AEC+PEMFC電解水制氫現(xiàn)狀與挑戰(zhàn)

AEC/PEMEC電解水制氫現(xiàn)狀與挑戰(zhàn)戰(zhàn)楊福源清華大學(xué)（車(chē)輛與運(yùn)載學(xué)院）SchoolofVehicleandMobility,TsinghuaUniversity2022.3.181.碳中和目標(biāo)下的氫能角色與挑戰(zhàn)2.堿液/PEM制氫的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)及現(xiàn)狀3.我們的工作1碳中和目標(biāo)下的氫能角色與挑戰(zhàn)EnergyactivitiesNon-electricenergyactivitiesSteelGrossElectricityemissionemissionIndustrial5可再生能源?儲(chǔ)電和儲(chǔ)氫Electricitystorage&Hydrogenstorage可再生能源?儲(chǔ)電和儲(chǔ)氫Electricitystorage&Hydrogenstorage環(huán)Nitrogencycle:ammoniacarrier,enginecycle物質(zhì)循環(huán)Carboncycle:methanol/aromatichydrocarboncarrier,materelectricityconversion氫333電電6氫未來(lái)只有突破了大規(guī)模高效生物--氫未來(lái)只有突破了大規(guī)模高效生物--3Greenhydrogenreliesongreenelectricity2.綠電越多，并不意味著綠氫會(huì)越多，取決electricitydoesn’tmeanmoregreenhydrogen.Itdependsonwhether:綠氫能否解決綠電存儲(chǔ)問(wèn)題Greenhydrogenfixestheproblemsingreenelectricitystorage電3灰氫是否需要替代electricityrelationship質(zhì)制氫和光解水直接制氫，綠氫可再生能源可再生能源replacement綠電存儲(chǔ)，最主要的兩個(gè)方式是電池儲(chǔ)能和氫儲(chǔ)能Twomainmethodsofstoringgreenelectricity:Batteryenergystorage&hydrogen-basedenergystoragetermdirection遠(yuǎn)期關(guān)注方向anduncertainties,whichareespeciallypressingin場(chǎng)景中尤為突出pipetrailertransportvehicle長(zhǎng)管gridhydrogenenergyscenario氫能產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈各環(huán)節(jié)技術(shù)選項(xiàng)termdirection遠(yuǎn)期關(guān)注方向anduncertainties,whichareespeciallypressingin場(chǎng)景中尤為突出pipetrailertransportvehicle長(zhǎng)管gridhydrogenenergyscenarioLinksofHydrogenEnergyInduTransmission風(fēng)電AC水電AC風(fēng)電AC水電AC光伏光伏DCpp制 制 入入安安氫etyas全etyas全為切 Membrane-free切 Membrane-freeelectrolysiselectrolysis 高壓氣氫高壓氣氫 液氫 物理吸附 液氨管管氣氫增壓確定動(dòng)力氣氫增壓確定動(dòng)力mm ACAC直連/離網(wǎng)Direct-connect/off-直連/離網(wǎng)Direct-connect/off-grid挑戰(zhàn)：儲(chǔ)運(yùn)環(huán)運(yùn)環(huán)節(jié)的高成本和不DCDC性成為巨大瓶頸和障礙，在氫動(dòng)力性成為巨大瓶頸和障礙，在氫動(dòng)力vessel場(chǎng)景id突 煤化工Coal DC DC 液氫氣化challenge:highcostsinstorage&transmissionchallenge:highcostsinstorage&transmissionssingin ssingin esorption氫冶金Hydrogen氫冶金Hydrogen液氫槽車(chē)liquid液氫槽車(chē)liquid lolyHydrogenenergystorage:electricity Hydrogenenergystorage:electricity FC發(fā)電directiondirection氨發(fā)電Ammonia氨發(fā)電AmmoniaenergygenerationtransporationtransporationAmmonia-fuled燃?xì)淙細(xì)?氨車(chē)-fuledvehicle堿液/PEM制氫的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)及現(xiàn)狀堿液/PEM制氫的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)及現(xiàn)狀22壓輸出；Highcurrentdensity,purit但成本高，壽命短；Expensiveandshorreliable,expensive成本壽命生命周期(成本壽命生命周期(Lifecycle)(kh)55-12060-1008-203000-90008000-13800>16000典型商業(yè)化規(guī)格(Commercializedscale)約10kWTechnicalTechnicalIndicatorsof3waysofHydrogenProductionbyElectrolysis 質(zhì)子交換膜電解性能參數(shù)parameters)電解池能耗(Energyconsumptionofelectrolyticcell)(kWh/Nm3)4.2-4.84.4-5.03系統(tǒng)能耗(Systemenergyconsumption)(kWh/Nm3)5.0-5.95.2-5.93.7-3.9電解池效率(Electrolyticcellefficiency)(LHV，%)63-7160-68≈100系統(tǒng)效率(Systemefficiency)(LHV，%)51-6046-6076-81負(fù)荷彈性(Loadelasticity)(Nominalload%)(額定負(fù)載20-1000-1200-100冷啟動(dòng)時(shí)間(Coldstarttime)5-10min熱啟動(dòng)時(shí)間(Starttime)1-5min<5s工作參數(shù)電流密度(Currentdensity)(A/cm2)電解槽溫度(ElectrolyticCellTemperature)(℃)工作壓力(Operationalpressure)(MPa)0.25-0.4560-951.0-2.050-802-50.2-1.0700-9000.1-1.5強(qiáng)烈不均機(jī)理反應(yīng)ReactionmechanismH2陽(yáng)極趨向于堿性減弱AnodeseesloweringalkalinityAnode:2OH?→H2O+2seesrisingalkalinity陰極趨向于堿性增強(qiáng)CathodeseesrisingalkalinityCathode:2H2O+2強(qiáng)烈不均機(jī)理反應(yīng)ReactionmechanismH2陽(yáng)極趨向于堿性減弱AnodeseesloweringalkalinityAnode:2OH?→H2O+2seesrisingalkalinity陰極趨向于堿性增強(qiáng)CathodeseesrisingalkalinityCathode:2H2O+2e?→2OH?+H2Total:H2O→H2+12O2Electrolyte關(guān)鍵技術(shù)Keytechnologies氫安全約束耐強(qiáng)堿環(huán)境隔膜moleculepenetrabil產(chǎn)熱-活性?xún)?nèi)部負(fù)反饋反應(yīng)機(jī)制Electrolyticefficiency-氫氣出口變壓及起停等動(dòng)態(tài)工況AnodeAnodeElectrolyteElectrolyte傳熱傳質(zhì)、純化、安全一體化附件系統(tǒng)及控制系統(tǒng)heat/masstransfer,purifheat/masstransfer,purifintegratedaccessoryandcon 1.質(zhì)子交換膜的質(zhì)子堿性電解槽OH-inalkalinewater 1.質(zhì)子交換膜的質(zhì)子堿性電解槽OH-inalkalinewater2.電極(Pt)上的電子phaseboundaryofElectrononelectrodeplateElectrononelectrodealkalineelectrolyzer3.堿液中的氧氣-2?AEC中的反應(yīng)和氣泡產(chǎn)生的位置也是在極板凸起-堿液-電極（催化劑）alkalisolution-electrode(catalyst)boundary1.堿液中的OH-三相界面Triple-phaseboundaryofPEMfullcell.氧氣氣泡產(chǎn)生的三相界面零極距結(jié)構(gòu)降低內(nèi)阻Lowerinternalresistancewithzero-polar-distancestructureEvaluationandoptimizationofthealkalinewaterelectrolysisohmicpolarization:Exergystudy.2016. 更薄/更均勻流場(chǎng)板Thinner/moreuniformflowfield高活性催化劑High-activitycatalyst更薄的質(zhì)子膜Thinnerprotonmembrane導(dǎo)電性更好的雙極板Bipolarplatewithconductivity提升電密的關(guān)鍵是質(zhì)子最后的瓶頸是流場(chǎng)（氣Source:D.Fritz,M.Carmo,J.Mergel,D.Stolten,ModelingofaPEMelectrolyzerforcomponentdesign,15manuscriptinpreparation.Source:Mergel,J.;Carmo,M.;Fritz,D.L.:StatusonTechnologiesforHydrogenProductionbyWaterElectrolysis,TransitiontoRenewableEnergySystems,16Eds.:D.Stolten,V.Scherer,Wiley-VCH,Weinheim(2013),423-450堿液制氫和PEM制氫的工作點(diǎn)分布區(qū)域 LayoutofOperatingPointsofAlkalineWaterElectrolysis&PEMElectrolys堿液制氫裝置代表性企業(yè)-產(chǎn)品特征ProvidersProvidersofAlkalineWaterElectrolysisEquipment-ProductFeatures718thResearchInstituteofCSSC石棉/織物（聚苯催化劑(Catalyst)鎳鈷鐵(fe-ni-co)流場(chǎng)(Flowfield)菱形+膨脹網(wǎng)乳突(Mastoid)乳突(Mastoid)乳突(Mastoid)乳突(Mastoid)不銹鋼(Stainless不銹鋼(Stainless液壓夾緊螺栓緊固(Screwtightening)螺栓緊固(Screwtightening螺栓緊固(Screwtightening螺栓緊固(Screwtightening系統(tǒng)集成方式(System分體式/一體式/集裝箱分體式/一體式/集裝企業(yè)Providers產(chǎn)品系列/工作壓力ProductPortfolio/WorkingPressure規(guī)格SpecsGenerationRateNm3/h）系統(tǒng)能耗EnergyConsumption（kWh/Nm3H2）負(fù)載范圍LoadRange（%）Proton→NELGinerElectroch.Systems5H-TECSystemsHydrogenics→康明斯CumminsITMPowerSiemensApplication:HydrogenProductionbyPhotovoltaicWaterElectrolysis&CoalChemicalProjectinBaofengEnergy,Ningxia序號(hào)1鄂爾多斯市達(dá)拉特旗光儲(chǔ)氫車(chē)零碳生態(tài)鏈新建光伏40萬(wàn)kw，電化學(xué)儲(chǔ)能8萬(wàn)kwh2鄂爾多斯市烏審旗風(fēng)光融合綠氫化工示范1新建風(fēng)電4.95萬(wàn)kw，光伏27萬(wàn)kw3鄂爾多斯市鄂托克前旗250MW光伏電站及氫能綜合利用示范項(xiàng)目4鄂爾多斯市鄂托克前旗上海廟經(jīng)濟(jì)開(kāi)發(fā)區(qū)光伏制氫項(xiàng)目光伏25萬(wàn)kw5鄂爾多斯市準(zhǔn)格爾旗納日松光伏制氫產(chǎn)業(yè)1光伏40萬(wàn)kw6包頭市達(dá)茂旗風(fēng)光制氫與綠色靈活化工一體化項(xiàng)目光伏20萬(wàn)kw，風(fēng)電20萬(wàn)kw，儲(chǔ)能3.5萬(wàn)kwh7包頭市達(dá)茂旗20萬(wàn)kw新能源制氫工程示范光伏8萬(wàn)kw，風(fēng)電12萬(wàn)kw，儲(chǔ)能2萬(wàn)kwh89氫-氧綜合利用“電-氫-電”示范項(xiàng)目Scale（10K12134516789?????????????②萬(wàn)噸級(jí)綠氨技術(shù)示范10-thousand-ton-classprojectsforgreenammoniatechnology；3/儲(chǔ)能energystorage/（調(diào)頻）)隔膜Diaphragm 純化裝控制軟 控制單元硬件hardw循環(huán)泵circula極板plate擴(kuò)散層diffusi/離子膜電磁閥solenoi&件softwaAC/DC,催化劑置DC/DCtingcatalystpurifyi ondvalveionicngunit/儲(chǔ)能energystorage/（調(diào)頻）)隔膜Diaphragm 純化裝控制軟 控制單元硬件hardw循環(huán)泵circula極板plate擴(kuò)散層diffusi/離子膜電磁閥solenoi&件softwaAC/DC,催化劑置DC/DCtingcatalystpurifyi ondvalveionicngunit???????????包括堿液電解（AWE）、純水電解（PEMWE）、弱堿性陰離子膜電解（AEMW技術(shù)追求：高動(dòng)態(tài)、長(zhǎng)壽命、高安全、無(wú)人值守。主要對(duì)象：①氫電耦合系統(tǒng)、②電解系統(tǒng)集成、③電解槽及分系統(tǒng)、④關(guān)鍵部件。Mainresearchobjects:①Hydroelectriccouplingsystem②Electrolysissystemintegration③ElectrolyticCellandSubsystem④keycomponents調(diào)峰調(diào)峰peakloadadjustment電解槽及分系統(tǒng)電解槽及分系統(tǒng)電pumparelayermembrpumparelayer1）學(xué)術(shù)研究AcademicResearch/技術(shù)創(chuàng)新2）工程開(kāi)發(fā)/技術(shù)落地系統(tǒng)systems機(jī)理mechanisms全覆蓋fullcoverage系統(tǒng)systems機(jī)理mechanisms全覆蓋fullcoverageflowfield液壓夾緊方式hydraulicclamps 仿真平臺(tái)simulationplatform（6）多槽混聯(lián)堿液制氫系統(tǒng)平臺(tái)(仿真平臺(tái)simulationplatform（6）多槽混聯(lián)堿液制氫系統(tǒng)平臺(tái)(multi-electrolyzer)可視化平臺(tái)visualized氫安全研究平臺(tái)平臺(tái)(hydrogenproduction)/問(wèn)題Topics/問(wèn)題Topics量化控制和結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)對(duì)性能的關(guān)系，形成數(shù)據(jù)分250kW堿液制氫系統(tǒng)關(guān)鍵參數(shù)對(duì)比--/問(wèn)題Topics /問(wèn)題Topics ①PEM電解槽三維兩相流機(jī)理建模Buildathree-dimensionalandtwo-phaseflowmodel②解決了高電流密度時(shí)，以往模型計(jì)算誤差大的問(wèn)題Reducebigerrorsathighcurrentdensities③能夠獲取不同工況下電解槽內(nèi)部狀態(tài)，并可擴(kuò)展