscapability.Otherwise,youneedtoaskyournetworkadministratorfortheappropriateIPsettings.ObtainanIPaddressautomaticallyUsethefollowingIPaddress:IPaddress:UsethefollowingDNSserveraddresses:PreferredDNSserver:ObtainDNSserveraddressautomaticallyAdvanced...AlternateDNSserver:192.168.1.200192.168.1.1255.255.255.0Subnetmask:Defaultgateway:OKCancel自動IP地址InternetProtocol(TCP/IP)PropertiesGeneralYoucangetIPsettingsassignedautomaticallyifyournetworksupportsthiscapability.Otherwise,youneedtoaskyournetworkadministratorfortheappropriateIPsettings.ObtainanIPaddressautomaticallyUsethefollowingIPaddress:IPaddress:UsethefollowingDNSserveraddresses:PreferredDNSserver:ObtainDNSserveraddressautomaticallyAdvanced...AlternateDNSserver:Subnetmask:Defaultgateway:OKCancel查看IP地址InternetProtocol(TCP/IP)PropertiesGeneralYoucangetIPsettingsassignedautomaticallyifyournetworksupportsthiscapability.Otherwise,youneedtoaskyournetworkadministratorfortheappropriateIPsettings.ObtainanIPaddressautomaticallyUsethefollowingIPaddress:IPaddress:UsethefollowingDNSserveraddresses:PreferredDNSserver:ObtainDNSserveraddressautomaticallyAdvanced...AlternateDNSserver:192.168.1.200192.168.1.1255.255.255.0Subnetmask:Defaultgateway:OKCancel查看IP地址CommandPromptMicrosoftWindows2000[version5.00.2195](C)Copyright1985-1999MicrosoftCorp.C:\>ipconfigWindows2000IPConfigurationEthernetadapterLocalAreaConnection: Connection-specificDNSSuffix.: IPAddress............:00 SubnetMask...........: DefaultGateway.........:C:\>_私有IPAddresses第三節(jié)：優(yōu)化IP地址的分配分類IP地址的局限性無類域間路由(ClasslessInter-DomainRouting--CIDR)子網(wǎng)掩碼CIDR表示法計(jì)算網(wǎng)絡(luò)ID確定本地和遠(yuǎn)程主機(jī)使用CIDR分配IP地址分類IP地址的局限性WastesIPAddressesNetworkof2000ComputersAssigned65,534IPAddresses63,534Wasted2000AllocatedClassBwxyzNetworkIDHostID25500255AddsMultipleEntriestoRoutingTablesClassCwxyzNetworkIDHostID0255255255PortionofInternetRoutingTables

CompanyNetworkIDsInternetCIDR〔無類域間路由〕的概念wxyz10.217.123.700001010110110010111101100000111IPAddressinDottedDecimalNotationNetworkIDHostID32Values4ValuesIPAddressinBinaryNotation子網(wǎng)劃分子網(wǎng)掩碼CIDR表示法計(jì)算網(wǎng)絡(luò)號判定本地和遠(yuǎn)程主機(jī)子網(wǎng)掩碼NetworkIDHostID11111111111111111111111100000000wxyz10.217.123.7255.255.255.0BinaryRepresentationDecimalRepresentation1111111125511111110254111111002521111100024811110000240111000002241100000019210000000128000000000CIDR表示法IPAddressSubnetMaskNumberofSubnet

MaskBits(ones)IPAddressinCIDRNotation255.255.240.01111111111111111111100000000000010.217.123.7000010101101100101111011000001118+8+4+0=20/20計(jì)算網(wǎng)絡(luò)號IPAddressSubnetMaskNetworkIDNetworkIDinCIDRNotation255.255.240.01111111111111111111100000000000010.217.123.700001010110110010111101100000111000010101101100101110000