英語學(xué)習(xí)與西方文化

西方文化與英語學(xué)習(xí)Westernculture&EnglishLearning

整理課件Language&CultureLanguageisapartofcultureOnedesignfeatureofhumanlanguageisculturaltransmission(文化傳遞性)(byC.Hockett）SoEnglishiscapableoftransmittingtheWesternculture.整理課件GeographiclayoutoftheWesternculture1.Europe2.NorthAmerica(theUSA&Canada)3.Oceania(i.e.Australia&NewZealand)整理課件2layersofculturePhysicalculture(eg.architecturalstyles)Non-physicalculture(eg.religion;morality)整理課件Whytherearesomanylanguages?ThestoryofbuildingBabel[巴別塔]

Bible/Genesis[創(chuàng)世紀]11:1-9]:Godconfusingpeople’slanguageGenesis11:1:Nowthewholeearthhadonelanguageandthesamewords.(那時，天下人的口音言語都是一樣。)Genesis11:1:ThereforeitsnamewascalledBabel,becausetheretheLORD(God)confusedthelanguageofalltheearth.整理課件Babel[巴別塔]

整理課件TwoMajorFoundationsinWesternCulture1.theGreco-Romanfoundation(古希臘羅馬文化基石)

Thespiritofrationality理性主義精神2.theJudeo-Christianfoundation（猶太-基督教文化基石）pursuitofGod:thesupernaturalbeing整理課件AncientGreekCultureThreemastersofthinking:Socrates（蘇格拉底）Plato（柏拉圖）Aristotle（亞里斯多德）focusingonpursuitoffreedom,democracyandtruthinnatureandinhumanbeing整理課件RomanLawsTheJustinianlawcode(undertheEmperorJustinian)themostsystematicandcompletesummaryoflaws.整理課件Christianity1.Birth&DevelopmentofChristianityJesusChrist：theincarnationofGod(Godinhuamfleshbody道成肉身的上帝)“SonofGod”(thesecondpersoninthe

Trinity

三位一體),hecametoprovidesalvation(救贖)forthesinners整理課件Christianity-2OtherChristianbeliefs

Jesus'virginbirth,HisCrucifixion(putonthecross)

forwashinghisbelievers’sin“crucifying”---adj.折磨的

ascensionintoHeavenHisfutureSecondComing.整理課件Christianity---3majorfestivalsconcernedwithJesusChrist1.GoodFriday:耶穌受難日

JesusChristdiedonFriday,adaybeforethePassoverDay)2.EasterDay:復(fù)活節(jié)(Resurrection)

JesusChristrosefromdeathonSunday3.ChristmasDay(Xmas)onhonoringJesus’holybirth整理課件Bible:ChristianHolyScriptureTheOldTestament:39booksTheNewTestament:27books整理課件TheMiddleAge

late5thcentury---14thcenturyTheageofChristianityTheRomanChurchandPopedominatedbothreligiousandsecularlifeScholarlistism(經(jīng)院主義)---ThomasAquinas(1225-1274)Crusades:十字軍東征---Knighthood(gentlemanhood)騎士精神整理課件Renaissance(文藝復(fù)興)late13thcentury---early17thcentury（approx.400years）humanism(人文主義)prosperityinarts整理課件.ReligiousReformation宗教改革purificationofChristianity//upholdingtheBibleauthorityagainstPapalauthority教皇權(quán)威)SchismofChristianity(threebranchesofChristianity)1）Catholicism：天主教2）theEasternOrthodoxy：東正教3）Protestantism：新教3.pursuitofrationalismandscientism整理課件

Enlightenment(啟蒙運動)

(17th—18thcentury)3mastersofthinking:Voltaire(1694-1778)Jean-JacquesRousseau(1712-1778)Montesquieu(1689-1755)Montesquieu’stheoryofpowerseparation.

thelegislativepower:

Congress(USA)theexecutivepower:

President(USA)thejudicialpower:

SupremeCourt(USA)整理課件Westernculturein19thcenturyThetheoryofEvolution(進化論)---CharlesDarwin---TheOriginofSpecies《物種起源》---survivalofthefittest(actingasthetheoreticguidelineforoverseasinvasionbytheWesternpowers)整理課件Westernculturein19thcentury-2---debatingonoriginofhumankind*evolutionvs.creationMarxism---CommunismanditspracticeinRussia&China---success&failure整理課件Westernculturein19thcentury-3FriedrichNietzsche(1844-1900)尼采

“homelessnessandrootlessness”resultingfromthelossoffaithinGod

“alienation”（異化）or“famelesspersons”(無名的人)——lossofindividualidentityandego；menareinstitutionalizedinthemodernsociety.整理課件Westernculturein20thcenturySigmundFreud(1856-1939)

theoryofpsychoanalysisJean-PaulSartre(1905-1980)---Existentialism(存在主義)*Freedomofchoice.(manhasindividualfreedom.Ifonedoesnotfollowhisownwillbutthatofothers,hewouldlosehisownidentityandego.Suchamandoesnothavearealexistence.)整理課件Westernculturein20thcentury-2ModernismPost-modernism:JacquesDerrida(1930-)---relativityofrationality---deconstruction整理課件Westernculturein20thcentury-3Threebooksworthyofreading:1.《寂靜的春天》蕾切爾·卡遜1962TheSilentSpring2.《增長的極限》德內(nèi)拉·梅多斯

1972LimitstoGrowth3.《文明的沖突》1993

ConflictsofCivilizations

BySamuelHuntingdon整理課件AspectsofEnglishLearningInContextofCulture整理課件ParadoxicalthinkingpatternoftheWesterners反合性思維Socrates:TheonlythingIknowisthatIknownothingHegel:歷史給人最大的教訓(xùn)就是人從來不從歷史吸取教訓(xùn)。Jesus:Ifyousayyoucansee,youarereallyblind.整理課件英語詞語的隱喻性ThemetaphoricalpropertyinEnglishwordsOriginalmeaningassociativemeaningForexample:Crane:鶴起重機（similarinform）mouse:老鼠鼠標Fall:落下秋天Heart:心愛情Back:背部支持（backup）整理課件英語詞語的隱喻性-2Backbone:脊椎骨支柱/骨干Eg.Theyarethebackboneofthefootballteam.Crucifixion:釘十字架---痛苦的折磨Grind:磨磨---苦差Mushroom:蘑菇迅速增長Springuplikemushrooms雨后春筍般涌現(xiàn)整理課件I.ThreeMajorOriginsofEnglishWords1.Nativewords(ofAnglo-Saxonorigin)2.Latinwords3.Frenchwords整理課件Examplesask[1]---interrogate[2]---question[3]belly[1]---abdomen[2]---stomach[3]rise[1]---ascend[2]---mount[3]holy[1]---consecrated[2]---sacred[3]：神圣的fire---flame—conflagrationeat---dine---ingest整理課件I.ThreeoriginsofEnglishwords-2buy[1]---purchase[3]house[1]---mansion[3]answer[1]---reply[3]friendly[1]---amicable[3](friend=ami/amie)might[1]---power[3](mighty=powerful)brotherly[1]---fraternal[2]bodily[1]---corporal[2]身體的；生理的整理課件I.ThreeoriginsofEnglishwords-355BC

Caesar’s(凱撒大帝JuliusCaesar約前100-前44,羅馬將軍,皇帝,政治家,歷史學(xué)家)invasionintoBritainbroughtLatinlanguageintoEnglish1066ADNorman’sConquestintroducedFrenchintoEnglish整理課件Greekmythology&Romanmythologyvs.EnglishwordsHomer:IliadOdyssey(1)Zeus:thechiefgod宙斯(=JupiterinRM)Cf.玉皇大帝(2)Hera:Zeus’swife赫拉(=JunoinRM)Cf..王母娘娘整理課件Greekmythology&Romanmythologyvs.Englishwords3)Eros:愛神（=Cupid[丘比特]inRM）Eg.Cupid’sbowCf.月下老人(4)Artemis:thegoddessofthemoonandhunting(=DianainRM)月亮與狩獵女神。Cf.嫦娥整理課件GreekMythologyvs.RomanMythologyGM--------RM*Apollo---Apollo:阿波羅；太陽神；美男子Zeus’son,thegodofthesun,inchargeoftruth,lightandmedicine*Artemis---Diana*Ares---Mars(awarringgod)*Aphrodite---Venus(維納斯)整理課件GreekMythologyvs.RomanMythology-2Aphrodite阿佛洛狄特:thegoddessofloveandbeauty,Zeus’daughter整理課件GreekMythologyvs.RomanMythology-3Venus整理課件GreekMythologyvs.RomanMythology-4*Hephaestus---VulcanHephaestus:thehusbandofAphrodite;thegodofmetal-workingtechnology*Hermes---MercuryHermes

thesonofZeus;Zeus’messenger;thegodlookingaftermerchants,touists& thieves.整理課件GreekMythologyvs.RomanMythology-4*Poseidon---NeptunePoseidon

Zeus’sbrother;inchargeoftheseas波塞冬；海神Cf海龍王/龍王爺*Hestia---VestaZeus’sister,thegoddessforkitchenandhome.Cf.灶神

整理課件GreekMythologyvs.RomanMythology-5*Hades---Pluto(cf.閻王inChineseculture)*Persephone---ProserpinathewifeofHades.冥后*Dionysus---Bacchusthegodofwine&drama酒神

整理課件CupidCupidCupidisthelovechildofVenusandMars整理課件OriginsofCulturallyloadedwords

文化負載詞來源LanguageaspartofcultureNineplanetnamesanditsOrigins1.Neptune:海王星P9(=Poseidon)2.Pluto:冥王星(=Hades)3.Venus:金星(=Aphrodite)4.Mars火星(=Ares)5.Mercury水星(=Hermes)6.Jupiter:木星P5/thelargestplanet(=Zeus)7.Saturn:土星P68.Uranus:天王星整理課件KinshipwordsinEnglishandtheChineseequivalentsBrother:兄；弟?Sister:姐；妹？Aunt：伯母；嬸；姨；舅母；姑媽？Uncle：叔；伯；舅；姑父；姨夫？Grandfather:祖父；外祖父Grandmother:祖母；外祖母Nephew:侄子；外甥整理課件KinshipwordsinEnglishandtheChineseequivalentsNiece:侄女；外甥女Brother-in-law:小叔子；大伯子；小舅子；大舅子？Sister-in-law?結(jié)論：英語文化中不重視長次關(guān)系以及以性別差異來劃分的親屬關(guān)系：因此英語中如一定強調(diào)長次關(guān)系必須以復(fù)合詞來體現(xiàn)。而漢語中的親屬詞語特別強調(diào)“長幼有序”，因此，漢語中的親屬詞特別豐富。整理課件顏色詞語的文化意義1.blackEvil:ablackdeedIllegal:blackgasolineGloomy:blackmood2.whitepure:awhitesoulHonorable:itiswhiteofyou整理課件顏色詞語的文化意義-23.yellowSensational:yellowpressCowardly:betooyellowtostandupandfight.4.greyMature:greywisdomDull;difficulty:greysituation;greyman4.redViolent:redhands整理課件顏色詞語的文化意義-35.bluedepressed:abluemoodSexy:abluejoke6.purpleBlushed:bepurplewithangerRoyalpower:raisesb.Tothepurple7.greenInexperienced:agreenhand整理課件Taboo&EuphemisminEnglishCategoriesoftaboo(禁忌語)Whensayitdirectly,itwillbeoffensiveinnormalsocialcommunicationEuphemism:indirectandpleasantexpressionstosubstitutefordirectandunpleasantones1.sex：makelove=havesex2.somebodyorgansSheisexpecting=sheispregnant.整理課件Taboo&EuphemisminEnglish-23.physiologicalexcretion：washroom4.death:passaway5.crime:correctionalcenter=prisonelderlypeople=oldpeople整理課件Taboo&EuphemisminEnglish-3needy/underprivileged/disadvantaged=poorlovechild私生子adultfilm:色情電影privateparts:humanreproductiveorgans整理課件英語動物詞的文化內(nèi)涵Goat:好色；淫蕩Dog:含褒義watchdog;luckydogLikeme,likemydogDragon:inChinese,anlegendaryauspiciousanimalinEnglish,anevilmonsterAleopardcan’tchangeitsspots.本性難改。整理課件3majorstylesofEnglishStyle:differentwordsandexpressionsindifferentsituations:Formalstyle：正式語體Neutralstyle：中間性語體Informalstyle：非正式語體buddy---friend(哥們---朋友)gentleman---man---chappassaway---die---popoff整理課件LoanwordsinEnglishBesidesLatin,GreekandFrench,Englishhaskeptborrowingwordswithoutceasingfromotherlanguages:1fromItalian(chieflyartterms)fresco(壁畫)；sonata(奏鳴曲);operascenario(=plan)2.fromSpanishplaza(廣場=square);cargo(貨物);guitar整理課件LoanwordsinEnglish-23.fromGermandock(碼頭=wharf)plunder(搶劫=rob/loot)4.fromPortuguesecobra(眼鏡蛇)；veranda(陽臺=balcony)5.fromDutchbooze(酒宴)整理課件LoanwordsinEnglish-36.fromArabicsultan(蘇丹)；harem(閨房);;algebra;zero;jihad;Al-Qaeda7.fromJapanesetycoon;typhoon;judo(柔道)；sushi(壽司：一種日本點心);karaoke;tatami8.fromChinesefengshui;yin;yang;kungfu9.fromIndianguru(宗教教師；領(lǐng)袖/頭頭)整理課件BritishEnglish&AmericanEnglish:

英語的地域變體（regionalvariety）1.同一個詞在英美語中表示不同概念Eg.billion:十億(AE)；萬億(BE)firstfloor:一樓（AE）;二樓(BE)2.同一個概念在英美語中用不同詞表達Eg.sidewalk(AE)---pavement(BE)movie(AE)---film(BE)can(AE)---tin(BE)

整理課件BritishEnglish&AmericanEnglishmail(AE)---post(BE)muffler(AE)---silencer(BE)消聲器truck---lorryfall---autumncouch(AE)---sofa(BE)biscuit---crackerring---call整理課件BritishEnglish&AmericanEnglishBlowone’sowntrumpet(BE)---blowone’sownhorn(AM)自吹自擂Sweepsth.Underthecarpet(BE)---sweepsth.Undertherug（AM）遮蓋某事整理課件Englishpersonnames&theirculturaloriginsI:Christianname教名(=NomdeBapmete)=forename(BE)=firstname/givenname(AE)OriginsofChristiannames:1)Anglo-Saxonorigin:Brand;Baldwin;Harald;Herold;Barbell;Read;Reid;Reed,etc.Themeaningsofthesenamesarenowvaguebecauseoflongtime.整理課件Englishpersonnames&theirculturalorigins2)GermanicoriginRobert;Richard;William3)Latinorigin:

Celia(from“Caelum”天)Charles;Caroline;CarolCarola(fromCarolus)整理課件Englishpersonnames&theirculturalorigins4)fromcommonwords:Shakespeare:shake+spearDickens:惡魔Shelly:貝殼5）fromcelebratedpersonsAlexanderMiltonHomerFranklinJefferson整理課件Englishpersonnames&theirculturalorigins2)Biblicalorigin:EachbiblicalnamehasitsuniquestoryA.11disciplesofJesusChrist(exceptJudas)Peter;Andrew;James;John;Philip;Thomas;SimonB.4authorsofGospels:Matthew;Mark;Luke;John整理課件Englishpersonnames&theirculturaloriginsC.otherBiblicalfigures:Daniel;David;Stephen;Paul;Solomon;Timothy;Rebecca;Isaac(IsaacNewton牛頓);Christina(femaleChrist);AbrahamLincoln(16thPresidentoftheUSA):thefirstpatriarchofJewsBenjaminFranklin:theyoungestsonofJacobJacob:sonofIsaac,whoissonofAbraham整理課件Englishpersonnames&theirculturaloriginsII.Middlename(中間名or2ndChristianname):followingChristianname;itisusuallynamedafterthenameofone’smother,god-father,god-mother.Theuseofmiddlenamegrewpopularin19thcentury.Eg.GeorgeBernardShaw整理課件Englishpersonnames&theirculturaloriginsIII.Surname(=familyname/lastname[AE])a.Occupationalnames(職業(yè)的姓)Eg.JohntheBlacksmithJohnBlacksmithJohntheCookJohnCookb.Patronymicnames(從父名的姓)：即在父親的教名后加上“son”(兒子)。Eg.Peterson;Wilson;Thomson,etc.整理課件Englishpersonnames&theirculturaloriginsC.localnames:namedafterlocalplace/landscape/terrain/plant/colorShore/Pool/Brook/Forest//Stone/Hill/Marsh/Cliff/Wood/Cotton/Flower/Green/Brown/Black/WhiteIV.Fullname(registername):usedonlyinformaloccasionChristianname+Middlename+Surname整理課件Englishpersonnames&theirculturalorigins父子同名：sonandfathersharethesamenameEg.MartinLutherKingJr.(Junior)InChina,itisabsolutelyforbiddentohavesonandfathershareanidenticalname.名諱傳統(tǒng)St.Augustine:St.=Saint圣徒SirWinstonChurchill：爵士ChristinaChristopher整理課件III.Englishidioms&itsculturaloriginsMajorsources:1.fromancientGreek&Romanmyths2.fromtheBible3.fromclassicliteratures4.fromlifestyleandotheraspects整理課件III.Englishidioms&itsculturalorigins1.Achilles’heel:afatalweaknessinspiteofoverallstrength,唯一致命的弱點AccordingtotheGreekmyth:Achilles’mother,Thetis,haddippedtheinfantAchillesintheriverStyx(冥河),holdingontohimbyhisheel,andhebecameinvulnerable（刀槍不入）wherethewaterstouchedhim--thatis,everywherebuttheareascoveredbyherthumbandforefinger--implyingthatonlyaheelwoundcouldhavebeenhisdownfall.Later,AchillesdiedfromaheelwoundastheresultofapoisonedarrowbyParis整理課件III.Englishidioms&itsculturalorigins-22.SwanSong(天鵝之歌):最后杰作；絕筆SwanSong字面譯做源于希臘成語Kykneionasma.在古希臘神話中，阿波羅(Apollo)是太陽神、光明之神，由于他多才多藝，又是詩歌與音樂之神，后世奉他為文藝的保護神。天鵝是阿波羅的神鳥，故常用來比喻文藝。傳說天鵝平素不唱歌，而在它死前，必引頸長鳴，高歌一曲，其歌聲哀婉動聽，感人肺腑。這是它一生中唯一的，也是最后的一次唱歌。因此，西方各國就用這個典故來比喻某詩人，作家，作曲家臨終前的一部杰作，或者是某個演員，歌唱家的最后一次表演。即alastorfarewellappearance;thelastworkbeforedeath之意.整理課件Englishidioms&itsculturaloriginsEg1:Alltheticketshavebeensoldforthesinger'sperformanceinLondonthisweek--thepublicclearlybelievesthatthiswillbeherswansongEg2:TheTempestwasW.Shakespeare'sswansongin1612整理課件Englishidioms&itsculturalorigins-Odysseys:long-distanceadventurousjourney(fromHomer’sOdysseus)Trojanhorse:內(nèi)部顛覆者Mentor:friendofOdysse