四級(jí)核心語法講義

#四級(jí)語法講義過去現(xiàn)在將來過去將來一般was/weregiven過去現(xiàn)在將來過去將來一般was/weregivenam/is/aregivenwill/shallbegivenshould/wouldbegiven進(jìn)行was/werebeinggivenam/is/arebeinggiven//完成hadbeengivenhave/hasbeengivenwill/shallhavebeengivenshould/wouldhavebeengiven完成進(jìn)行///2?被動(dòng)形式??CET-4?？嫉娜N時(shí)態(tài):過去完成時(shí)；將來完成時(shí)；（現(xiàn)在/過去）完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。時(shí)間狀語從句當(dāng)中的時(shí)態(tài)：一般過去時(shí)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示所有的過去現(xiàn)在和將來現(xiàn)在完成和將來完成二?非謂語動(dòng)詞:所謂的"時(shí)態(tài)"，就是時(shí)間+狀態(tài)。謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)見下表:過去現(xiàn)在將來過去將來一般diddowill/shalldoshould/woulddo進(jìn)行was/weredoingam/is/aredoingwill/shallbedoing/完成haddonehave/hasdonewill/shallhavedoneshould/wouldhavedone用于虛擬語氣完成進(jìn)行hadbeendoinghave/hasbeendoing//1?主動(dòng)形式一?不定式：一）不定式的?？夹问?1）一般形式：Hedecidedtoworkharderinordertocatchupwiththeothers.被動(dòng)形式：Hepreferredtobeassignedsomeheavierworktodo.語法功能：表示與謂語動(dòng)詞同步發(fā)生2）完成形式：Hepretendednottohaveseenme.被動(dòng)形式：ThebookissaidtohavebeentranslatedintomanyIanguages.語法功能：表示發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞之前二）不定式?？嫉目键c(diǎn)：1）不定式做定語將要發(fā)生2）不定式做狀語目的3）不定式充當(dāng)名詞功能Toseeistobelieve.三）不定式的省略1）感官動(dòng)詞see,watch,observe,notice,lookat,hear,listento,smell,taste,feel+do表示動(dòng)作的完整性，真實(shí)性；+doing表示動(dòng)作的連續(xù)性，進(jìn)行性Isawhimworkinthegardenyesterday.昨天我看見他在花園里干活了。（強(qiáng)調(diào)"我看見了"這個(gè)事實(shí)）Isawhimworkinginthegardenyesterday.昨天我見他正在花園里干活。（強(qiáng)調(diào)"我見他正干活"這個(gè)動(dòng)作）感官動(dòng)詞后面接形容詞而不是副詞：Thecaketastesgood;Itfeelscomfortable.2）使役動(dòng)詞havebidmakelet等詞后不定式要省略但同1）一樣被動(dòng)以后要還原toI‘dliketohaveJohndoit.Ihavemypackageweighed.Pauldoesn'thavetobemadetolearn.3）helphelpsbdohelpsbtodohelpdohelptodo四）有些動(dòng)詞后只跟不定式如：want，wish，hope，manage，promise，refuse，pretend，plan，offer，decide，agree，expectallowsbtodo,causesbtodo,permitsbtodo,enablesbtodoforcesbtodo.bemorelikelytodolovetodowarnsbtodobeabletodobeambitioustodo.begintodo.starttodo五）有的時(shí)候to后面要接-ing形式accustom（oneself）to;beaccustomedto;faceupto;inadditionto;lookforwardto;objectto;bereducedto;resignoneselfto;beresignedto;resortto;sinkto;beusedto;bealternativeto;beclose/closenessto;bededication/dedicatedto;beopposition/opposedto;besimilarity/similarto.三、need/want后的-ing形式具有被動(dòng)的意思。其中，want不太常用。Heneeds（alotof）encouraging.二動(dòng)名詞：具有動(dòng)作性特征的名詞1）是名詞seeingisbelieving2）具有動(dòng)詞性特征可以帶賓語starvingtroopsisnecessary.一）動(dòng)名詞的形式:一般形式：Idon'tlikeyousmoking.完成形式：Iregretnothavingtakenyouradvice.被動(dòng)形式：Thisquestionisfarfrombeingsettled.二）動(dòng)名詞?？嫉狞c(diǎn)1）動(dòng)名詞做主語謂語動(dòng)詞為單數(shù)2）在動(dòng)名詞和不定式中,做為介詞的賓語是動(dòng)名詞3）動(dòng)名詞的否定直接在其前加否定詞,通過代詞的賓格或所有格形式給出邏輯主語.Iwouldappreciatebackthisafternoon．A．youtocallB．youcallC．youcallingD．you'recalling（Key：Cyourcalling也對(duì)）Iregretnothavingtakenyouradvice.4）有些詞后只能接動(dòng)名詞admit;appreciate;avoid;celebrate;consider;contemplate;defer;delay;deny;detest;discontinue;dislike;dispute;enjoy;itentails;escape;excuse;explain;fancy;feellike;finish;forgive;can'thelp;hinder;imagine;itinvolves;keep;itmeans;mention;mind;miss;itnecessitates;pardon;postpone;practice;prevent;recall;report;resent;resist;risk;suggest;understand...另外還有一些接-ing形式的常用說法：it'snogood;it'sno/little/hardlyany/use;it'snot/hardly/scarcelyuse;it'sworthwhile;spendmoney/time;there'sno;there'snopointin;there'snothingworsethan;what'stheuse/point...5有些詞后加不定式和動(dòng)名詞均可remember,forget,try,stop,goon,cease,mean后面用不定式和-ing形式，意義截然不容。Irememberedtoposttheletters.（指未來/過去未來的動(dòng)作）Irememberedposting/havingpostingtheletters（我記得這個(gè)動(dòng)作）forgot與remember的用法類似。Iregrettoinformyouthat...我很遺憾地通知你.Iregrettedhavingleftthefirmaftertwentyyears.為了"二十年前的離開"而遺憾。tryto努力Youreallymusttrytoovercomeyourshyness.try-ng試驗(yàn)Trypracticingfivehoursaday.Imeantogo,butmyfatherwouldnotallowmeto.［打算、想］我想去，但我父親不讓我去。Toraisewagemeansincreasingpurchasingpower.［意味著］贈(zèng)加工資意味著增加購(gòu)買力。prefer的用法：我寧愿在這里等。Iprefertowaithere.（所以啊，你不介意的話，我就等下去。）Ipreferwaitinghere.（我正在這里等，我就喜歡這么做。）Ipreferswimmingtocycling.（這個(gè)句子里面就不能用不定式了。）三分詞：—'司主動(dòng)進(jìn)行，過去分詞被動(dòng)狀態(tài)現(xiàn)在分詞的形式:1）一般式：Doyouseethemantalkingtothedean（主任）？（與謂語動(dòng)詞同步發(fā)生）2）完成形式：Nothavingmadeadequatepreparations,theyfailed.（發(fā)生謂語動(dòng)詞之前）3）完成被動(dòng)形式：Havingbeenadapted,thescriptseemsperfects發(fā)生謂語動(dòng)詞之前且表示被動(dòng)）過去分詞_1）過去分詞表示被動(dòng)：Fightnobattleunprepared.2）過去分詞的進(jìn)行形式：You'llfindthetopicbeingdiscussedeverywhere.（強(qiáng)調(diào)正在被做）這三種非謂語動(dòng)詞，都可以構(gòu)成復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，非謂語動(dòng)詞所修飾的成分是這些非謂語動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語。他們之間的一致關(guān)系——主動(dòng)還是被動(dòng)，往往就是考點(diǎn)。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中，要注意的是分詞與他前面的邏輯主語之間的主動(dòng)被動(dòng)的關(guān)系。三：虛擬語氣情態(tài)動(dòng)詞所表達(dá)的可能性程度：must/can't弓should/shouldn't弓might/may（not）另外兩個(gè)"類情態(tài)詞的形式："need/needn't;haveto/don'thaveto?最自然的虛擬狀態(tài)：由should/would+原型時(shí)態(tài)（不含時(shí)間只含狀態(tài)）本質(zhì)上是過去將來時(shí)：即，時(shí)間固定在過去將來，狀態(tài)不同：一般、進(jìn)行、完成、完成進(jìn)行。這時(shí)"虛擬語氣"的產(chǎn)生往往是因?yàn)槲覀円磉_(dá)"本來應(yīng)該……"（而現(xiàn)在卻還沒有……）（本來可以……，本來能……）Ishouldgo!（…butI'mstillhere!）（一般）Ishouldbeworkingnow!（進(jìn)行）Ishouldhavepracticedmore（thanIdid）!（完成）我應(yīng)該多多練習(xí)?。ㄑ韵轮?，現(xiàn)在我練習(xí)得不多。）Ishouldn'tdreamawaymytimetoomuch!（完成的否定）（actuallyIdiddreamawaymytimetoomuch!）Itshouldn'thavebeenleakingforsuchalongtime!（完成進(jìn)行）Imay/might/couldhavefinished!（完成）一些常見的句型中，就會(huì)出現(xiàn)這種虛擬語氣，而處于從句之中，should常常被省略掉osuggest,advise,propose,recommend,plan;odemand,order,direct,arrange,command,decide;orequire,request;othink,expect,believe,insist,suspect.由于他們的含義中包含"建議，假設(shè)，應(yīng)該"這類的含義，所以，由他們引起的從句中，就會(huì)包含有should+原型時(shí)態(tài)構(gòu)成的虛擬語氣。這些動(dòng)詞（以及他們的名次形式，分詞形式）引起的從句還有其他的變形：主語從句，表語從句，同位語從句It'ssuggestedthat...Mysuggestionisthat...Theonlysuggestionthat...

TheonlysuggestionIcangiveyounowisthat...一些形容詞引起的表語從句中，也會(huì)有同樣的情況important;necessary;essential一‘It'snatural;strange;incredible滬that、apity;ashame;nowonderI>由lest,forfearthat,incase引起的從句中多使用should?表達(dá)與事實(shí)相反'（一般現(xiàn)在T一般過去）（（一般現(xiàn)在T一般過去）（一般現(xiàn)在T一般過去）（現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行T過去進(jìn)行）（現(xiàn)在完成T過去完成）IwishIwerenothere!Supposewewerenothere.HelovedmeasifIwerehisownson.HopeIweren'talwayslosingthings!Ifonly/IfIhadn'tbeenthere!WhatifIhadn'tbeenwaitingrighthere!（現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行—過去完成進(jìn)行）常考句型:It's（high）time（that）...;wouldrather（that）...這兩個(gè)從句，只能表達(dá)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的看法，所以，從句中只有一般過去時(shí)。與過去相反：過去完成時(shí);HowniceitisifIhadpastthetest!HowniceitisifIhadsleptalittlemorethismorning!與將來相反？將來的事情沒有發(fā)生，所以只能推測(cè)。Ifitrainstomorrow,we'llhavetostayonedaymore.不過，由于可以用beto表示將來；所以，虛擬語氣中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)wereto；也是CET-4的?？颊Z法點(diǎn)。虛擬條件句oif部分，做一個(gè)與事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)（所以只有一般過去和過去完成）；o主句部分，這是表示基于這個(gè)假設(shè)的推測(cè)，一般使用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞would，少數(shù)情況下使用could/might/may。o注意：兩個(gè)部分之間，是有邏輯關(guān)系，而在兩部分的謂語動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)上，沒有必然的聯(lián)系。注意，虛擬條件句中的if可以省略，造成were/had提前，產(chǎn)生倒裝。隱含的非真實(shí)條件Whatwouldyoudowith50thousanddollar?HowcouldIbehappywithoutyou?除了條件狀語從句之外，原因狀語從句也會(huì)出現(xiàn)虛擬語氣。o由inorderthat,sothat引起的從句，肯定的時(shí)候可以使用may/might;can/could;否定的時(shí)候，多用shouldn't;owhoever,whatever,nomatterwhat引起的從句中，多用may+四、一致關(guān)系一）主謂一致1．主謂一致（與插入語無關(guān)）主謂的分隔原則：主謂之間可以用定語從句或者省略的定語從句分隔。定語從句中的主謂一致：隨前一致：n.+togetherwithn2aswellasincludingalongwithwith/ofaccompaniedwith/by4就近原則：n1orn2+v（就近原則）eithern1orn2可數(shù)n1and可數(shù)n2+v（pl）不可數(shù)n1and不可數(shù)n2+v（pl）例外：warandpeaceis.warandpeace是一個(gè)整體但是如果主語表示的是同一個(gè)概念，同一人，同一事的時(shí)候，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)，這種結(jié)構(gòu)的特征是and連接的兩個(gè)詞只有一個(gè)冠詞。Theironandsteelindustryisveryimportanttoourcountry.Theheadmasterandmathematicalteacheriscominq.Theheadmasterandthemathematicalteacherarecoming.類似的還有：lawandorderbreadandbutterblackandwhiteToloveandtobelovedis…Alawyerandateacherare...Alawyerandteacheris…隨后原則：notAbutB/notonlyAbutalsoB+v.（與B一致）百分比結(jié)構(gòu)：most,half,rest,some,majority,one+persentof+n1+v.（由n1決定）倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)的主謂一致：a）Therebe+n由名詞決定動(dòng)詞b）Among,between等介詞位于句首引起倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)：Among/Between...+系動(dòng)詞+n.（由名詞決定動(dòng)詞）9The+adj的主謂一致：a）當(dāng)表示''一類人”，b）當(dāng)表示某一抽象概念時(shí)Thegoodisalwaysattractive.10Todo/doing/主從+vs*Morethanone+nmanya+n.adayortwo二）、倒裝1全部倒裝是只將句子中的謂語動(dòng)詞全部置于主語之前。此結(jié)構(gòu)通常只用與一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過去時(shí)。常見的結(jié)構(gòu)有：Upwenttheplane=theplanewentup.1）here,there,now,then,thus等副詞置于句首,謂語動(dòng)詞常用be,come,go,lie,run。2）表示運(yùn)動(dòng)方向的副詞（back,down,off,up）或地點(diǎn)狀語置于句首，謂語表示運(yùn)動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞。注意：1）上述全部倒裝的句型結(jié)構(gòu)的主語必須是名詞，如果主語是人稱代詞則不能倒裝。Herehecomes.Awaytheywent.2）謂語動(dòng)詞是be的時(shí)候，不能倒裝。Hereitis.Hereyouare.3）形容詞短語/分詞短語位于句首，引起倒裝*typicalofcharacteristicof*coincidingwith+n4）表示地點(diǎn)范圍的介詞短語位于句首，謂語動(dòng)詞為系動(dòng)詞，一定引起倒裝In.（表語）+系動(dòng)詞+主，主同。*在倒裝句型答案中不能出現(xiàn)there*?？冀樵~要倒裝：amongbetweeninatbeneath常考的系動(dòng)詞：belieexistremainrest部分倒裝否定adv位于句首，弓I起倒裝：notonly,notuntil,hardly,scarcely,seldom,rarely,nosooner…than1）notuntil+時(shí)間+主謂倒裝，notuntil+句子+主謂倒裝2）only+狀語位于句首o(hù)nly+ad.eg:recentlyprep.短短語eg:inrecentlyyears從句eg:whenclauseonly一個(gè)詞本身不倒裝3）在比較級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)中，than后面可以倒裝，也可以不倒裝。部分倒裝是指將謂語的一部分如助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)倒裝至主語之前。如果句中的謂語沒有助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，則需添加助動(dòng)詞do,does或did，并將其置于主語之前。1）Neither,nor,so表示前面句子的共同否定或者肯定，產(chǎn)生倒裝，一般主動(dòng)詞提前，謂語動(dòng)詞的其他部分就as/though引導(dǎo)的讓步從句必須將表語或狀語提前(形容詞，副詞，分詞，實(shí)義動(dòng)詞提前)。as〔讓步〕雖然，盡管〔詞序倒裝。語氣比though強(qiáng)〕。Successfulasheis,heisnotproud.他雖成功，卻不驕傲。Womenassheis,she'severybrave.Tryhardashewill,heneverseemsabletodotheworksatisfactorily.注意：A)句首名詞不能帶任何冠詞。B)句首是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，其他助動(dòng)詞放在主語后。如果實(shí)義動(dòng)詞有賓語和狀語,隨實(shí)義動(dòng)詞一起放在主語之前。其他部分倒裝so...that句型中的so;such...that句型中的such位于句首時(shí)，需倒裝。Sofrightenedwashethathedidnotdaretomoveaninch.在某些表示祝愿的句型中：Mayyouallbehappy.在虛擬語氣條件句中從句謂語動(dòng)詞有were,had,should等詞，可將if省略，把were,had,should移到主語之前，采取部分倒裝。WereIyou,Iwouldtryitagain.四、復(fù)合旬從句可分為：＞名詞性從句T主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句、同位語從句＞形容詞性從句T定語從句＞副詞性從句T狀語從句常考的關(guān)系代詞：that;which;who/whom/whose;where;when;what;as。常見的同位語從句現(xiàn)行詞(that之前的抽象名詞)：fact,idea,news,hope,conclusion,evidenee,opinion,problem,thought,understanding.常用的引導(dǎo)詞o時(shí)間狀語從句：while;when;before;whenever;as;after;till;until;since;once;eversince;as/solongas;assoonas;nosooner.than;hardly.when;scarcely/barely.when;themoment/minute/instant;on(thepointof)doing.o地點(diǎn)狀語從句：where;wherevero原因狀語從句：because;since;as;seeingthat;consideringthat;nowthat;inthat;forfearthat;lest;owingtothefactthat;becauseofthefactthat;duetothefactthat.o方式狀語從句：as;asif;asthough;how;savethat.o比較狀語從句：as;than;as.as;notso.as;hardly.than;o結(jié)果狀語從句：sothat;so.that;such.that;soasto.o條件狀語從句：if;unless;incase;solongas;sofaras;provided/providing/that;supposing;granted/grantingthat.;givingthat..o讓步狀語從句：though;although;evenif;eventhough;whether;as;however;nomatter(what,how,when);forallthat;inspiteofthefactthat;grantedthat;regardlessofthefactthat.o目的狀語從句：that;sothat;inorderthat;lest;forthefearthat;incase.定語從句:which引導(dǎo)的定語從句結(jié)構(gòu)1)which是關(guān)系代詞，which后面應(yīng)該加缺主語或者賓語的句子，在這個(gè)句子中，which要作成分，作主語或者賓語inwhich+完整的句子which在定語從句中作in的賓語，所以不能作后面句子的主語名詞+ofwhich+謂語動(dòng)詞ofwhich來修飾名詞，名詞在定語從句中作主語，所以后面直接跟謂語動(dòng)詞IhavefivebooksthreeofwhichareborrowedfromMary.介詞+which+todo其功能相當(dāng)于定語從句。Thekeywithwhichtoopenthedoorislost.定語從句的省略結(jié)構(gòu)：1．如果that/which在定從中作賓語，可以省略.sub+vt+n+(which/that)+sub+vt—s+vt+n+s+vs+vt+n1+n2+vt*當(dāng)做題時(shí)，若發(fā)現(xiàn)兩個(gè)名詞在一起，但是似乎連不上，則一定省略that/which,則動(dòng)詞為vt,做謂語。定從的特殊省略theway(inwhich)+句子thereason(whythat)+句子均為完整句thetime(that/when)+句子Idorememberthefirsttime(that省)Ieverheardthesweetestvoiceintheworld.Bythetime省that+句子，句子。定從的主系省略(主+系可同時(shí)省)即：whichbe,whobe,that