非謂語動詞用法

非謂語動詞用法在句子中充當(dāng)除謂語以外的句子成分的動詞形式叫做非謂語動詞。非謂語動詞分為三種形式:不定式，動名詞，和分詞(分詞包括現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞)。以動詞do為例

1）不定式時態(tài)\語態(tài)主動被動

一般式todotobedone完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone

2）動名詞時態(tài)\語態(tài)主動被動

3）分詞時態(tài)\語態(tài)主動被動

一般式doing表示主動的一般性的動作或者正在進(jìn)行的動作beingdone表示正在進(jìn)行的被動的動作

完成式havingdone表示發(fā)生在謂語動作之前的主動的動作havingbeendone表示發(fā)生在謂語動作之前的被動的動作

4）過去分詞done（沒有時態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化）否定形式：not+不定式，not+動名詞，not+分詞注意：不及物動詞無被動形式找出句子中的非謂語動詞1.To

make

the

cake,we

need

some

eggs.2.The

old

man

walked

slowly,carrying

a

heavy

bag.

3.Having

finished

the

work,he

left

the

office.4.Dressed

in

red,she

looks

beautiful.

5.The

book

translated

into

5

languagessells

well.考點一非謂語動詞作狀語不定式表示目的，直接用不定式或soasto/inorderto。①Hewenthometoseehismother.②Weeat(inorder)tolive，butwedon’tlive(inorder)toeat.表示結(jié)果，更常見于so...asto，such...asto，enoughto，too...to結(jié)構(gòu)中，only接不定式常表示出乎意料的結(jié)果，有逗號與主句分開。①Hefeelswellenoughtostandup.②Theboyistooyoungtogotoschool.③Thefiremenwenttherequickly，onlytofindthehouseshadbeenburneddown.表示原因，用在作表語的某些表示情感的形容詞后面。①I’msorrytohearthat.②Sheseemedsurprisedtomeetus.現(xiàn)在分詞表示時間。如果兩個動作同時發(fā)生，可用when/while加現(xiàn)在分詞。①Hearingthenews，theyalljumpedwithjoy.②Don’tmentionthiswhiletalkingtohim.表示原因。通常放在句首。①Seeingnobodyathome，shedecidedtoleaveamessage.②BeingaLeaguemember，heisalwayshelpingothers.表示結(jié)果。通常放在句末。①Hefiredhisgun，killingthewolf.②Mycarwascaughtinatrafficjam，thuscausingthedelay.表示行為方式或伴隨情況。①Theysatfacingeachother.②Allnightlonghelayawake，thinkingoftheproblem.③Hesatinthearmchair，readinganewspaper.過去分詞表示時間①Seenfromthehill，thecitylooksmorebeautiful.②When(itis)completed，thepowerstationwillbethelargestoneinourcountry.表示原因①Borninapoorfamily，hehadonlytwoyearsofschooling.②Doneinahurry，hishomeworkwasfullofmistakes.表示條件①Givenbetterattention，thecabbagescouldhavegrownbetter.②Comparedwithyou，westillhavealongwaytogo.表示行為方式或伴隨情況①Thegirlsattherealone，lostinthought.②Thehunterlefthishouse，followedbyhisdog.[點津]1．現(xiàn)在分詞的形式：一般式、被動式、完成式和完成被動式四種形式，每一種形式的否定式都是直接在前面加_____構(gòu)成。一般式_________；被動式__________；完成式_________；完成被動式__________。Theoldman，havingworkedabroadfortwentyyears，camebacktohismotherland.Havingbeenscoldedmanytimes，hedeterminedtostudyhardtocatchupwithothers.2．常見的需用固定的現(xiàn)在分詞的結(jié)構(gòu)：generallyspeaking，takingeverythingintoconsideration，judgingfrom/by等，無論和句子的主語之間構(gòu)成什么關(guān)系只能用其ing形式。Takingeverythingintoconsideration，theresultisbetterthanexpected.Judgingfromwhathesaid，hemustbeanhonestman.3．過去分詞作狀語和現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語一樣，表示時間、原因、條件、伴隨情況等。不同的是：過去分詞所表示的動作與其邏輯主語即句子的主語之間構(gòu)成________關(guān)系，而現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成_______關(guān)系。4．某些動詞的過去分詞已經(jīng)形容詞化，這些過去分詞既不表示被動，也不表示完成，而表示一種狀態(tài)，這樣的詞有：lost(迷路)，seated(坐)，lost/absorbedin(沉溺于)，dressedin(穿著)，tiredof(感到厭倦)等，在句中常作表語、賓補(bǔ)和狀語。不管它們作什么成分都不用其ing形式。Lostinthemountainsforaweek，wewerefinallysavedbythelocalpolice.Absorbedinhisbook，hedidnotnoticemeentertheroom.(2013·高考江蘇卷)LionelMessi,________therecordforthemostgoalsinacalendaryear，isconsideredthemosttalentedfootballplayerinEurope.A．set B．settingC．toset D．havingset(2013·高考安徽卷)________intheearly20thcentury，theschoolkeepsoninspiringchildren’sloveofart.A．Tofound B．FoundingC．Founded D．Havingfounded(2012·高考四川卷)Tomtookataxitotheairport，only________hisplanehighupinthesky.A．finding B．tofindC．beingfound D．tohavefound(2014·北京北信附中高三入學(xué)考試)Birdssingingissometimesawarningtootherbirds________away.A．tostay B．stayingC．stayed D．stay(2014·綿陽三診)________inherfavoriteskirt，sheseemedtobemoreconfident.“with＋賓語＋賓語補(bǔ)足語”結(jié)構(gòu)中。不定式通常表示尚未發(fā)生。Withalotofworktodo，hedidn’tgotothecinema.現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動/進(jìn)行。Withaboyleadingtheway，theystartedtowardsthevillage.過去分詞表示被動/完成。Themurdererwastakenin，withhishandstiedbehindhisback.(2013·高考北京卷)Whenwesawtheroad_______withsnow，wedecidedtospendtheholidayathome.A．block B．toblockC．blocking D．blocked(2014·嘉興二測)—Didyouwitnessthetrafficaccidentroundthecorner?—Itwasreallyscaring.Manypeoplewerepassingwiththeireyeshalf________．A．covered B．coveringC．beingcovered D．tobecovered(2013·山西太原二模)Manyfarmersinthecountrysidehavegonetocitiestolookforworkandlefttheirchildrenbehind________bytheirgrandparents.A．raised B．raisingC．beingraised D．toberaised考點四非謂語動詞作主語和賓語作主語不定式表示具體、特指的動作時，用不定式更多見。①Toseeistobelieve.②Itonlytookusayeartocompletetheproject.③ItwasnotrightforthesouthtobreakawayfromtheUnion.溫馨提醒：當(dāng)作主語的不定式短語較長時，常用形式主語it來代替不定式置于句首。動詞ing形式表示抽象、泛指的動作時，用動詞ing形式更多見。①TeachingEnglishatmiddleschoolismyfulltimejob.

②InsomeArabiancountries，shakingone’sheadfromsidetosidemeansagreement.③Knowingsomeotherlanguagesisagreathelptous.

溫馨提醒：Itisnouse/nogood/awasteoftimedoingsth.句型中應(yīng)用動詞ing形式作主語。①It’snousetalkinglikethis.②It’sawasteoftimearguingwithhim.作賓語部分動詞(短語)后面只能接不定式作賓語。常見的有：agree/ask/choose/dare/decide/demand/desire/expect/fail/hope/learn/manage/offer/plan/promise/pretend/refuse/want/wish等。①Heagreedtolendmehisbike.②Herefusedtosaysorrytome.③Shewantedtogohomeearlierthatday.部分動詞(短語)后面只能接動詞ing形式作賓語。常見的有：avoid/appreciate/delay/enjoy/escape/excuse/finish/imagine/mind/miss/practise/suggest/keep(on)/feellike/devoteoneselfto/giveup/be(get)usedto/beworth/insiston/lookforwardto/prefer...to...等。①Headmittedtakingmymoney.②Iimaginedbecomingawriterinmychildhood.③Heisusedtowalkingtohisofficeeveryday.部分動詞后接不定式和動詞ing形式均可，意義區(qū)別不大。常見的有：begin/start/continue/hate/like/love/prefer等。①Theybeganthrowing/tothrowfurnitureoutofthewindow.②Doyoulikeplaying/toplaychess？部分動詞(短語)后接不定式和動詞ing形式時，含義不同，應(yīng)注意區(qū)分。remembertodosth.記住要做某事(未做)rememberdoingsth.記得做過某事(已做)forgettodosth.忘記去做某事(未做)forgetdoingsth.忘記做過某事(已做)regrettodosth.對將要做的事感到遺憾、抱歉(未做)regretdoingsth.后悔做過某事(已做)trytodosth.試圖努力地做某事(但不一定成功)trydoingsth.試著做某事(只是試試，不付出很大努力)meantodosth.打算、想要做某事meandoingsth.意思是、意味著stoptodosth.停下(別的事情)來去做某事(不定式為目的狀語)stopdoingsth.停止做某事goontodosth/goondoing①I’llremembertopostyourletter.②Idon’tremembersayingthistohimbefore.③Iforgottotellhimtocome.④I’llneverforgetseeinghimforthefirsttime.⑤Iregrettosaythatthejobhasbeenfilled.⑥Hebitterlyregrettedeverhavingmentionedit.⑦Youmusttrytoimproveyourteachingmethod.⑧Ifnooneanswers，tryknockingatthebackdoor.⑨Imeanttosendyouapostcard，butIdidn’thaveyouraddress.⑩Thesesymbolsmeannothingtome.?Let’sstoptobuysomethingtoeathere.?Let’sstopworkingandhavearest.?Afterreadingthetext，hewentontowritethenewwords.?Hewentontellingusthestoryafterashortrest.?Iwanttojointhearmy.?Theroadwantsrebuilding.?Ican’thelptocarrytheboxbecausemyarmhurts.(2013·高考福建卷)________basicfirstaidtechniqueswillhelpyourespondquicklytoemergencies.A．Known B．HavingknownC．Knowing D．Beingknown(2014·北京十一學(xué)校高三月考)Thetimeandefforthehasdevotedduringthepastfewyears________treesinthatremoteareaisnowconsideredtobeofgreatvalue.A．toplanting B．toplantC．plant D．planting(2014·南京第五十五中學(xué)高三月考)Thesoldiernarrowlyescaped________inthefiercebattle.A．havekilled B．killingC．tobekilled D．beingkilled(2013·陜西五校二模)________theopportunitytospeakatthegraduationceremonymademeoverjoyed.A．Beingoffered B．ToofferC．Havingoffered D．Offered考點五獨立結(jié)構(gòu)表現(xiàn)形式意義典句示例獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)名詞/代詞＋現(xiàn)在分詞/過去分詞現(xiàn)在分詞表主動或正在進(jìn)行，過去分詞表被動和完成①Thegirlstaringathim，hedidn’tknowwhattosay.②Homeworkfinished，theboywentouttoplay.不定式表將來，計劃安排要做的事Hismothertocometonight，heisbusypreparingthedinner.形容詞/副詞表明名詞或代詞所處的狀態(tài)①Hestoodthere，hismouthwideopen.

②Schoolover，weallwenthome.介詞短語表位置Heisstandinginfrontoftheblackboard，hisbacktowardsus.(2012·高考新課標(biāo)全國卷)Thepartywillbeheldinthegarden,weather________．A．permitting B．topermitC．permitted D．permit(2014·啟東中學(xué)高三檢測)Mary________allthehousework，shedroppedherselfintothesofa，sighingwithrelief.A．finished B．hadfinishedC．havingfinished D．finishing(2014·鹽城中學(xué)高三考試)________，andstudentshavingreturned，theschoolwillstartoutwith________effortintheworkthatliesbeforeit.A．Thesummervacationisover；refreshingB．Asthesummervacationover；renewedC．Thesummervacationbeingover；renewedD．Withthesummervacationbeingover；refreshing(2014·揚州中學(xué)高三質(zhì)檢)________，theydivedintoataxiandheadedfortheairport.A．GoodbyewassaidB．GoodbyehadbeensaidC．GoodbyesaidD．Whengoodbyesaid(2014·東臺三倉中學(xué)月考)_____theresponsibilitiesofthefamily，Iworkedhardtoearnaliving.A．Beingburdenedwith B．BurdenedwithC．Burdeningwith D．Toburdenwith(2014·天津耀華中學(xué)模考)________theroom，thenursefoundthetaperecorder________．A．Entering；stealingB．Entering；goneC．Tohaveentered；goneD．Havingentered；tobestolen(2014·泗陽中學(xué)高三月考)Thegoldenmanwasalmostfourmeterstall，andtherewereraysoflight________fromhishead________littheentirepalacehall.A．coming；inwhichB．coming；thatC．tocome；whichD．havingcome；fromwhich(2014·沐陽五校高三聯(lián)考)Whichdoyouenjoy________yourweekend，swimmingorfishing?A．spendingB．beingspentC．spend D．tospend(2013·高考新課標(biāo)全國卷Ⅰ)Thesunlightiswhiteandblinding，________hardedgeshadowsontheground.A．throwing B．beingthrownC．tothrow D．tobethrown(2013·高考浙江卷)___howothersreacttothebookyouhavejustreadcreatesanaddedpleasure.A．Hearing B．HearC．Havingheard D．Tobehearing(2013·高考浙江卷)Agoodlistenertakespartintheconversation，________ideasandraisingquestionstokeepthetalkflowing.A．realizing B．copyingC．offering D．misunderstanding(2013·高考江蘇卷)Shortlyaftersufferingfromamassiveearthquakeand________toruins，thecitytookonanewlook.A．reducing B．reducedC．beingreduced D．havingreduced(2014·揚州中學(xué)高三質(zhì)檢)Davidgotwellpreparedfortheuniversityinterview，forhecouldn’triskthegoodopportunity________．A．tolose B．losingC．tobel