英語(yǔ)常見(jiàn)的修辭格

PAGEPAGE8英語(yǔ)常見(jiàn)的修辭格Figuresofspeech(修辭)arewaysofmakingourlanguagefigurative.Whenweusewordsinotherthantheirordinaryorliteralsensetolendforcetoanidea,toheighteneffect,ortocreatesuggestiveimagery,wearesaidtobespeakingorwritingfiguratively.Nowwearegoingtotalkaboutsomecommonformsoffiguresofspeech.1)Simile：(明喻）Itisafigureofspeechwhichmakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelementshavingatleastonequalityorcharacteristic(特性)incommon.Tomakethecomparison,wordslikeas,as...as,asifandlikeareusedtotransferthequalityweassociatewithonetotheother.Forexample,Ascoldwaterstoathirstysoul,soisgoodnewsfromafarcountry.2)Metaphor：(暗喻）Itislikeasimile,alsomakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelements,butunlikeasimile,thiscomparisonisimpliedratherthanstated.Forexample,theworldisastage.3)Analogy:(類(lèi)比）Itisalsoaformofcomparison,butunlikesimileormetaphorwhichusuallyusescomparisonononepointofresemblance,analogydrawsaparallelbetweentwounlikethingsthathaveseveralcommonqualitiesorpointsofresemblance.4)Personification:(擬人）Itgiveshumanformoffeelingstoanimals,orlifeandpersonalattributes(賦予)toinanimate(無(wú)生命的)objects,ortoideasandabstractions(抽象).Forexample,thewindwhistledthroughthetrees.5)Hyperbole:(夸張）Itisthedeliberateuseofoverstatementorexaggerationtoachieveemphasis.Forinstance,healmostdiedlaughing.6)Understatement:(含蓄陳述）Itistheoppositeofhyperbole,oroverstatement.Itachievesitseffectofemphasizingafactbydeliberately(故意地)understatingit,impressingthelistenerorthereadermorebywhatismerelyimpliedorleftunsaidthanbybarestatement.Forinstance,Itisnolaughingmatter.7)Euphemism:(委婉）Itisthesubstitutionofanagreeableorinoffensive(無(wú)冒犯)expressionforonethatmayoffendorsuggestsomethingunpleasant.Forinstance,wereferto"die"as"passaway".8)Metonymy(轉(zhuǎn)喻）Itisafigureofspeechthathastodowiththesubstitutionofthemaneofonethingforthatofanother.Forinstance,thepen(words)ismightierthanthesword(forces).9)Synecdoche(提喻）Itisinvolvesthesubstitutionofthepartforthewhole,orthewholeforthepart.Forinstance,theysaythere'sbreadandworkforall.Shewasdressedinsilks.10)Antonomasia(換喻）Ithasalsotodowithsubstitution.Itisnotoftenmentionednow,thoughitisstillinfrequentuse.Forexample,Solomonforawiseman.Danielforawiseandfairjudge.Judasforatraitor.11)Pun:(雙關(guān)語(yǔ)）Itisaplayonwords,orratheraplayontheformandmeaningofwords.Forinstance,acannon-balltookoffhislegs,sohelaiddownhisarms.(Here"arms"hastwomeanings:aperson'sbody;weaponscarriedbyasoldier.)12)Syllepsis:(一語(yǔ)雙敘）Ithastwoconnotations.Inthefirstcase,itisafigurebywhichaword,oraparticularformorinflectionofaword,referstotwoormorewordsinthesamesentence,whileproperlyapplyingtooragreeingwithonlyonofthemingrammarorsyntax(句法).Forexample,Headdressedyouandme,anddesiredustofollowhim.(Hereusisusedtorefertoyouandme.)Inthesecondcase,itawordmayrefertotwoormorewordsinthesamesentence.Forexample,whilehewasfighting,andlosinglimbandmind,anddying,othersstayedbehindtopursueeducationandcareer.(Heretolosingone'slimbsinliteral;toloseone'smindisfigurative,andmeanstogomad.)13)Zeugma:(軛式搭配）Itisasinglewordwhichismadetomodifyortogoverntwoormorewordsinthesamesentence,witherproperlyapplyinginsensetoonlyoneofthem,orapplyingtothemindifferentsenses.Forexample,Thesunshallnotburnyoubyday,northemoonbynight.(Herenoonisnotstrongenoughtoburn)14)Irony:(反語(yǔ)）Itisafigureofspeechthatachievesemphasisbysayingtheoppositeofwhatismeant,theintendedmeaningofthewordsbeingtheoppositeoftheirusualsense.Forinstance,wearelucky,whatyousaidmakesmefeelrealgood.15)Innuendo:(暗諷）Itisamildformofirony,hintinginaratherroundabout(曲折)wayatsomethingdisparaging(不一致)oruncomplimentary(不贊美)tothepersonorsubjectmentioned.Forexample,theweathermansaiditwouldbeworm.Hemusttakehisreadingsinabathroom.16)Sarcasm:(諷刺）ItSarcasmisastrongformofirony.Itattacksinatauntingandbittermanner,anditsaimistodisparage,ridiculeandwoundthefeelingsofthesubjectattacked.Forexample,lawsarelikecobwebs,whichmaycatchsmallflies,butletwaspsbreakthrough.17)Paradox:(似非而是的雋語(yǔ)）Itisafigureofspeechconsistingofastatementorpropositionwhichonthefaceofitseemsself-contradictory,absurdorcontrarytoestablishedfactorpractice,butwhichonfurtherthinkingandstudymayprovetobetrue,well-founded,andeventocontainasuccinctpoint.Forexamplemorehaste,lessspeed.18)Oxymoron:(矛盾修飾）Itisacompressedparadox,formedbytheconjoining(結(jié)合)oftwocontrasting,contradictoryorincongruous(不協(xié)調(diào))termsasinbitter-sweetmemories,orderlychaos(混亂)andproudhumility(侮辱).19)Antithesis:(對(duì)照）Itisthedeliberatearrangementofcontrastingwordsorideasinbalancedstructuralformstoachieveemphasis.Forexample,speechissilver;silenceisgolden.20)Epigram:(警句）Itstatesasimpletruthpithily(有利地)andpungently(強(qiáng)烈地).Itisusuallyterseandarousesinterestandsurprisebyitsdeepinsightintocertainaspectsofhumanbehaviororfeeling.Forinstance,Few,savethepoor,feelforthepoor.21)Climax:(漸進(jìn)）ItisderivedfromtheGreekwordfor"ladder"andimpliestheprogressionofthoughtatauniformoralmostuniformrateofsignificanceorintensity,likethestepsofaladderascendingevenly.Forexample,Icame,Isaw,Iconquered.22)Anti-climaxorbathos:(突降）ItistheoppositeofClimax.Itinvolvesstatingone'sthoughtsinadescendingorderofsignificanceorintensity,fromstrongtoweak,fromweightytolightorfrivolous.Forinstance,Butthousandsdie,withoutorthisorthat,die,andendow(賦予)acollege,oracat.23)Apostrophe：(頓呼）Inthisfigureofspeech,athing,place,ideaorperson(deadorabsent)isaddressedasifpresent,listeningandunderstandingwhatisbeingsaid.Forinstance,England!awake!awake!awake!24)TransferredEpithet:(轉(zhuǎn)類(lèi)形容詞）Itisafigureofspeechwhereanepithet(anadjectiveordescriptivephrase)istransferredfromthenounitshouldrightlymodify(修飾)toanothertowhichitdoesnotreallyapplyorbelong.Forinstance,Ispentsleeplessnightsonmyproject.25)Alliteration:(頭韻）Ithastodowiththesoundratherthanthesenseofwordsforeffect.Itisadevicethatrepeatsthesamesoundatfrequentintervals(間隔)andsincethesoundrepeatedisusuallytheinitialconsonantsound,itisalsocalled"frontrhyme".Forinstance,thefairbreezeblew,thewhitefoamflew,thefurrowfollowedfree.26)Onomatopoeia:(擬聲）Itisadevicethatuseswordswhichimitatethesoundsmadebyanobject(animateorinanimate),orwhichareassociatedwithorsuggestive(提示的)ofsomeactionormovement.英語(yǔ)修辭大全，英語(yǔ)作文常用修辭手法1.比喻(metaphor)比喻就是打比方?？煞譃槊饔骱桶涤鳎好饔?simile)：Afigureofspeechinwhichtwoessentiallyunlikethingsarecompared.明喻：一種修辭手法，把兩種基本不相像的東西進(jìn)行比較.用like,as,as...as,asif(though)或用其他詞語(yǔ)指出兩個(gè)不同事物的相似之處。例如：“Howlikethewinterhathmyabsencebeen”or“Soareyoutomythoughtsasfoodtolife”(Shakespeare).如“我的離開(kāi)好象是冬天來(lái)臨”或“你對(duì)我的思想就象食物對(duì)于生命一樣重要”（莎士比亞）Omylove'slikeared,redrose.我的愛(ài)人像一朵紅紅的玫瑰花。Themancan'tbetrusted.Heisasslipperyasaneel.那個(gè)人不可信賴。他像鰻魚(yú)一樣狡猾。Hejumpedasifhehadbeenstung.他像被蜇了似的跳了起來(lái)。Childhoodislikeaswiftlypassingdream.童年就像一場(chǎng)疾逝的夢(mèng)。暗喻(metaphor)：縮寫(xiě)met.，metaph.Afigureofspeechinwhichawordorphrasethatordinarilydesignatesonethingisusedtodesignateanother,thusmakinganimplicitcomparison.用一個(gè)詞來(lái)指代與該詞所指事物有相似特點(diǎn)的另外一個(gè)事物。例如：Hehasaheartofstone.他有一顆鐵石心腸。Theworldisastage.世界是一個(gè)大舞臺(tái)?！癮seaoftroubles”“憂愁之海”“Alltheworld'sastage”(Shakespeare)“整個(gè)世界一臺(tái)戲”(莎士比亞)2.換喻(metonymy)用某一事物的名稱(chēng)代替另外一個(gè)與它關(guān)系密切的事物的名稱(chēng)，只要一提到其中一種事物，就會(huì)使人聯(lián)想到另一種。比如用theWhiteHouse代替美國(guó)政府或者總統(tǒng)，用thebottle來(lái)代替wine或者alcohol，用thebar來(lái)代替thelegalprofession，用crown代替king等。例如：Hispursewouldnotallowhimthatluxury.他的經(jīng)濟(jì)條件不允許他享受那種奢華。Themotherdidherbesttotakecareofthecradle.母親盡最大努力照看孩子。Hesucceededtothecrownin1848.他在1848年繼承了王位。比喻一定要用一種事物比方另一種事物，無(wú)論明喻、隱喻和轉(zhuǎn)喻都是如此。轉(zhuǎn)喻雖然表面上只剩下喻體事物，省去了本體事物，但仍然是兩種事物相比。然而借代只有一種事物，不過(guò)沒(méi)說(shuō)出該事物原來(lái)的名稱(chēng)，另外借用一個(gè)名稱(chēng)來(lái)代替它。修辭中這種“換一個(gè)名稱(chēng)”的辦法，就是借代。替代的方式可以是人、物互代，部分和全體互代，單數(shù)代復(fù)數(shù)，描象代替具體或具體代替抽象等。如（1）Theriveriscrowdedwithmasts.河中帆檣林立（用船的一部分檣mast代替船boat本身）。（2）OursecondyearweattackedHomer.第二年我們攻讀荷馬的作品（以人Homer代替其作品）。使用借代修辭方式要選用最突出最明顯的事物特征來(lái)代替事物名稱(chēng)。借代運(yùn)用得好，能使語(yǔ)言表達(dá)簡(jiǎn)潔明快、具體、形象，以避免重復(fù)、累贅，并給人以新鮮感。3.舉隅，提喻(synecdoche)以局部代表整體（如用手代表水手），以整體代表局部（如用法律代表警官），以特殊代表一般（如用直柄剃刀代表殺人者），以一般代表特殊（如用賊代表扒手），或用原材料代表用該材料制造的東西（如用鋼代表劍）例如：Heearnshisbreadbywriting.他靠寫(xiě)作掙錢(qián)謀生。Thefarmswereshortofhandsduringtheharvestseason.在收獲季節(jié)里農(nóng)場(chǎng)缺乏勞動(dòng)力。AustraliabeatCanadaatcricket.澳大利亞隊(duì)在板球比賽中擊敗了加拿大隊(duì)。HeistheNewtonofthiscentury.他是這個(gè)世紀(jì)的牛頓。4.擬人(personification)擬人，人格化：給無(wú)生命的東西或者抽象的東西賦予人的個(gè)性或繪以人的形象，把事物或者概念當(dāng)作人或者具備人的品質(zhì)的寫(xiě)法。例如：Hungersatshiveringontheroad饑餓站在路上顫抖Flowersdancedaboutthelawn花兒在草地上翩翩起舞Myheartwassinging.我的心在歌唱。Thistimefatewassmilingtohim.這一次命運(yùn)朝他微笑了。Theflowersnoddedtoherwhileshepassed.當(dāng)她經(jīng)過(guò)的時(shí)候花兒向她點(diǎn)頭致意。Thewindwhistledthroughthetrees.風(fēng)穿過(guò)樹(shù)叢，樹(shù)葉嘩嘩作響。5.委婉(euphemism)用溫和的、間接的詞語(yǔ)代替生硬的、粗俗的詞語(yǔ)，以免直接說(shuō)出不愉快的事實(shí)冒犯別人或者造成令人窘迫、沮喪的局面。例如：用tofallasleep;toceasethinking;topassaway;togotoheaven;toleaveus代替todie用seniorcitizens代替oldpeople用aslowlearner或者anunderachiever代替astupidpupil用weightwatcher代替fatpeople用mentalhospital代替madhouse或者asylum用emotionallydisturbed代替mad用washroom,men's/women'sroom代替lavatory用handicapped代替crippled用lowincomebrackets;underprivileged;disadvantaged代替poorpeople6.雙關(guān)(pun)用同音異義或者一詞二義來(lái)達(dá)到詼諧幽默的效果：表面上是一個(gè)意思，而實(shí)際上卻暗含另一個(gè)意思，這種暗含的意思才是句子真正的目的所在。例如：Acannonballtookoffhislegs,sohelaiddownhisarms.(arms可指手臂或者武器)一發(fā)炮彈打斷了他的腿，所以他繳械投降了?！癈anItryonthatgowninthewindow?”askedawould-becustomer.“Certainlynot,madam!”repliedthesalesman.我可以試穿一下櫥窗里的那件睡袍嗎？或者：我可以在櫥窗里試穿那件睡袍嗎？Sevendayswithoutwatermakeoneweak(week).七天沒(méi)有水使一個(gè)人虛弱?；蛘撸浩咛鞗](méi)有水就是一周沒(méi)有水。7.反語(yǔ)(irony)使用與真正意義相反的詞，正話反說(shuō)或者反話正說(shuō)，從對(duì)立的角度運(yùn)用詞義來(lái)產(chǎn)生特殊的效果。對(duì)于我們讀者，更重要的還是從上下文來(lái)體會(huì)。例如：a.Whatanobleillustrationofthetenderlawsofhisfavouredcountry!--theyletthepaupersgotosleep!(Dickens)作者用noble,tender和favoured來(lái)諷刺當(dāng)時(shí)的英國(guó)法律，說(shuō)明窮人只有失業(yè)和睡覺(jué)的權(quán)利。b.Hewasmyfriends,faithfulandjusttome:ButBrutussayshewasambitious;AndBrutusisanHONOURABLEman.8.矛盾修飾(oxymoron)把相互矛盾的兩個(gè)詞用在一起的修辭方法。它利用詞義表面的相互矛盾使表層的不和諧統(tǒng)一在思想內(nèi)容的深層，從而揭示事物對(duì)立統(tǒng)一的本質(zhì)特征，達(dá)到加深印象的目的。例如：deafeningsilence震耳欲聾的沉默amournfuloptimist.悲傷的樂(lè)觀Shereadthelong-awaitedletterwithatearfulsmile.她帶著含淚的微笑讀那封盼望已久的信。Thecoachhadtobecrueltobekindtohistrainees.教練為了對(duì)他的受訓(xùn)者仁慈就要對(duì)他們殘酷。Duringhisusefullifeheoftenfelthewasuseless.在他大有作為的一生中他老是感到自己無(wú)用。其他還有sweetpain;thunderoussilence;luxuriouspoverty;heavylightness;livingdeath;impossiblehope等等。9.Syllepsis指運(yùn)用一個(gè)詞同時(shí)和兩個(gè)（以上）的詞搭配，由此產(chǎn)生兩種（以上）迥異的搭配意義。有時(shí)一些平常的詞也能組成妙趣橫生的例子。如：a.Thesenatorpickeduphishatandhiscourage.b.Hehaltedinthedistrictwherebynightarefoundthelighteststreet,hearts,vowsandlibrettos.(O.Henry)他在市區(qū)停下。一入夜，那兒就會(huì)有最明亮的街道，最愉快的心靈，最易出口的實(shí)驗(yàn)和最輕松悅耳的歌曲。注：這里lightest修飾了street,hearts,vows和librettos四個(gè)賓語(yǔ)，但翻譯成漢語(yǔ)是我們要注意賦予不同的意思。c.Hepossessedtwofaulseteethandasympathetisheart.d.Helostthegameandhistemper.10.軛式搭配(zeugma)把適用于某一事物的詞語(yǔ)順勢(shì)用到另外一事物上的方法。在同一個(gè)句子里一個(gè)詞可以修飾或者控制兩個(gè)或更多的詞，它可以使語(yǔ)言活潑，富有幽默感。例如：Sheopenedthedoorandherhearttothehomelessboy.她對(duì)那無(wú)家可歸的男孩打開(kāi)了房門(mén)，也敞開(kāi)了胸懷。AsIlefthomeafterbreakfast,Ishiveredinwardlyaswellasoutwardly.早餐之后我離開(kāi)家的時(shí)候，我的里里外外都在顫抖。Iwouldmyhorsehadthespeedofyourtongue.我希望我的馬能有你的舌頭的速度。11.移位修飾(transferredepithet)將本應(yīng)該用來(lái)修飾某一類(lèi)名詞的修飾語(yǔ)用來(lái)修飾另一類(lèi)名詞。例如：Therewasashort,thoughtfulsilence.出現(xiàn)了一陣短暫的、令人沉思的寂靜。Theoldmanputareassuringhandonmyshoulder.老人把一只令人安心的手放在我的肩膀上。Heclosedhisbusylifeattheageofsixty.在六十歲時(shí)他結(jié)束了他那忙碌的一生。Thisisthecheapestmarketinthiscountry.這是這個(gè)國(guó)家最便宜的市場(chǎng)了。12.頭韻(alliteration)兩個(gè)或者更多的詞以相同的音韻或者字母開(kāi)頭就構(gòu)成頭韻。例如：proudasapeacockblindasabatsafeandsound“onscrollsofsilversnowysentences”(HartCrane)“寫(xiě)滿銀色雪般句子的卷軸上”(哈特·克蘭)LongandloudlylittleLilylaughed.小莉莉長(zhǎng)時(shí)間地、大聲地笑著。Thewindowswavedviolentlyinthewind.窗戶在風(fēng)中劇烈地?fù)u動(dòng)。Thesunsankslowly.太陽(yáng)慢慢地下沉。13.漸進(jìn)(climax&Anticlimax)根據(jù)事物的邏輯關(guān)系，由小到大，由輕到重，由淺到深，由低到高，由少到多依次漸進(jìn)地進(jìn)行描述或論述。這種整齊的結(jié)構(gòu)可以使人們的思想認(rèn)識(shí)一層層深化提高，增強(qiáng)語(yǔ)言的感染力和說(shuō)服力。例如：Icame;Isaw;Iconquer.我來(lái)了；我看到了；我征服。Readingmakethafullman;conferenceareadyman;andwritinganexactman.讀書(shū)使人充實(shí)；交談使人機(jī)智；寫(xiě)作使人精確。Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested.書(shū)有可淺嘗者，有可吞咽者，更有少數(shù)須消化咀嚼者。Lincolnrecognizedworthinthecommonpeople;helovedthecommonpeople;hefoughtforthecommonpeople;andhediedforthecommonpeople.林肯認(rèn)識(shí)到平民大眾的價(jià)值；他熱愛(ài)平民大眾；他為平民大眾而斗爭(zhēng)；他為平民大眾而獻(xiàn)身。相反，逐層遞減的修辭法叫做Anticlimax--突降法或漸降法。這種手法通常起到幽默的作用，如Thedutiesofasoldieraretoprotecthiscountryandpeelpotatoes.注：從“保衛(wèi)祖國(guó)”到“剝土豆皮”，起到喜劇效果。14.HyperbatonorInversion倒裝Afigureofspeech,suchasanastropheorhysteronproteron,usingdeviationfromnormalorlogicalwordordertoproduceaneffect.倒裝，倒置法：一種象倒裝法或逆序法的修辭方法，使用與正?；蜻壿嫷恼Z(yǔ)序相偏離的方法，從而產(chǎn)生一種效果E.g:Thencometheclimaxofthetrial.15.Repetitive重復(fù)E.g:Fromthisnothingwillturnus,nothing.16.Symbol象征Somethingthatrepresentssomethingelsebyassociation,resemblance,orconvention,especiallyamaterialobjectusedtorepresentsomethinginvisible.象征，標(biāo)志：通過(guò)聯(lián)系、類(lèi)似或傳統(tǒng)來(lái)代表其它事物的某件東西，尤指代表抽象東西的實(shí)體17.Antithesis對(duì)偶Afigureofspeechinwhichsharplycontrastingideasarejuxtaposedinabalancedorparallelphraseorgrammaticalstructure,asin對(duì)偶：一種將強(qiáng)烈對(duì)立的想法并列于穩(wěn)定、對(duì)等的短語(yǔ)或語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)中的修辭方法，如在：“HeeforGodonly,sheeforGodinhim”(JohnMilton)“他只為上帝，她則為他心中的上帝”(約翰·米爾頓)18.Hyperbole夸張Afigureofspeechinwhichexaggerationisusedforemphasisoreffect夸張法：一種比喻，使用夸張來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)或產(chǎn)生某種效果，比如：Icouldsleepforayear我能睡一年Thisbookweighsaton.這書(shū)有一噸重Effectivehyperbole,however,ismorethanjusttoemphasizesomethinginexaggeratedterms.Inthehandsofexperiencedwritersitcanbeusedtoachievevariousliteraryeffects:tointensifyemotion,toelevateoridealizepersonsoreventstoheroicstatus,ortopolefunatorridicule.1.Belindasmiled,andalltheworldwasgay.(AlexanderPope)2.Forshewasbeautiful--herbeautymadethebrightworlddim,andeverythingbesideseemedlikethefleetingimageofashade.(P.B.Shelley)3.Theysaid,whenhestooduptospeak,starsandstripescamerightoutintheskyandoncehespokeagainstariverandmadeitsinkintotheground.Yetforthosewhouseexaggerationfrequently,themoderationintheuseofexaggerationseemstobetheruletofollow.把事物的特征，有意地加以夸大或縮小，就叫夸張，即采用“言過(guò)其實(shí)”的說(shuō)法，使事物的本質(zhì)特征更好地呈現(xiàn)出來(lái)?？鋸埖墓δ苁峭怀鍪挛锏谋举|(zhì)特征，因而給人強(qiáng)烈印象或警悟、啟發(fā)。如：（1）Theoldmanlivedayearinaminute.老人度日如年。（2）Thewretchedmanbecamefamousovernight.這可憐人竟一夜之間出了名。19.RhetoricalQuestion反問(wèn)Aquestiontowhichnoanswerisexpected,oftenusedforrhetoricaleffect.反問(wèn)：一種無(wú)需回答的問(wèn)題，常為說(shuō)服效果而使用。“DidyouhelpmewhenIneededhelp?Didyouonceoffertointercedeinmyb