關聯(lián)理論視角下文化負載詞的英譯研究美版《甄嬛傳》為例

福州大學本科生畢業(yè)論文PAGE18PAGE19ContentsTOC\o"1-2"\h\u7952ChineseAbstract 2English208Abstract 3299901.Introduction 4110881.1ResearchBackground 4285461.2ResearchObjectiveandSignificance 4200412.LiteratureReview 5208792.1ResearchesonRelevanceTheory 5101662.2ResearchesonCulture-loadedWords 6323253.TheoreticalFramework 774423.1RelevanceTheory 779843.2Relevance-theoreticalAccountofTranslation 9275104.ApplicationofRelevanceTheoryinTranslationofCulture-loadedWordsinEmpressesinthePalace 1010804.1

ClassificationsofCulture-loadedWordsinEmpressesinthePalace 1084224.2TranslationofCulture-loadedWordsandRelevanceTheory 12140654.3ApplicationofRelevanceTheoryinTranslationofCulture-loadedWordsinEmpressesinthePalace 1335185.Conclusion 1826360References 19關聯(lián)理論視角下文化負載詞的英譯研究——以美版《甄嬛傳》為例摘要近年來，隨著信息網(wǎng)絡化時代不斷深入發(fā)展，影視作品成為世界各國人民了解彼此文化及語言的重要媒介?！墩鐙謧鳌纷鳛橐徊拷?jīng)典的清朝宮廷劇，臺詞中涉及大量反映中國傳統(tǒng)文化的文化負載詞。如何準確流暢地翻譯這些文化負載詞，同時向外國讀者展示原汁原味的中華文化，對譯者來說是一個很大的挑戰(zhàn)。本文以關聯(lián)理論為指導，從最佳關聯(lián)原則的角度探討美版《甄嬛傳》中文化負載詞的英譯。作者將《甄嬛傳》中的文化負載詞進行分類解析，列舉較為典型的翻譯實例，著眼于譯者對不同類別文化負載詞所使用的翻譯策略，探討關聯(lián)理論在文化負載詞翻譯中的應用。希望通過對《甄嬛傳》中文化負載詞的翻譯分析，本文可以為字幕翻譯研究開辟嶄新的視野。關鍵詞：文化負載詞；關聯(lián)理論；翻譯；美版《甄嬛傳》OnC-ETranslationofCulture-loadedWordsfromthePerspectiveofRelevanceTheory—ACaseStudyofEmpressesinthePalace AbstractInrecentyears,withthein-depthdevelopmentofnetworkinformationera,filmsandTVserieshavebecomeimportantmediaforpeopleofallcountriestounderstandculturesandlanguagesaroundtheworld.EmpressesinthePalace,asaclassicpalacedramaoftheQingDynasty,containsalargenumberofculture-loadedwordsreflectingtraditionalChineseculture.Itisreallyagreatchallengeandpainstakingtaskforthetranslatortopresentfluentandaccuratetranslationsofculture-loadedwordsandtointroduceourauthenticChinesecultureeffectivelytoforeignreaders.Thethesis,undertheguidanceofrelevancetheory,offersadetailedanalysisonthetranslationsofChineseculture-loadedwordsintheAmericanversionofEmpressesinthePalaceaccordingtotheprincipleofoptimalrelevance.Theauthorclassifiesandanalyzesculture-loadedwordsinthework,enumeratessometypicaltranslationexamples,andfocusesonthetranslationstrategiesusedbytranslatorsfordifferentcategoriesofculture-loadedwords,aswellastheapplicationofrelevancetheoryinthetranslationofculture-loadedwords.ByillustratingthetranslationofChineseculture-loadedwordsinEmpressesinthePalace,hopefullyanewperspectiveforsubtitletranslationcanbeprovided. Keywords:culture-loadedwords;relevancetheory;translation;EmpressesinthePalace1.Introduction1.1ResearchBackgroundWiththeprosperityofthedomesticculturalmarket,anincreasingnumberofforeignersareattractedbyChineseculture,ChineseTVseriesaretremendouslypopularintheoverseasmarket.Inthiscase,subtitlesinfilmsandtelevisionworksassumethemomentousresponsibilityforculturaltransmission.TheAmericanversionofEmpressesinthePalacebroadcastonthemainstreamAmericantelevision,whichpresentedthehistoryoftheQingDynastyandtraditionalChineseculturetoWesternaudiences.ThelinesofEmpressesinthePalaceinvolvequantitiesofculture-loadedwordsthatreflecttraditionalChineseculture.Withthedeepeningofinternationalexchanges,thedifferencesbetweenEasternandWesterncultureshavebecomeincreasinglyprominentintheprocessoftranslation.Thetranslationofculture-loadedwordshasbecomemoresignificant,whichdirectlyaffectscross-culturalcommunication.Tillnow,manyscholarshaveconductedrelevantresearchonthetranslationofculture-loadedwordsinanattempttobettersolvetheconfusionaboutfilmandTVseriescausedbyculturaldifferencesbetweenChinaandthewest.Alargenumberoftranslatorsbothathomeandabroadhaveputforwardtranslationtheoriesandmethodswithinstructiveandimportantsignificance.Relevancetheory,asatheoryofcommunicationandcognition,providesthemostpowerfultheoreticalframeworkforinterpretingtranslation.Hence,thisthesisintendstotakeEmpressesinthePalaceasanexampletostudytheEnglishtranslationofChineseculture-loadedwordsfromtheperspectiveofrelevancetheory.1.2ResearchObjectiveandSignificanceWiththecontinuousdevelopmentofinternationalsociety,atremendousnumberofexcellentChinesefilmandTVserieshaveenteredtheinternationalfilmindustry.Howtoaccuratelytranslatetheculture-loadedwordsinChinesefilmandTVserieshasbecomeanurgentproblem.SuccessfulsubtitletranslationnotonlyenablestheaudiencetoappreciatethecharmoffilmandTVplays,butpromotesthefurtherdevelopmentofculturalexchanges.Therefore,itrequirestranslatorstofaithfullyconveytheessenceoflanguagewhileaccuratelyunderstandingtheculturalconnotationandculturaldifferences,andshowtheworldasplendidandvibrantChineseculture.Relevancetheory,asamajortheoryguidingthetranslationofculture-loadedwords,emphasizestheoptimalrelevancebetweenthetargettextandthereader,therebyguidingamorecomprehensiveandreasonableevaluationofthetranslation.However,therewerefewstudiesonrelevancetheoryinChina,andevenfeweronitscombinationwithspecificworks.Inaddition,scholarspaidmoreattentiontotheartisticvalueofEmpressesinthePalace,butrarelystudieditsChineseculturalimprintsoftheQingDynasty.However,thetranslationofculture-loadedwordsinthedramaplaysanimmeasurableroleinthespreadandexchangeofEasternandWesterncultures.Thisthesisaimstoadoptrelevancetheorytoanalyzethetranslationofculture-loadedwordsintheAmericanversionofEmpressesinthePalace,andexplorehowthetranslatorfindtheoptimalrelevancesoastoaccuratelyconveytheinformationintentionorcommunicativeintentiontotheTVaudience.Finally,itsummarizessometranslationmethodsandstrategiesofculture-loadedwords,aimingtoarousepeople’sattentiontothetranslationofculture-loadedwords,improvethequalityofEnglishtranslationofdomesticfilmandTVseriessubtitles,andmeettheexpectationsoftargetlanguageaudiencesintoday’ssociety.Simultaneously,itconducestobetterunderstandingthegreatsignificanceofculture-loadedwordstranslationforculturalexchangeandhasastrongguidingsignificancefortranslationpractice.2.LiteratureReview2.1ResearchesonRelevanceTheoryRelevancetheoryisaninterpretativetheorythatemergedinthefieldoflinguisticsinthe1980s.Itfocusesoncommunicationandcognition,andthefunctionistomakeareasonableexplanationofhumancognitionandcommunicationrules.2.1.1PreviousStudiesonRelevanceTheoryAbroadDanSperberandDeirdreWilsonreorganizedandinnovatedGrice’sConversationalPrinciple,thenputforwardthefamousrelevancetheoryinRelevance:CommunicationandCognitionin1986,whicharousedgreatrepercussionsabroad.Theymadeadetailedstudyofutteranceinterpretationfromtheperspectiveofrelevance,positioningcommunicationasanostensive-inferentialmodel.ErnstAugustGuttfirstlyappliesrelevancetheorytotranslationpractice.Heputforwardtheconceptofrelevance-theoretictranslationtheoryinTranslationandRelevance:CognitionandContextin1991.Thisconceptprovidesapowerfulandsystematictheoreticalframeworkfortranslationstudies.Thedifferencebetweenrelevance-theoreticaltranslationandtraditionaltheoryisthat“translationisaverbalcommunicativeactandaninferentialprocesscloselyrelatedtobrainmechanism”(Gutt,2004:34).Translationembodiesthedualprocessofinferenceandostension,whichisaspecialspeechintercommunication.Nidaadmits:“Gutthasmadeallimportantcontributiontotranslationstudiesbypointingoutadifferenttheoreticalapproachtoissueofcommunicativeresemblance”(Nida,2001:229).Manyforeignscholarshavepaidgreatattentiontorelevancetheory.Asthemostinfluentialwriter,Guttappliedthemainideasofrelevancetheorytotranslationstudiesandmadeabundantcontributionstotranslationresearch.2.1.2PreviousStudiesonRelevanceTheoryatHomeLinKenanpublishedanarticleABriefIntroductiontoRelevanceandTranslation,whichgaveabriefdescriptionoftheemergenceandargumentativebasisofrelevancetheoryandgraduallyopenedthedoorfordomesticscholarstostudyrelevancetheory.HeZiran(1997)publishedamonographPragmaticsandEnglishlearning,inwhichheintroducedandstudiedrelevancetheoryandtranslation.Hefoundthatpragmatictranslationisbasedonrelevancetheory.ThesearethereferencesfortheinitialstudyofrelevancetheoryinChina.ZhaoYanchun(1999)indicatedthattranslationisanactofintralingualorinterlingualoffensive-inferentialinterpretationofthesourcetext.Thetranslatorexistsasadoubleidentityofreaderandcommunicatorduringtranslation.MengJiangang(2002)proposedthatneitherforeignizationnordomesticationshouldbepersistedinasingleway,andtheirpracticeshouldbemainlybasedonthecommunicativeintentionoftheoriginalauthorandthetranslator.Inaddition,healsosuggestedthatthetheoryofdomesticationandforeignizationshouldbecombinedundertheframeworkofrelevancetheory.Manyotherscholars,suchasZhaoXinhong,MoAiping,LuoXuanmin,havealsostudiedthetranslationconceptofrelevancetheoryandputforwardpracticalsuggestions.2.2ResearchesonCulture-loadedWordsCulture-loadedwordsrefertowords,phrases,andidioms,whichreflecttheuniquenationalculture,traditionalcustomsandhabits.Asthecarrieroflanguage,culture-loadedwordscanhighlightthedifferencesofdifferentcultures.Hence,bothdomesticandforeignscholarshavestudiedthetranslationofculture-loadedwords.2.2.1PreviousStudiesonCulture-loadedWordsAbroadInwesterncountries,asearlyasthelastcentury,manytranslationtheoristshavemadedistinguishedexplorationsontheculturalfactorsintranslatingliteraryworks.ThesetheoristsincludeEugeneA.Nida,SusanBassnett,PeterNewmark,SusanStempleski,BarryTomalin.InLanguageandCulture:ContextinTranslating,EugeneA.Nida,afamousAmericantranslationtheorist,dividesculturalfactorsintofivecategories,“(1)ecologicalculture;(2)materialculture;(3)socialculture;(4)religiousculture;(5)linguisticculture”(Nida,1993:91).Inordertosucceedincross-culturalcommunication,Nidaregardsthatwemustfullyunderstandthefivebranchesofculture.Afterthat,manytranslatorsfurtherstudyandputforwardtheconceptofculture-loadedwords.SusanBassnettbelieves“theprocessoftranslationisnotmerelyalinguisticonebutinvolvesawholesetofextra-linguisticcriteriaalso”(Bassnett,2001:13).Sincethen,numeroustranslatorshavebeguntoadoptdifferenttranslationtheoriestoexploretheculture-loadedwords.2.2.2PreviousStudiesonCulture-loadedWordsatHomeWiththeenhancementofcommunicationbetweentheEastandtheWest,peopleinChinadipdeeperintoculture-loadedwords.SinceProfessorXuGuozhangpublishedCulture-loadedWordsandEnglishLanguageTeachingin1980,theresearchonculture-loadedwordshasbeenhighlyvaluedamongforeignlanguageteachersandlinguistsinChina.LiaoQiyi,afamousscholarinChina,describesculture-loadedwordsas“words,phrasesandidiomsthatmarksomethinguniquetoacertainculture.Thesewordsreflectthedistinctwaysofactivitiesaccumulatedbyspecificethnicgroupsoverthelonghistoricalprocess,whicharedifferentfromotherethnicgroups”(廖七一,2000:232).HuWenzhongbelievesthatculture-loadedwordshavetheirownuniquenationalculture,whichcanreflectanation’sculture(胡文仲,1999).BaoHuinanpointsoutthatculture-loadedwordsarealsocalledlexicalvacancy,whichmeansthatthesourcewordscarryingculturalinformationdonothavecorrespondingwordsinthetargetlanguage(包惠南,2004).YuanQing,inthearticleCulture-loadedWordsandTheirTranslationMethods,believesthatculture-loadedwordsarewordscontainedwithinaspecificculturalscope,whichdirectlyorindirectlyreflectnationalcultureinvocabulary,includingidiomsandallusions(袁清,2007).Onbalance,culture-loadedwordsaretheembodimentofspecificculturalphenomena.Acomparativestudyofculture-loadedwordsexertsgreatimpactonimprovingthequalityoftranslationandpromotingcross-culturalcommunication.3.TheoreticalFramework3.1RelevanceTheorySincethe1980s,thecognitivestudyoflanguagefunctionhasincreasinglybecomeanimportantpartofcognitivelinguistics.Thetwomajorthemesofpragmaticsarediscoursegenerationanddiscourseunderstanding.InthestudiesofLeech,Levinson,Horn,SperberandWilson,themostinfluentialistherelevancetheoryputforwardbySperberandWilsonintheirmonographRelevance:CommunicationandCognition. 3.1.1BriefIntroductiontoRelevanceTheorySperberandWilsondevelopedrelevancetheoryonthebasisofGrice’sRelevanceMaxim.In1986,theyfirstproposedacognitivepragmatictheoryoflanguagecommunicationbasedoncognitivepsychologyintheirbookRelevance:CommunicationandCognition.Inthistheory,therearetwomodesforverbalcommunicationsimultaneously:themostbasicistheinferentialmodel,andtheotheriscodemodel.Relevanceisanostensive-inferentialprocessinvolvinginformationintentionandcommunicativeintention.Relevanceisdefinedastherelationshipbetweenthesameseriesofcontexts,thatis,thesemanticandpragmaticrelationshipbetweenthelatterdiscourseandtheformerdiscourseintheprocessofconversation,aswellasthecontextonwhichconversationdepends(卜杰民,2004).Inotherwords,languagecommunicationisregardedasanostensive-inferentialprocess.Fromtheperspectiveofcognitivelinguistics,itisproposedthatlanguagecommunicationisacognitiveactivitybasedoncertainrulesofinference.Relevancetheorybreaksthroughthetraditionalconceptandpaysmoreattentiontocognitivemethodology,whichisthereasonwhyitiscategorizedascognitivepragmatics.Relevancetheoryfocusesoncompetenceratherthanbehavior.Itdealswiththeprocessofcommunicationandattemptstoshedlightonhowthehumanbrainprocessesinformationtoenableustocommunicatewithothers.3.1.2Ostensive-inferentialCommunication“Thesuccessofcommunicationisnotwhenthehearerrecognizesthelinguisticmeaningoftheutterance,butwhentheyinferthespeaker’smeaningfromtheutterance”(Sperber&Wilson,1986:38-64).Communicationisaprocessofostensionandinference.Ostensionreferstotheaddresser’sexplicitintentiontoexpressinformation,whileinferencereferstotheaddressee’sunderstandingoftheaddresser’scommunicativeintentionaccordingtotheaddresser’scontextualassumption.SperberandWilson(1986)believethathumanscancommunicatewitheachotherthroughtheoperationalcapabilitiesofthebrain,sothatdifferentconclusionscanbedrawnthroughdifferentbehaviorsofeachother.MengJiangangoncepointedoutthatostensive-inferentialcommunicationincludesthreeparts:informationintention,communicativeintentionandostensivestimulusbehavior(孟建鋼,2002).Ostensive-inferentialcommunicationcanbeexplainedasfollows:astimulusissentoutbythecommunicator,whichwillgeneratemutualunderstandingbetweentheaudienceandthecommunicatorasexpectedbythecommunicator.Throughthisstimulus,theaudiencecandrawaseriesofhypotheses.Relevancetheoryholdsthatthewholeprocessofcommunicationisdynamicandinferstheinformationofcontext.Thesamewayofexpressioncanconveydifferentcommunicativeintentions.Thesuccessofcommunicationmainlydependsonwhetherthecommunicatorhasclearlyexpressedhisinformationintentiontotheaudience,andwhethertheaudiencehasdrawnthecorrectinferencefortheinformationprovidedbythecommunicator.3.1.3OptimalRelevanceTherelevanceprincipleis:“everyostensive-inferentialcommunicationshouldbeassumedtohaveoptimalrelevance”(Sperber&Wilson,1986:158).Accordingtorelevancetheory,themaximumrelevanceistoachievethegreatestcontextualeffectwiththeleastprocessingeffort;theoptimalrelevanceistoobtainthebestcontextualeffectwiththeeffectiveeffortinunderstandingdiscourse.Generallyspeaking,theheareralwaysfollowstheoptimalrelevanceprincipleincommunication.Whenthehearerthinksthathehasachievedthedesiredcontextualeffectaftermakingcognitiveefforts,hiscognitiveeffortswillstop.Optimalrelevance,thecoreprincipleofrelevancetheory,istheresultthatpeopleexpectinverbalcommunication.Ingeneral,humancognitionisalwaysinlinewiththemaximumrelevance,whileanyostensivecommunicationbehaviorexpectstoproducetheoptimalrelevance.“Optimalrelevanceisthegoalthattranslatorsstrivetoachieveandtheprinciplestandardoftranslationresearch”(林克難,1994:7).Thetargetreadersoftenexpecttheoptimalrelevanceofthetargettext,sothetranslatorshouldtrytomakethetargettextreachtheoptimalrelevance.Thisrequiresthetranslatornotonlytounderstandtheinformationintentionofthesourcetext,butalsotounderstandthecommunicationintentionimpliedinthesourcetext,andthentofullyconsiderthecognitivecontextofthetargetreaders,toseektheoptimalrelevancebetweenthecognitivecontextofthesourcelanguageandthecognitivecontextofthetargetlanguageasmuchaspossible,soastoachievethesamecommunicativepurposeastheoriginaltext.3.2Relevance-theoreticalAccountofTranslationRelevance-theoreticaltranslationisatranslationtheorywithstrongexplanatorypower,whichisbasedonrelevancetheory(proposedbySperberandWilson).Gutt,thepioneerwhoappliesrelevancetheorytotranslationresearch,pointingoutthattranslationisakindofspeechcommunicationbehaviorandaninferentialprocesscloselyrelatedtobrainmechanism.Relevancetheoryemphasizestheunderstandingoflanguageincontext,andholdsthatlanguagecommunicationisacognitiveactivitybasedoncertainrulesofinference.Thiscognitiveactivityaimstoachievethebestcontextualeffectwiththeminimalmentaleffort,thatis,toachievethemaximumrelevance.Relevance-theoreticaltranslation,ontheotherhand,isarelativeconcept.Underthesameconditions,thesmallertheprocessingeffort,thestrongertherelevancewillbe;thelargerthecontextualeffect,thestrongertherelevancewillbe.Duetothedifferencebetweencognitiveenvironmentandcontext,thekeyofhumancommunicationliesincreatingakindofexpectationfortheoptimalrelevance,thatis,listeningtotheexpectationthattheexplanationheistryingtomakewillproduceenoughcontextualeffectwiththelowestprocessingeffort.Astranslationiscommunicationbetweentwolanguages,andthecognitiveenvironmentorcontextoftheoriginalauthorandthetargetreaderaredifferent,translatorsarerequiredtoassumedoubleresponsibilitiesintranslation.Thetranslatorshouldrecreatetheauthor’swritingintentionandmakethetranslationinlinewiththereader’sexpectationasmuchaspossible.Theoptimalrelevanceisnotonlythegoalthatthetranslatorshouldstrivetoachieveintheprocessoftranslation,butalsotheprincipleandstandardoftranslation.Agoodtranslationcannotonlyexplaintheauthor’sintention,butalsodonotrequirethereadertospendunnecessaryprocessingeffortsintheprocessofunderstandingthetranslation.4.ApplicationofRelevanceTheoryinTranslationofCulture-loadedWordsinEmpressesinthePalace4.1

ClassificationsofCulture-loadedWordsinEmpressesinthePalaceAsculture-loadedwordsareincreasinglyandcloselyrelatedtotheculture,itisessentialtomakeaclassificationofculture-loadedwordswithregardtoculturalelementsinEmpressesinthePalace.ConsideringthatNida’sclassificationofcultureisrelativelypersuasiveintheworld,basedonthefivetypesofsub-culture,theauthorthinksthatcorrespondingly,theculture-loadedwordsinEmpressesinthePalacecanbeclassifiedintofivecategories,namely,ecologicalculture-loadedwords,materialculture-loadedwords,socialculture-loadedwords,religiousculture-loadedwords,andlinguisticculture-loadedwords.Eachcategorywillbestudiedingreatdetailrespectively.4.1.1EcologicalCulture-loadedWordsEcologicalculture-loadedwordscanreflecttheclimate,geologicalandnaturalenvironmentconditionsortherelationshipbetweenhumanandnaturalenvironmentinaparticularlanguage.Thesewordsincludeplants,animals,mountains,rivers,cities,villagesandsoon.Itemphasizesthelanguageexpressionswithdistinctiveregionalfeatureshapedbyspecificecologicalenvironment.Intermsofanimals,therearemanycultureloaded-wordsanduniqueexpressionsinEmpressesinthePalace.Forexample,冰上飛燕—FlyingSwallowoftheIce(literaltranslation),鶴頂紅—crane’sredcrown(literaltranslation),驚鴻舞—FlyingWildGoose(literaltranslation),蛇蝎女子—awickedsoul(freetranslation),招蜂引蝶—todrawtheattentionofmen(freetranslation),狐媚東西—theminx(freetranslation),龍體—yourhealth(omission),雞犬升天—riseupthroughhersuccess(freetranslation),青梅竹馬—childhoodplaymates(freetranslation).4.1.2MaterialCulture-loadedWordsMaterialculture-loadedwordscanreflectthemeansofproductionandlivelihoodusedinhumanachievements,includingeconomy,science,technology,food,clothing,handicraftindustry,andconstructionindustry.Thesewordscarrythedailylifeofhumanbeingsandreflectthewisdomoflaboringpeople.InEmpressesinthePalace,forexample,養(yǎng)心殿—YangxinHall(transliteration),燕鳴關—YanmingPass(transliteration),倚梅園—YimeiGarden(transliteration),琉璃花樽—thecoloredglassvase(literaltranslation),冷宮—ColdPalace(literaltranslation),宗人府—theImperialClanCourt(literaltranslation),一丈紅—theScarletRed(literaltranslation),金縷衣—GoldenEmbroideredGarments(literaltranslation),腰牌—entrypass(freetranslation).“壽康宮”reflectstheChinesepeople’sdesireforalongandhealthylifesinceancienttimes,andplacesagoodmoralandaspirationonit.BecausethecorrespondingwordscanbefoundinEnglish,theliteraltranslationmethodisadopted.Iftransliterationisadopted,translationinto“Shoukang”mayconfuseforeignlanguagereaders.Atthesametime,literaltranslationalsoconformstotheprincipleoffaithfulnessintranslation,soittranslatesinto“theHallofLongevityinWellbeing”.4.1.3SocialCulture-loadedWordsSocialculture-loadedwordscanreflectthelifestyle,habits,historyandsocialactivitiesofspecificlanguagegroups.Socialculture-loadedwordshavethedeepestmeaningandcoverawiderange,includingthestructureofhumansociety,traditionalcustomsandbehavior,literature,artandsoon.InEmpressesinthePalace,forexample,滿軍旗—theManchuBanners(transliteration),惠嬪—ImperialConcubineHui(transliteration),鈕鈷祿—Niohuru(transliteration),御前侍衛(wèi)—imperialguards(literaltranslation),懿旨—decree(literaltranslation),撂牌子—bepassedover(freetranslation),萬歲萬歲萬萬歲—LonglivetheEmperor(omission).Apartfromthetranslationof“Empress”,thetranslationofothertitlesremainstobediscussed.Thetranslationof“官女子”into“FemaleAttendant”onlyreflectsthe“female”literally,butitcan’treflectthehierarchicalrelationshipwith“答應”and“常在”;thetranslationof“貴人”into“Lady”and“NobleLady”isthesame.Inwesterncountries,forexample,inBritain,whichstillretainsthehereditarysystemofthearistocracy,ladyandnobleladycanbeusedtorefertotheladiesofanyaristocracy,thatistosay,theconcubinesintheplaycanbecalledLadyandNobleLady.Duetothedifferentcognitiveenvironmentandcontext,literaltranslationofthesetitleswillinevitablycausedifficultiesforforeignaudiencestoclarifytherelationshipbetweencharacters.Foreignaudiencesneedtospendextraprocessingeffortstoobtaintheinformationintentionoftheplay,whichisinconsistentwiththeprincipleofoptimalrelevance.Fromabove,wecanseethattheuseofEnglishtoexpressthetitlesoftheChinesecourthasresultedinthelexicalgap,anditisdifficulttospecificallyexpressthehierarchyinthecourt.Therefore,whentranslatingfilmandTVseries,thesetitlesmustbeannotatedwithculture,otherwisetheaudiencewillbeunabletounderstand.4.1.4ReligiousCulture-loadedWordsReligiousculture-loadedwordscanreflectthereligiousbeliefsandvaluesofspecificlanguagegroups.Buddhism,TaoismandConfucianismhaveaprofoundimpactontheuniversalvaluesofChinesepeople.Therefore,therearemanyculture-loadedwordsrelatedtoreligiouscultureinChinese.InEmpressesinthePalace,forexample,甘露寺—GanluTemple(transliteration),沐浴熏香—bathingandburningincense(literaltranslation),阿彌陀佛—Buddhabetrusted(freetranslation),法師—priest(replacement),聽天命—leavetofate(replacement),平安符—amulets(replacement),住持—Abbess(replacement),天恩—imperialgrace(replacement),經(jīng)幡—prayerflags(literaltranslation),妖孽—fiend(literaltranslation).4.1.5LinguisticCulture-loadedWordsLinguisticculture-loadedwordscanreflectthecharacteristicsofpronunciationandspellingofaspecificlanguage.InChinese,typicallinguisticculture-loadedwordsmainlyrefertoancientpoems,allegory,idioms,puns,reduplicationandsoon.InEmpressesinthePalace,forexample,左右逢源—tocurryfavorwithbothsides(literaltranslation),招搖過市—swaggeredthroughthestreets(literaltranslation),螢燭之輝—insignificantskill(freetranslation),東施效顰—followherexample(freetranslation),日久生情—proximitybreedsfondness(freetranslation),燃眉之急—pressingneed(omission),口是心非—playingadoublegame(replacement),如履薄冰—Itwasawalkacrossthinice(literaltranslation),太陽打哪兒出來了？—Pigsmaywellfly!(replacement).“逆風如解意,容易莫摧殘”istranslatedinto“Maythegalethatrushesintotheblossom,caressherandneverletherbebroken”.Thetranslatordoesnotadoptsimpleliteraltranslation,buttakesintoaccounttheoverallenvironmentofthesourcelan