虛擬語氣的全面講解

虛擬語氣虛擬語氣表示說話人的愿望、假設、猜測或建議，而不表示客觀存在的事實。虛擬語氣通過謂語動詞的特殊形式來表示，下面對虛擬語氣在各種句式中的用法分別介紹。句式復合句狀語從句定語從句名詞性從句主語從句賓語從句表語從句同位語從句SubjunctiveMood條件狀語從句其他狀語從句If條件句含蓄條件句簡單句一、虛擬語氣在簡單句中的應用

用“may十動詞原形〞表示“祝愿〞、“但愿〞．may須置于句首，例如：Mayyoubehappy!

Mayyousucceed!

Mayyouhaveagoodtime!

其他表示愿望、祝愿或詛咒;命令。

Godblessyou.Heavenforbid!work!Bemorecareful！Yougoout!

名詞性從句

主語從句條件狀語從句含蓄條件句二、復合句定語從句狀語從句賓語從句表語從句同位語從句其他狀語從句If條件句表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反的假設時，條件狀語從句中的謂語動詞用“過去式〔be的過去式用were〕〞，而主句中的謂語動詞用“would〔should,could,might〕+動詞原形。〞ExampleIfIhadtime,Iwouldcertainlygotothemovies.IfIwereyou,IshouldstudyEnglish.

Ifhehadtime,hewouldattendthemeeting.練習題例：1)

Ifmyfather__________herenow,he_________tellmewhattodo.

A.

were,wouldBwere,willCis,wouldDis,will2)

IfI________abee,I__________workmuchharder.Awere,wouldBwere,shallChad,willDhave,should3)

IfI_______muchmoney,I_________buyahouse.Ahave,willBhad,shouldChad,willDhave,should4)

He__________learnmorequicklyifhe_________harder.Awill,workBwould,workedCwould,workDwill,worked5)

IfI__________you,I_________dothat.Awas,wouldn'tBwere,wouldn'tCam,won’tDwere,won’tAABBB表示與過去的事實相反的假設時，條件狀語從句的謂語動詞用“had+過去分詞〞，主句中的謂語動詞用“would〔should,could,might〕+have+過去分詞〞。Eg:Ifyouhadtakenmyadvice,youwouldn’thavefailedintheexamination.Ifshehadworkedharder,shewouldhavesucceeded.Thericewouldnothavebeenburntifyouhadbeenmorecareful.練習1)

Ifyou___thedoctor’sadvice,youwouldhaverecognizedalready.A.followedBwouldfollowCfollowDhadfollowed2)

Ifmylawyer____herelastSaturday,he___mefromgoing.Ahadbeen,wouldhavepreventedBhadbeen,wouldpreventCwere,wouldpreventDwere,wouldhaveprevented3)

I___ifshe____me.Awouldhaveoverslept,didn'tcallBwouldhaveoverslept,hadn’tcalledCoverslept,hadn'tcalledDwouldoverslept,didn'tcall4)

----Ifhe___,he___thatfood.----Luckilyhewassenttothehospitalimmediately.Awaswarned,wouldnottakeBhadbeenwarned,wouldnothavetakenCwouldbewarned,hadnottakenDwouldhavebeenwarned,hadnottaken5)

She_____tothepartyifshe_____invited.Awouldhavegone,hadbeenBwouldgo,wasCwouldhavegone,wasDhasgoneDABBA表示與將來事實相反的假設時，條件從句和主句所用的謂語動詞懷“表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反的假設〞的謂語動詞相同，或者條件從句中用“wereto/should+動詞原形〞or過去式。Ifyoucametomorrow,wewouldhavethemeeting.

Ifitweretoraintomorrow,themeetingwouldbeputoff.Ifheshoulddoit,hewoulduseanotherway.1)

It’squiteimpossiblethatitwillraintomorrow.Butifit____,Iwouldstillgotothepark.AshouldrainBwouldrainCrainDhadrained2)

Idon’tthinkthatIshallfail.ButifI____,Iwouldtryagain.AshouldfailBwouldfailCfailedDhadfailed3)

_____Tomorrow,whatshouldwedo?AIfitrainsB.ShoulditrainC.woulditrainD.WereitrainingIII.

在不同時間下，虛擬語氣的三種形式，公式。I.與現(xiàn)在事實相反WeremightIf+主語+過去式動詞would過去式助動詞，主語+could+VShouldII.與過去事實相反mightwould+have+過去分詞If+主語+had+過去分詞,主語+could

ShouldIII.與將來事實相反Weremightif+主語+過去式助動詞shouldwereto+v主語+would+VShould+v.Could

注：１〕虛擬語氣中助動詞be一律用were，不用was。２〕在與將來事實相反的虛擬語氣中，“if＋主語＋should+Ｖ+…＋表示可能的假設當條件狀語從句行為和主句表示的行為所發(fā)生的時間不一致時，動詞的形式要根據(jù)它所表示的時間來調(diào)整。

Ifyouhadworkedhard,youwouldbeverytired.Iftheyhadlefthomeinearlymorning,theywouldarriveinhalfanhour.IfIwereyou,Iwouldn‘thavemissedthefilmlastnight.Ifyouhadspokentohimlasttimeyousawhim,youwouldknowwhattodonow.(過去---現(xiàn)在.)(過去—將來)(現(xiàn)在----過去)(過去---現(xiàn)在)以上句型可以轉(zhuǎn)換成以下形式:省略if,用“were,had,should+主語〞.例如:WereIinschoolagain,Iwouldworkharder.

Hadyoubeenhereearlier,youwouldhaveseenhim.

Shouldtherebeameetingtomorrow,Iwouldcome.

但在虛擬條件狀語從句中,省略連詞的倒裝形式的句首不能用動詞的縮略形式,如我們可以說:

Wereitnotfortheexpense,IwouldgotoItaly.

但不能說

Weren'titfortheexpense,IwouldgotoItaly.含蓄條件句是指句中沒有明顯的虛擬條件句，而是利用其他手段來暗示存在虛擬條件。但是這類隱含式虛擬條件句往往都可以轉(zhuǎn)化為if引導的條件句。常來表示含蓄虛擬條件的手段有:(二)、含蓄虛擬條件句

一)用介詞短語代替條件狀語從句用without/butfor〔要不是、如果不是〕/butthat(假設非)/incaseof〔假設，如果發(fā)生〕/Intheabsenceof〔如果沒有〕/undermorefavorablecondition表示“要不是〞、“如果沒有〞等，表示條件虛擬

例句：Butfortheleadershipoftheparty,wecouldnotbelivingahappytoday.=Iftherehadn’tbeentheleadershipoftheparty,wecouldnotbelivingahappytoday.

1.Withoutair,nothingcouldlive.要是沒有空氣，什么也不能生存。

2.Butforyourhelp,Icouldn'thavedoneit.

3.Intheabsenceofwaterandair,nothingcouldlive.如果沒有水和空氣，什么也不

4.Butthatshewasafraid,shewouldhavesaidno.

Ifonly引導的是省略了表示結(jié)果的主句的虛擬語氣結(jié)構(gòu)，現(xiàn)已成為慣用法，表達愿望一種不真實的條件，譯成“要是……就好了！〞

從句用過去時表示現(xiàn)在沒有實現(xiàn)的愿望，對過去沒有實現(xiàn)的或不能實現(xiàn)的愿望，從句就用過去完成時。

IfonlyIhadtakenhisadvice.我要是聽他的話就好了．

IfonlyIwereabird．我如果是一只鳥就好了．IfonlyIcouldspeakseveralforeignlanguages.二)虛擬語氣用于ifonly引導的感慨句中三〕動詞不定式短語。一般intended/meant/hoped/wished/planned/或was/were+不定式完成式或hadintended/meant/hoped/wished/planned/+不定式的一般式表示虛擬。四〕情態(tài)動詞完成式暗示虛擬語氣Musthavedone一定做了(用肯定句)Couldhavedone可能〔疑問句〕本能夠做但沒做〔肯定句〕May/mighthavedone也許做了Should/oughttohavedone本應該做了Shouldn't/oughtn’ttohavedone本不該做Needn’thavedone本不必做Couldhehavebeentoldthetime?有人告訴他時間了嗎？我本能夠幫你，但當時很忙。IcouldhavehelpedyoubutIwasbusythen.

Ididn’tpasstheexam,(本不應該玩如此多的)Ioughtnottohaveplayedsomuch.

Ididn’thearthephone,Imusthavebeensleeping..在主語從句中，謂語動詞的虛擬語氣結(jié)構(gòu)用“should十動詞原形〞的結(jié)構(gòu)，表示驚奇、不相信、惋惜、理應如此等．句型：Itis/was+形容詞/過去分詞/名詞+that……+should+do一〕虛擬語氣用于主語從句．常用的形容詞*natural,appropriate(適當?shù)?,advisable(適宜的),preferable(可取的),better(更好*necessary,important,imperative(急需的),urgent(急迫的),essential(本質(zhì)的),vital(必不可少的)*probable,possible*desirable(極好的)

常用的過去分詞:*required(需要的),demanded(要求),requested(被請求的),desired(要求)*suggested(建議),recommended(推薦)*ordered(命令)常用的名詞：apity、ashame，nowonder，etc例如

Itisnecessarythatweshouldcleantheroomeveryday.

Itwasapitythatyoushouldbesocareless．

Itwillbedesiredthatsheshouldfinishherhomeworkthisafternoon．

在上述三種主語從句中，should意為“應該〞,“竟然〞，可以省去，但不可換用would.主句所用動詞的時態(tài)不限．

注意：這種從句表示的是事實．如果說話人對這種事實表現(xiàn)出驚奇的情感，就可用虛擬語氣．反之，如果不表示驚奇等情感．That從句也可用陳述語氣，例如：

Itisstrangethathedidnotcomeyesterday.

Itisapitythatyoucan’tswim．二)虛擬語氣用于賓語從句1.“wish〞在賓語從句中V-ed….表現(xiàn)在wish+主語〔賓語從句中的主語〕+had+v-ed表過去could/would/might+V.表將來“wish+賓語從句〞表示不能實現(xiàn)的愿望,漢語可譯為“可惜……〞.“……就好了〞,“悔不該……〞,“但愿……〞等.Iwishitwerespringalltheyearround.

Iwishyoucouldgowithus.

Wewishwehadarrivedtheretwohoursearlier.例：1.-----Doyouhaveatypewriter?-----No,butIwishI______.AhaveBhadCdoDhadhadb.

2IwishI_____mytimewhenIwasyoung.Adidn’twasteBshouldn'thavewasteChadn’twastedDwouldn'thavewasted

3.

Iwishwe_______withmybrotherwhenhefliestoEnglandnextweek.AcouldgoBhadgoneCwillgoDaregoingV-ed表現(xiàn)在或?qū)韜ouldrather+主語(從句中)+had+過去分詞表過去例

a.Iwouldratheryoucametomorrowthantoday.b

Iwouldratheryouhadn'tsaidthat.c.Iwouldpreferhedidn’tstaytheretoolong.2>would/hadratherwouldsooner/prefer+objectclause在虛擬語氣中的用法表示希望或婉轉(zhuǎn)的責備。注意：suggest表示“暗示〞時不需要用虛擬語氣；insist表示“堅持認為〞時也不需要用虛擬語氣e.g.:Herpalefacesuggestthatsheisill.Heinsiststhathedidn’tstealmoney.3>作advice,order,demand,plan,propose,suggest,request,insist等表示“方案，要求，命令〞動詞的賓語從句,其后賓語從句謂語動詞要用虛擬語氣的結(jié)構(gòu)“(should)+動詞原形〞.Eg:Theydemandedthattheaggressortroops(should)bewithdrawnimmediately.Heinsistedthatallofusshouldcleantheblackboardafterclass.HeorderedthatthestudentswashtheclothseveryweekbyThemselves.作advice,idea,order,demand,plan,proposal,suggestion,request等名詞的表語從句和同位語從句,其謂語動詞要用虛擬語氣的結(jié)構(gòu)“(should)+動詞原形〞.例如:

Weallagreedtohissuggestionthatwe(should)gotoBeijingfor

sightseeing.

Myideaisthatwe(should)exercisefirst．三)虛擬語氣用于表語從句、同位語從句

如果從句表示的動作發(fā)生在過去，用過去完成時，指現(xiàn)在狀況，那么用過去時，指將來那么用過去將來時例如：Helooksasifhewereanartist.

HespeaksEnglishsofluentlyasifhehadstudiedEnglishinEngland．

Evenifhewerehere，hecouldnotsolvetheproblem．

四)虛擬語氣在asif(asthough)，evenif(eventhough)等引導的表語從句或狀語從句中的應用．Sheoftenlaughsspontaneously,andhergoodhumorbreaksoutasbrightlyasifitwereapartofthesunshineabove.她常常發(fā)出發(fā)自內(nèi)心的微笑，而且她那美好的情緒像天上一道明亮的陽光一樣，常常流露出來。

Theytalkedasiftheyhadbeenfriendsforyears.他們交談著，就好似他們是我年老的朋友一樣。

Shelooksasifshewouldcry.她看起來好似要哭了例如：

Sheputablanketoverthebabyforfearthatheshouldcatchcold.她在那個嬰兒身上蓋上了毯子以免他著涼。

Thebadmanwasputinthesoft-paddedcelllestheinjurehimself.Hekeptquietlesthe(should)disturbher.

IdidthissothatImighthaveacoupleofweekstopreparemypaper.

由連接詞incase,sothat,inorderthat,unless,lest,forfearthat引起的狀語從句中，謂語動詞要用虛擬形式，即should(might,would)+動詞原形，注意：在以lest引導的從句，謂語用should+動詞原形，should有時可省.假設前inorderthat/sothat的主句是現(xiàn)在時，從句也可用can/may+動詞原形。AskhertohurryupwiththeletterssothatIcansignthem1>這種從句常用在Itis(high)time(that)…句型中，定語從句的謂語動詞用過去式，或should十動詞原形(should不能省略，be用were)來表示，意為“(現(xiàn)在)該……〞。abouttimeshould+VItis+time+that+主語＋V-ed/werehightime

(六)虛擬語氣用于定語從句例如：

Itis(high)timeweleft(shouldleave).

ltishightimeweweregoing.a.It’sabouttimethatyou______yourstore.AcloseBclosedChaveclosedDhadclosedb.

It’shightimethathe_______tothinkhowtodealwiththemoney.AwouldbeginBbeganCbeginDwillbegin1_B2__B1.

Iadvisedthatsister____atherdeskallday.

A.

mustn'treadBnotreadCdoesn't’treadDneedn’tread2.

ThesituationrequiredthatChina______itsdoortotheoutsideworld.AmustopenBshouldopenChavetoopenDhastoopen3.

I__youamorevaluablepresentforyourbirthday.Iwasshortofmoneyatthattime.AmusthavebroughtBwouldhaveboughtChadboughtDwouldbuy4.

----Doyouwanthimtolendyousomemoney?-----Iwishhe______.AhadBdidCwouldDshould

5.____hecome,theproblemwouldbesettled.AWouldBShouldC.ShallD.If6.

Itwasrequiredthateachstudent____enoughfoodonthetrip.

A.hadbetterbringBwouldbringCbroughtDbring7.You_______themeetingyesterday.Whyareyouabsent?AhadseenBmighthaveseenCweretoseeDwouldsee8.

Shedidn'tcomeyesterday,oryou______him.AhadseenBmighthaveseenCweretoseeDwouldsee9.

______you_____lastWednesday,youmightknowitwell.AWere,tocomeB.If,cameC.Had,comeD.Did,come10.

Iwasillthatday,otherwiseI______thesportsmeet.A.wouldhavetakenpartinBtookpartinChadtakenpartinDwouldtakepartin11.

Shecouldn’thaveansweredtheque