奧德修斯的歸途

奧德修斯的歸途Odysseus’journeyhome引言Introduction我看到平凡的我也會有一刻不普通，前方是未知，迎面是海風(fēng)，塞壬的歌會讓人忘記初衷，他們說每一個(gè)風(fēng)浪都能夠淹沒我，可我會像奧德修斯一樣，朝著心中的方向，哪怕眾神會在彼岸阻擋。這首歌的靈感來自于《奧德賽》中的英雄奧德修斯。ThemomentwhenIfinallygettoseesimplemebeingunique.Unknownscenesahead,oceanbreezetomyface.Sirensingingistemptingmetoforgetintention.Theysaythateverywavewillknockmeoffmyfeet.LikeOdysseus，Iwilladvance.Ledbymyheart.EvenifthegodsstopmewhenIreachtheotherside.ThesongwasinspiredbyOdysseus,theherooftheOdyssey.《奧德賽》是荷馬史詩的第二部作品，創(chuàng)作于公元前八世紀(jì)末，是現(xiàn)存最古老的西方文學(xué)作品之一。這部作品描寫了英雄奧德修斯十年特洛伊戰(zhàn)爭后在海上顛簸流離十年，期間誤食“忘憂果”、打敗獨(dú)眼巨人、得風(fēng)神幫助、路遇女巫島、躲避塞壬歌聲、沉迷卡普呂索等等，終于回到故鄉(xiāng)伊薩卡的故事，充分展現(xiàn)了那個(gè)時(shí)期古希臘人對于探索新世界、新知識的孜孜不倦的精神，以及在面對困境時(shí)不屈不撓、智勇雙全的品格。在BBC紀(jì)錄片《諸神之戰(zhàn)》中，我們可以看到節(jié)目以奧德修斯的征程為主線，以妻子配涅洛佩應(yīng)對求婚者的騷擾為副線，貫穿著科學(xué)家對故事真實(shí)性的考察，來探索奧德修斯的偉大品格，接下來，我將對幾個(gè)故事著重描述并分析，向奧德修斯致敬。TheOdyssey,thesecondofHomer'sepics,waswritteninthelate8thcenturyBCandisoneoftheoldestextantworksofwesternliterature.ThisworkdescribesOdysseusaftertenyearsoftheTrojanwar,joltedawarfortenyearsatsea,eatingduringtheperiodof"lotus",defeatingamonstrouscyclops,gettingthehelpofAeolus,passingbythewitchisland,avoidingSiren’ssong,indulgingCalypsoandsoon,finallyreturnedtohishometownIthacastory,fullyshowsthattheancientGreeksatirelessspirittoexplorenewworld,newknowledge,andperseveranceinthefaceoftheplightandwiseforacharacter.WecanallembracethestoryofOdyssey,becauseit’saboutapersonfacedwithalotoffrustrationsandobstacles.斯巴達(dá)和特洛伊之間關(guān)于海倫的爭斗波及了伊薩卡，為了榮譽(yù)，奧德修斯決定出戰(zhàn)，沒有想到這一戰(zhàn)僵持了十年，因?yàn)樘芈逡脸菈?jiān)不可摧，最后足智多謀的奧德修斯想出了著名的“木馬計(jì)”，使特洛伊軍隊(duì)誤以為是戰(zhàn)爭勝利的成果，帶木馬進(jìn)城。奧德修斯一行人在特洛伊人熟睡時(shí)鉆出木馬，特洛伊人猝不及防。奧德修斯的計(jì)謀成功了，他踏上了回家的路。在古希臘神話中，英雄常常是因?yàn)轵斢律茟?zhàn)而被人崇敬，但奧德修斯是因?yàn)槁斆鞑胖恰Ｔ诤竺娴臍w途中，他無數(shù)次在死亡邊緣徘徊，但他總能找到辦法解決問題。ThebattlebetweenSpartaandTroyoverHelenspreadtoIthaca.Forhonor,Odysseusdecidedtofight.Unexpectedly,thewarwasdeadlockedfortenyears,becausethewallsofTroywereunbreakable,andfinallytheresourcefulOdysseuscameupwiththefamousTrojanHorseStrategy,whichmadetheTrojanArmymistaketheTrojanHorseastheresultofthevictoryofthewarandbroughtitintothecity.TheTrojanswerecaughtoffguardwhenOdysseusandhispartygotoutofaTrojanhorsewhiletheTrojanswereasleep.Odysseus'splansucceededandhesetoutonhiswayhome.InancientGreekmythology,heroeswereoftenreveredfortheirbraveryandfightingability,butOdysseuswasreveredforhisintelligence.Onthewayback,helingeredontheedgeofdeathcountlesstimes,buthealwaysfoundawaytosolvetheproblem.重大的教訓(xùn)MajorLessons奧德修斯的隊(duì)伍路過伊斯馬洛斯時(shí)將它洗劫一空，勝利來得太快，在島上他們熱烈慶祝、酒足飯飽，醉的不省人事，我們可以用得意忘形來形容他們。第二天清晨，當(dāng)?shù)厝顺盟麄冞€在睡夢中突襲，喪失了72名船名。其余人死里逃生。這給了奧德修斯一個(gè)血淋淋的教訓(xùn)，那就是不要錯(cuò)誤地低估敵人的實(shí)力，己方應(yīng)該保持隨時(shí)準(zhǔn)備戰(zhàn)斗的狀態(tài)，尤其是面對波濤洶涌的大海和神秘未知的陸地。用作者荷馬的話來說就是“alwaysbeprepared，neverletyourguarddown.”這就像中國古代臥薪嘗膽的故事，夫差大肆慶祝，勾踐忍氣吞聲，最后來一個(gè)絕地大反殺。Odysseus'teamlootedIsmarusastheypassed,andthevictorycametooquickly.Ontheislandtheycelebrated,drankandate,andweredrunkandunconscious.Wecandescribethemwithcomplacencyandforgetfulness.Intheearlymorningofthenextday,thelocalsraidedwhiletheywerestillasleepandlost72boatnames.Therestofthepeopleescaped.ThisgaveOdysseusabloodylesson,thatis,donotmisestimatethestrengthoftheenemy,weshouldkeepreadytofightatalltimes,especiallyinthefaceoftheroughseaandmysteriousunknownland.InHomer'swords,"alwaysbeprepared,neverletyourguarddown."It'slikethestoryofancientChina,whileFuChaicelebrated,GouJianswallowedhisbreathandfinallycametoaJedicounter-attack.一場颶風(fēng)，讓他們偏離了正確航線，來到了一個(gè)讓人醉生夢死的地方。當(dāng)?shù)厝朔浅g迎他們，拿出了一種香甜的花款待他們。這種花其實(shí)是毒品，罌粟，部下們被毒品洗腦，在這里感到了無憂無慮，不愿再回家。人人都向往無憂無慮，但用毒品來達(dá)到這個(gè)目的，未免太虛妄了。這一個(gè)場景放到現(xiàn)在也很有意義，在達(dá)到一個(gè)目的的途中，我們非常容易疲勞、痛苦，于是就會縱容自己犯錯(cuò)來達(dá)到快樂。幸好，奧德修斯是清醒的，他只有一個(gè)目的，回家。Ahurricane,sothattheydeviatedfromtherightcourse,cametoaplacewherepeopledreamofdeath.Thelocalpeoplewelcomedthemverymuchandofferedthemasweetflower.Thiskindofflowerwasactuallydrug,poppy,thesubordinateswerebrainwashedbydrugs,feltcarefreehere,didnotwanttogohomeagain.Everyoneyearnedforcarefree,butitistoovaintousedrugstoachievethisgoal.Fortunately,Odysseuswassober,hehadonlyonepurpose,togohome.侵占獨(dú)眼巨人領(lǐng)地OccupytheterritoryofmonstrousCyclops奧德修斯把船員趕到了船上，逃離了忘憂果的引誘，卻無意中踏上了一條更令人恐懼的島嶼，這是獨(dú)眼食人巨人的領(lǐng)地。這座島上有肥壯的羊群，看起來是個(gè)好地方，前提是不要驚擾巨人。在荷馬生活的時(shí)代，古希臘正在不斷對外擴(kuò)張，古希臘人渴望探索新世界，奧德修斯的好奇將他帶上歧途。被巨人關(guān)押后，奧德修斯告訴巨人自己叫“nobody”，趁著巨人醉酒刺瞎了它的眼睛，而巨人卻只能無望的吼叫著“nobodyishurtingme”。這就是奧德修斯的聰明之處，合理的隱藏自己。Odysseusdrovethecrewaboard,escapedthetemptationofforgetfulness,andinadvertentlysetfootonamorefrighteningisland,theterritoryoftheone-eyedcannibalgiant.Theislandhadastrongflockofsheepandlookedlikeagoodplaceifyoudidn'tdisturbgiants.IntheeraofHomer'slife,ancientGreecewasexpandingcontinuously,andtheancientGreekswereeagertoexplorethenewworld.Odysseus'curiosityledhimastray.Afterbeingimprisonedbythegiant,Odysseustoldthegiantthathewas"nobody"andthatwhilethegiantwasdrunk,hestabbedhimintheeye,butthegiantcouldonlyshouthopelessly"nobodyishurtingme".That'swhatOdysseusissmartabout.Hehidhimselfreasonably.可惜的是，打敗獨(dú)眼巨人之后，奧德修斯還是暴露了自己的真實(shí)姓名，更可怕的是，獨(dú)眼巨人是波塞冬的兒子，最為恐怖的是，波塞冬是海神，而奧德修斯在海上。這個(gè)故事是奧德修斯回家的一個(gè)重大轉(zhuǎn)折，如果說之前的颶風(fēng)只是意外，那么接下來所有的不幸都可以歸功于海神的憤怒。即使在Aeolus，一位可以掌控風(fēng)的國王的幫助，送給他一個(gè)錦囊下，他們離故鄉(xiāng)越來越近。但由于部下的好奇，坦白的說，由于波塞冬的阻擾，詛咒生效了，他們被迫回到了theislandofAeolia，這一次，卻沒有人能再次幫助他。奧德修斯不像我們學(xué)到的天生擁有神力的神話英雄（mythologicalheroes），他只是凡人，也會被打倒，甚至比我們的遭遇更慘，但他總能憑借著回家的信念重新站起，繼續(xù)向前。Unfortunately,afterdefeatingtheone-eyedgiant,Odysseusrevealedhisrealname.Whatwasmoreterribleisthattheone-eyedgiantisthesonofPoseidon.ThemostterriblethingwasthatPoseidonistheseagod,whileOdysseuswasatsea.ThisstorywasamajorturningpointforOdysseustoreturnhome.Iftheprevioushurricanewasanaccident,thenallthemisfortunesthatfollowcouldbeattributedtotheangeroftheGodofthesea.EvenwiththehelpofAeolus，akingwhocouldcontrolthewind,theyweregettingcloserandclosertotheirhomeland.Butbecauseofthecuriosityofthesubordinates,franklybecauseofPoseidon'sobstruction,thecursecameintoeffectandtheywereforcedtoreturntotheislandofAeolia.Thistime,noonecouldhelphimagain.Unlikethemythologicalheroeswe'velearned,Odysseuswasahumanbeingwhocanbeoverthrown,evenworsethanourexperience,buthecouldalwaysstandupandmoveonwiththefaithofgoinghome.三次誘惑Thethreetemptation士兵們發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個(gè)唄野獸包圍的石宮，在這里奧德修斯得到了赫爾墨斯的藥草“holymoly”，邂逅了美麗的女巫Circe。在溫柔鄉(xiāng)待了一年，奧德修斯得到Circe的建議，去冥界尋找預(yù)言家Tiresias，得到了警告，那就是不要吃太陽神Helios的牛。Soldiersfoundastonepalacesurroundedbybeasts,whereOdysseusgotHolyMolyfromHermes,andmetCirce,abeautifulwitch.Afterayearinthetenderland,OdysseuswasadvisedbyCircetogototheunderworldtofindtheprophetTiresiasandwaswarnednottoeatHelios'cattle.離開Circe，奧德修斯繼續(xù)往故鄉(xiāng)的方向行駛，但必須要經(jīng)過塞壬的島嶼，塞壬擁有絕妙的歌喉，卻能讓人忘記初衷，忘記回家，忘記行船，跌海而死。我們的主角奧德修斯又想聽塞壬的歌聲，又不能讓部下喪失心智，于是他讓部下帶上耳塞，還把自己捆在柱子上。實(shí)際上，這也許是僧海豹（monkseals）通過巖石擴(kuò)音形成的，這個(gè)故事在很多壁畫、小說、歌詞里被引用，展現(xiàn)出了奧德修斯對于新事物新知識的追求。AfterleavingCirce,Odysseuscontinuedtodriveinthedirectionofhishometown,buthehadtopasstheislandofsirens.Sirenshadawonderfulsingingvoice,buttheycouldmakepeopleforgettheoriginalintention,forgettogohome,forgettosail,anddieinthesea.OurheroOdysseuswantedtohearthesongofthesirens,buthecould'tmakehismenlosetheirminds,sohetoldthemtowearearplugsandtiehimselftoapost.Infact,itmayhavebeenformedbymonksealsthroughrockamplification.Thisstoryhasbeenquotedinmanymurals,novelsandlyrics,showingOdysseus'pursuitofnewthingsandnewknowledge.在與斯庫克的搏擊中，士兵損傷大半；此后部下又不顧一切吃了太陽神的牛被宙斯殺死。奧德修斯現(xiàn)在是孤身一人，不知所措。幸運(yùn)的是，他被沖到了另一位美麗魅惑女子的天堂島嶼，她是仙女卡呂普索。在這里，他度過了整整七年，才打算離開。仙女問他能否留下來，作為長生不老的人。但他拒絕了，他說，“聰明的配涅洛佩在身材和容貌上都比不過你，她不過是個(gè)凡人，你卻長生不老?？晌疫€是天天懷念，想要回家，想看到還鄉(xiāng)那一天，哪怕天神在葡萄紫的大海上打擊我，我也有忍受苦難的決心，可以堅(jiān)持下去”。奧德修斯在兩次艷遇中停留了八年，從故事完整性和上面的話看來，他被迫停留的說法比較合適。但是我們也可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，在男權(quán)社會，人們其實(shí)是有雙重標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的，一方面要求女人貞潔忠誠，另一方面卻認(rèn)為男人擁有很多性關(guān)系是無傷大雅的。從古希臘人賦予眾神之神宙斯的風(fēng)流韻事的特點(diǎn)也可見一斑。InthefightwithScylla,thesoldiersweremostlyinjured;afterthat,themenwhoatethecattleofthesungoddesperatelywerekilledbyZeus.Odysseuswasnowaloneandataloss.Fortunately,hewasrushedtoanotherbeautifulandcharmingislandofparadise,thenymphCalypso.Hespentsevenyearsherebeforeheplannedtoleave.Thenymphaskedhimifhecouldstayasanimmortal.Butherefused,andhesaid,"ThewisePenelopecan'tmatchyouinfigureandappearance.She'sjustahumanbeing,butyou'reimmortal.ButIstillmisseveryday,wanttogohome,wanttoseethedayofreturninghome,evenifGodhitmeintheseaofgrapepurple,Ialsohavethedeterminationtoenduresuffering,Icanpersevere.Odysseusstayedforeightyearsinbothencounters.Fromtheintegrityofthestoryandthewordsabove,itseemsappropriatethathewasforcedtostay.Butwecanalsofindthatinthepatriarchalsociety,peopleactuallyhavedoublestandards.Ontheonehand,womenarerequiredtobechasteandloyal,ontheotherhand,theythinkthatitisharmlessandelegantformento