高考閱讀理解分類講解

章閱讀理解專題

2021/5/91Warmingup1.Asayounggirlgrowingupinthe1930s,Ialwayswantedtoflyaplane,butbackthenitwasalmostunheardofforawomantodothat.Igotatasteofthatdreamin2011，whenmyhusbandarrangedformetorideinahotairballoonformybirthday.（2011年高考英語北京A篇）Q:Whathappenedtotheauthorin2011？A.Sheflewanairplane.B.Sheenteredacompetition.C.Shewentonahotairballoonride.D.Shemovedintoaretirementcommunity.__________2021/5/92Helongsforconversationswithaneditorwhowillhelphimturnhisgoodideasintogreatones.Hewantssomeonetogetexcitedaboutwhathe'sdoingandtohelphimturnhisstoryideaupsidedownandinsideout，exploringthebestwaystoreportit.Hewantstobemorevaluableforyourpaper.（2010年高考英語北京B篇）Q:Whatdoesthereporterwantmostfromhiseditorsintheirtalks？A.Findingthenewsvalueofhisstories.B.Givinghimfinancialsupport.C.Helpinghimtofindissues.D.Improvinghisgoodideas.____________________________________________________________2021/5/93SheturnedupatthedoorstepofmyhouseinCornwall.NowaycouldIhavesentheraway.Noway,notmeanyway.Maybesomeonehadkickedheroutoftheircarthenightbefore.“We'removinghouse”;“Nospaceforheranymorewiththebabycoming.”“Weneverreallywantedher，butwhatcouldwehavedone？Shewasapresent.”Peoplefindallsortsofexcusesforabandoningananimal.AndshewasoneofthemostbeautifuldogsIhadeverseen.Q:HowdidtheauthorfeelaboutGoldiewhenGoldiecametothehouse？（2010年高考英語北京A篇）A.Shocked.

B.Sympathetic.

C.Annoyed.

D.Upset.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2021/5/94Step1:閱讀理解文章體裁分析記敘文：往往按時間順序展開段落，文章有明顯表示時間先后的詞語。閱讀時抓住時間這條主線，弄清who、what、where、why與how。描寫文：通過細節(jié)的描寫，以畫面的方式來反應(yīng)事物的特征、性質(zhì)。對這種文章要迅速弄清其主題，主題詞往往出現(xiàn)在各個句子里，貫穿文章的始末；緊圍繞這個主題進行閱讀，找到文章與之有關(guān)的信息，并確定信息與主題的關(guān)系。2021/5/95說明文：多見于科普文章，用以解釋或揭示事物的狀態(tài)、特征、演變、結(jié)果及其相互之間的關(guān)系，這類文體的文章，首句往往是主題句，開門見山，說明文章的關(guān)注對象：弄清作者的思路和段落組織的方式；把握次要信息及其與主題的關(guān)系。2021/5/96議論文：閱讀難在這種文章處處都滲透作者的個人觀點、態(tài)度。閱讀議論文應(yīng)該從文體的寫作和結(jié)構(gòu)特點入手.文章的結(jié)構(gòu)往往容易把握，主題句開門見山。作者往往通過信號詞(signalwords或transitionalwords)和關(guān)聯(lián)詞(referents來組織段落、文章，對信號詞的迅速反應(yīng)和對關(guān)聯(lián)詞的準(zhǔn)確判斷是至關(guān)重要的；要特別注意區(qū)分作者的觀點與文章里所提到的人物的觀點，同時注意作者所使用的表示贊同、反對等感情色彩的詞匯。2021/5/97Step2:閱讀理解命題方式（一）細節(jié)理解題1)WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaccordingtotheinformationinthepassage?(三正一誤)2)Theauthormentionsallofthefollowingexcept...（三正一誤）3)Whichofthefollowingstatementsiscorrectaccordingtothepassage?（三誤一正）

4)Thewritermentionsalloftheitemslistedbelowexcept______.（三正一誤）5)Whichofthefollowingismentionedinthepassage?（三誤一正）2021/5/986)Whatistheexampleof...asdescribedinthepassage?（三誤一正）7)Thereasonfor...is...（三誤一正）8)Accordingtothepassage,when(where,why,how,who,etc.)...（三誤一正）9)Fromthepassageweknowthat______.（三誤一正）10)Inthepassage,theauthorstatesthat______.（三誤一正）2021/5/99當(dāng)堂導(dǎo)練一：Q：WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?A.LuoLinisanativeofShanghai.B.LuoLinmovedtoHongKongwithherparents.C.LuoLinwonthetitleofMissAsiain1991.D.AsiaTVStationhelpedLuoLintobecomeMissAsia.2021/5/910（二）主旨大意題1）Thegeneral/mainideaofthepassageisabout____．2）Whichofthefollowingbeststatesthethemeofthepassage？3）Inthispassagetheauthordiscussesprimarily____．4）Thepassageismostlyabout____．5）Thepassageismainlyconcernedabout____．2021/5/9116）Whatisthemaintopicofthepassage？7）Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage？

8）Thesubjectdiscussedinthistextis_____.9）Theauthor’smainpurposeinwritingthepassageisto…10）Thepassageismeantto….11）Thepurposeofthisarticleisto…2021/5/912解主題大意題時，可用以下方法：1）認(rèn)真閱讀文章的第一段或每段的第一個句子。2）文章的主題作者往往有意識地反復(fù)論述。抓住反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的中心詞，即高頻詞，也叫做主題詞。3）文章或段落的主題句常常會出現(xiàn)在一些標(biāo)志性的提示后。例如：Onthewhole,inshort,therefore…,Iagreewiththeopinionthat…,Givenallthesepointsabove,Iwouldsupporttheideathat…,Forallthereasonsmentionedabove,Iwouldprefer…等后。2021/5/913如何尋找主題句Sample1

Peoplehavedifferenttastesinfood.Somefeelthattheyhaven'teatenamealunlesstheyhavehadsteakorotherredmeat.Somepreferchickenorfishandeatoneortheotherateverymeal.Othersprefervegetablesandfruitsorgrainsandwouldenjoyamealofspaghetti,eggplant,andfreshfruit.Otherscouldliveonwhatwerecalledfast--foods:ahamburgerorhotdog,Frenchfriesandasoftdrink.

主題句在段首：一個主題句常常是一個段落的開頭，其后的句子則是論證性細節(jié)。在論說文，科技文獻和新聞報道中多采用這種格式。

_________________________________________________2021/5/914Sample2Somestudentspreferastrictteacherwhotellsthemexactlywhattodo.Othersprefertobelefttoworkontheirown.Stillotherslikeademocraticdiscussiontypeofclass.Nooneteachingmethodcanbedevisedtosatisfyallstudentsatthesametime.主題句也會出現(xiàn)在段尾。作者先擺出事實依據(jù),層層推理論證,最后自然得出結(jié)論,即段落的主題。本段的中心思想在結(jié)尾句得到體現(xiàn),它是此段內(nèi)容的結(jié)論。

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________2021/5/915Sample3Nothingisasusefulasaflashlightonadarknightifatiregoesflat.Fewinventionsaresohelpfultoachildwhoisafraidofthedark.Infact,themodernflashlightbringslighttomanydarksituations.Findingsomethinginthebackofaclosetiseasywithaflashlightinhand.Acamperalsoneedsoneafterthelightofthecampfirehasbeenout.當(dāng)主題句被安排在段中間時,通常前面只提出問題，文中的主題由隨之陳述的細節(jié)或合乎邏輯的引申在文中導(dǎo)出,而后又作進一步的解釋,支撐或發(fā)展._______________________________________________________________________________________2021/5/916（三）推理題1)Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat______.2)Fromthetextweknowthat______.3)Thestoryimpliesthat______.4)Theparagraphfollowingthepassagewillmostprobablybe___.5)Thewriter’sattitudetoward...is______.2021/5/9176)Theauthorimplied（suggested）that．．．7)Itmaybeconcludedfromthepassagethat．．．8)Whichofthefollowingstatementsdoesthepassagesupport？9)Withwhichofthefollowingdoestheauthoragree？2021/5/918解推斷題應(yīng)注意：(1)不能以自己的觀點代替作者的觀點；(2)推理的根據(jù)來自于上下文。3.解推斷題的方法：根據(jù)詞義關(guān)系推斷具體細節(jié)?！癥oumeanthereisnobabywhoisdying?”saidDeVincenzo.“That'sright,”saidtheofficial.“That'sthebestgoodnewsI'veheardallweek.”saidDeVincenzo.Q:ItcanbeinferredthatwhatworriedDeVincenzomostwas_______.A.thepoorwomanB.theofficial'sadviceC.thewinningcheckD.thebaby'slife2021/5/919Sample2

:Q：Thepassagesuggeststhatwhenthewritermovedintothehouse,itwas______.A.verycleanB.justcleanedbythelandlordC.tidyandcomfortableD.dirtyandfullofinsects2021/5/920（四）觀點態(tài)度題1)Theauthorseemstothinkthat______.2)Thewriteristryingtopresentapointofviewin______.3)Theauthorwantstoappealto_______.4)Theauthor’sstyleis______.2021/5/9215)Theauthor’stonewouldbebestdescribedas_______.6)Whatistheauthor’sopinionof______?7)Thewriterbelievethat________?8)Intheauthor'sopinion_________?2021/5/922確定作者態(tài)度，可以有兩種思路1）問全文主體事物的(包括主題)，可以根據(jù)闡述主題或有關(guān)主體事物的相關(guān)句中的形容詞、副詞或動詞確定作者的態(tài)度；2）如果問的是對某一具體事物的態(tài)度，則可以定位到具體相關(guān)句，然后確定答案。Sample1:Q：Thepassagesuggeststhatwhenthewritermovedintothehouse,itwas______.A.verycleanB.justcleanedbythelandlordC.tidyandcomfortableD.dirtyandfullofinsects2021/5/923（五）判斷詞義題1）Theunderlinedword（phrase）inthepassagemeans____．2）Theword"it（them）"inthefirstparagraphrefersto____．

3）Theunderlinedsentenceinthelastparagraphmeans____．4）Whichofthefollowingisclosestinmeaningtotheunderlinedwordinthesecondparagraph？2021/5/924猜詞方法:1）根據(jù)常識、經(jīng)驗猜生詞。例如：Theoldmanputonhisspectaclesandbegantoread．ThedoorwassolowthatIhittheheadonthelintel．2）根據(jù)上下文解釋做出判斷：其方法主要有：(1)根據(jù)文中的定義、解釋猜生詞。例如：Skimmingmeanslookingoverapassagequicklytogetthemainideabeforeyoubegintoreaditcarefully．Theharborisprotectedbyajetty—awallbuiltoutintothewater．（glasses）（過梁）（略讀）（碼頭）2021/5/925(2)利用事例或解釋猜生詞。例如：Thedoctorisstudyingglaucomaandotherdiseasesoftheeye．(3)利用重復(fù)解釋的信息猜生詞。例如：Mr.Smithalwaysarriveshomepunctually，neitherearlynorlate．(4)根據(jù)同位關(guān)系進行判斷：a)…,andotherGermanicandNordicpeoples,whospokewhatwenowcallAnglo-Saxon

(orOldEnglish),aGermaniclanguage．b）The"Chunnel"，atunnelconnectingEnglandandFrance，isnowcomplete．（青光眼）（準(zhǔn)時的）（盎格魯撒克遜語）（隧道）2021/5/9263）利用標(biāo)點符號和提示詞猜測詞義a)Oneoftheobstacles（障礙）tofalsereadingisvocalizing—sayingthewordstothemselvesinalowvoice．b)Theearlyscientificstudyofchemistry，knownasalchemy，grewupinEgyptinthefirstfewcenturiesA.D．4）根據(jù)上下文的指代關(guān)系進行選擇文章中的代詞it，that，he，him或them可以指上文提到的人或物，其中it和that還可以指一件事。有時代詞指代的對象相隔較遠，要認(rèn)真查找；也有時需要對前面提到的內(nèi)容進行總結(jié)，才能得出代詞所指代的事。（發(fā)聲）（煉金術(shù)）2021/5/9275)根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系進行判斷根據(jù)上下句的連接詞，如：but，however，otherwise等就可以看到前后句在意義上的差別，從而依據(jù)某一句的含義，來確定另一句的含義。分號（;）還可以表示轉(zhuǎn)折、對比或不相干的意義。Hehasbeengettingbetter，butduringthenighthisconditiondeteriorated．6)根據(jù)因果關(guān)系進行判斷根據(jù)原因可以預(yù)測結(jié)果，根據(jù)結(jié)果也可以找出原因。Biggestpowerfailureinthecity'shistory…Allofourice-creamandfrozenfoodsmelted．（惡化）（融化）原因結(jié)果2021/5/9287）根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法（合成、派生、轉(zhuǎn)化）進行判斷很多詞可以加前綴和后綴，從而構(gòu)成一個新詞，掌握了一定的構(gòu)詞法知識，就不難猜出它的詞義。MarketresearchshowsthatGoldandotherswhobuyorganicfoodcangenerallygiveclearreasonsfortheirpreferences--buttheirknowledgeoforganicfoodisfarfromcomplete．我們知道，prefer的意思是"寧愿；愿意"，根據(jù)上下文可以判斷prefer的名詞形式preference的含義應(yīng)是"偏愛；愛好"。偏愛；愛好2021/5/929Step3:猜答案方法1.絕對詞否決法,答案項中有絕對語氣詞的一般不是正確答案項。這些語氣詞有:must,always,never,themost,all,only,haveto,any,no,very,completely,none,hardly等。A.Shecan’tattendhernephew’sweddingparty.B.Shevaluesthebowlfromhermotheralot.C.Sheislivingalonenearanartgallery.D.Shedoesn’tcareaboutmoneyanymore.2021/5/9302.懷疑詞判斷法：選項中含有不十分肯定的語氣詞一般是正確答案項。這些語氣詞有can,could,may,should,usually,might,most(大多數(shù)),moreorless,relatively,belikelyto,possible,whetheror,notnecessarily等。A.zooelephantssufferlessstressthanthoseinthewild.B.elephantsarequiteeasytogetobese.C.sociallivesarenotimportanttoelephant.D.zoolifecanbestressfultoelephatn.3.關(guān)鍵詞對應(yīng)法：（等號前是文章中的點，等號后是選項中點）(ABC=ABC法;ABC=A’B’C’法;ABC=CBA法;ABC≠ABD法)2021/5/9314.選項的全面性判斷法較全面、有針對性地表達文章中心思想的，選項一般是答案項。A.tobemoresuccessfulinhiscareerB.tosolvetechnicalproblemsC.tobemorespecializedinhisfieldD.todevelophisprofessionalskill2021/5/932Step4:長、難句分析法Sample:Twenty

studentshadjustclimbedtheirwaytothetoprung(最高的臺階)outoffourmillionstudentstakingpartintheFifthNationalHuaLuogengGoldCupMathematicsContest

onTuesdayevening

atJintanCounty,JiangsuProvince.句子核心Howmany？Theresult？Doingwhat?When?Where?2021/5/9331.翻譯：四百多萬參加“全國第五屆華羅庚數(shù)學(xué)金杯賽”中的中學(xué)生里有二十個學(xué)生在星期二于江蘇省金壇縣登上了最高的臺階。2.找出謂語動詞是抓住核心的關(guān)鍵Sometimesananimalhasaplantpartner.Therelationshipdevelopsuntilthetwopartnerscannotmanagewithoutea